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Condensed Matter
Volume 10
Issue 3
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Condens. Matter, Volume 10, Issue 3 (September 2025) – 2 articles

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5 pages, 197 KiB  
Communication
Nevanlinna Analytical Continuation of the Central Charge in 2D Conformal Field Theory
by Bernardo Barbiellini
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030037 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 59
Abstract
We present an analytic continuation of the central charge c in two-dimensional conformal field theory (2D CFT), modeled as a Nevanlinna function—an analytic map from the upper half-plane to itself. Motivated by the structure of vacuum energies arising from the quantization of spin- [...] Read more.
We present an analytic continuation of the central charge c in two-dimensional conformal field theory (2D CFT), modeled as a Nevanlinna function—an analytic map from the upper half-plane to itself. Motivated by the structure of vacuum energies arising from the quantization of spin-j conformal fields on the circle, we derive a discrete spectrum of central charges c(j)=1+6j(j+1) and extend it continuously via c(z)=1+6z. The Möbius-inverted form f(z)=1−6/z satisfies the conditions of a Nevanlinna function, providing a physically consistent analytic structure that captures both the unitarity of minimal models (c<1) and the continuous spectrum for c≥1. This unified framework highlights the connection between spectral theory, analyticity, and conformal symmetry in quantum field theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Universe Observed With Particle Detectors: Celebrating the Scientific Legacy of Prof. Guido Barbiellini Amidei)
18 pages, 1546 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis for the Control of Silver Nanoparticle Size: A Preliminary Study on the Influence of Pressure and pH
by Paula Riascos, Daniel Llamosa, Jahaziel Amaya and Hansen Murcia
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10030036 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 141
Abstract
The use of plasmonic nanoparticles for biosensor technology is dependent on nanoparticle size and morphology. This study determined the effect of pH and pressure on synthesizing silver nanoparticle size. In Method 1, a mixture of NaBH4 and sodium citrate was added to [...] Read more.
The use of plasmonic nanoparticles for biosensor technology is dependent on nanoparticle size and morphology. This study determined the effect of pH and pressure on synthesizing silver nanoparticle size. In Method 1, a mixture of NaBH4 and sodium citrate was added to a solution of AgNO3 monodispersed by ultrasound energy. In Method 2, the reducer was added to the precursor–dispersant mixture solution. The effect of pH was evaluated by using buffer solutions at pH 4.0, pH 7.0, and pH 10.0 and water as control. To determine the effect of pressure, AgNPs were subjected to 0, 4, and 23 h to 1.75 MPa at 200 °C. AgNPs produced with Method 1 showed a more symmetric SPR and a smaller nanoparticle diameter (±6 nm). The SPR with Method 1 at pH 10.0 produced a higher UV peak with a shift around 20 nm. In the case of the pressure treatment, a shift of approximately 20 nm was observed at all time conditions studied, and a higher AgNP diameter was found in contrast to Method 1. Finally, EDX and Raman analysis confirm the presence of AgNPs and a mild oxidation of these. These results suggest that alkalinity and pressure can affect the diameter of AgNPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physics of Materials)
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