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Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration
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Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2024 | Viewed by 11309

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yumin Du

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Culture and Heritage, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
Interests: damage assessment of earthen sites; deterioration mechanisms of earthen sites; architectural distribution and defense system of the Ming Great Wall

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the precious legacy of human beings with high historical, artistic and scientific values, cultural heritage carried the important information of human historical activities, reflecting the development and progress of world civilization. Therefore, studies of cultural heritage preservation play a key role in understanding human history, inheriting splendid nations culture, and safeguarding cultural diversity and creativity in the world. Due to natural and anthropogenic factors, heritage assets have deteriorated, and cleaning, protection and restoration are crucial measures aimed at their life continuation. In the process of preservation, the coatings should be paid particular attention as a research emphasis under the application of protective materials or advanced technologies/approaches on the heritage body, such as their compatibility, performance, stability, etc. Therefore, research on coatings for cultural heritage is an important issue to promote the process of heritage conservation. 

We are pleased to invite you to provide your novel studies in the Special Issue of Coatings.
The aim of the Special Issue of Coatings on “Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration” is to research related scientific problems involved coatings in the process of cleaning, protection and restoration for cultural heritage through original research papers and critical review articles. 

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but not limited to) the following:

  • Coatings for earthen sites, grottoes, stone and other immovable cultural heritage preservation and consolidation；
  • Coatings for movable cultural relic in cleaning, restoration and preservation; 
  • Coatings modeling and evaluation;
  • Compatibility of new protective materials from the coatings perspective;
  • Application of new theory, methods, materials in cultural heritage preservation.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Yumin Du
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 9559 KiB  
Article
Scientific Research on a Gold- and Silver-Inlaid Bronze Zun from the Han Dynasty
by Dan Liu, Xiaolong Tian, Dong Zhang, Xianjing Zhou, Nana Li and Yajun Zhao
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091480 - 22 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1003
Abstract
The bronze Zun was one of the more prevalent high-class wine containers of the Han dynasty, representing the highest level of decoration in bronze at the time. However, little has been reported about its technical characteristics and scientific value. In this paper, the [...] Read more.
The bronze Zun was one of the more prevalent high-class wine containers of the Han dynasty, representing the highest level of decoration in bronze at the time. However, little has been reported about its technical characteristics and scientific value. In this paper, the samples were selected for analysis based on scientific analysis, following the principle of “minimal intervention”, and a bronze Zun from the Han dynasty in the Gansu Provincial Museum collection was studied using ultra-deep field microscopy, X-ray flaw detection, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the gold and silver decoration on the bronze is inlaid rather than gilt. Secondly, the body and lid of the vessel are molded in one shot, with the bird-head-shaped and animal-foot-shaped components cast separately and then attached to the lid and body. Thirdly, the corrosion of the bronze Zun is characterized by the copper matrix being corroded first and most severely, followed by the silver and, finally, the gold. The high purity of the gold wire embedded in this bronze Zun, the fine width of gold wire (154–190 μm), and the magnificent decoration show the excellent processing technology level of the precious metal and the high aesthetic level of ancient man during the Han dynasty. The results of the analysis of this bronze Zun can provide an essential reference for research on bronze vessels of the same type, the techniques of gold and silver misalignment, and the development of the history of bronze manufacture and technology during the Han dynasty. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)
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14 pages, 5864 KiB  
Article
The Process and Mechanisms of Freezing and Thawing Deterioration of Petroglyphs under Snowmelt and Rainfall Infiltration
by Guopeng Wu, Kai Cui, Chengrui Ge and Xiangpeng Yu
Coatings 2023, 13(3), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030543 - 02 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1001
Abstract
Freeze–thaw cycles under the conditions of snowmelt and rainfall infiltration in winter are triggers for petroglyph weathering. Rock samples from the Helan Mountains were subjected freeze–thaw cycles under various conditions in laboratory testing, and the mass, elastic wave velocity and unconfined compressive strength [...] Read more.
Freeze–thaw cycles under the conditions of snowmelt and rainfall infiltration in winter are triggers for petroglyph weathering. Rock samples from the Helan Mountains were subjected freeze–thaw cycles under various conditions in laboratory testing, and the mass, elastic wave velocity and unconfined compressive strength were tested. The results show that the mass loss rate, wave velocity and compressive strength decreased. In addition, according to XRD analyses, the content of calcite and feldspar in the samples decreased, and according to SEM analyses, the microscopic pores grew. Considering the mass, mineral content and micro-voids, the variation decreases in the order: snowmelt group, rainfall infiltration group, normal freeze–thaw group. However, for wave velocity and compressive strength, the opposite results were observed. This research contributes to a better understanding of the weathering processes and mechanisms of petroglyphs in the Helan Mountains in winter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)
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12 pages, 1921 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Natural Aging Exerting on the Stability of Some Proteinaceous Binding Media Commonly Used in Painted Artworks
by Zhenzhen Ma, Lu Yang, Liqin Wang, Václav Pitthard, Tatjana Bayerova, Gabriela Krist and Xichen Zhao
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101522 - 11 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1062
Abstract
Natural aging plays a key role in the degradation of proteinaceous binders which are important dispersers and stabilizers of painting layers. Knowledge about the natural aging influence on the stability of binders is important for exploring the deterioration mechanisms of painted artworks. Pig [...] Read more.
Natural aging plays a key role in the degradation of proteinaceous binders which are important dispersers and stabilizers of painting layers. Knowledge about the natural aging influence on the stability of binders is important for exploring the deterioration mechanisms of painted artworks. Pig glue, whole egg, egg white, egg yolk, casein, and mixtures with ultramarine were aged for 10 years in natural conditions. GC-MS and FTIR were applied to explore the changes in the binders at a molecular level. Our experiment revealed that the less stable Met (Methionine), Lys (Lysine), Ile (Isoleucine), Ser (Serine), Asp (Aspartic acid), Glu (Glutamic acid), Hyp (Hydroxyproline), especially aromatic Phe (Phenylalanine), and Tyr (Tyrosine) were damaged, thus the contents of the stable Ala (Alanine), Gly (Glycine), Val (Valine), Leu (Leucine), and Pro (Proline) increased. The broadening of Amide A and the declining amount of α-helix, along with the increasing contents of β-sheet and random coils, all showed that the binders had transformed into disordered states. What is more, we found that pig glue had better natural aging resistance, ultramarine could speed up the aging process and lipids in egg were more easily degraded. The mechanisms of the changes of primary structures and secondary structures are also discussed in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)
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20 pages, 16981 KiB  
Article
Properties and Compatibility Assessment of the Slurry with Quicklime for Fissure Restoration of Earthen Sites in Northwest China
by Xiangpeng Yu, Kai Cui, Xue Hu, Qian Qiao and Guojun Zhang
Coatings 2022, 12(9), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091255 - 27 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1292
Abstract
Slurries with quicklime for fissure restoration in earthen sites in northwest China can reduce dry shrinkage and reinforce the soil on both sides of fissure. However, their full-scale properties need to be investigated and a compatibility assessment needs to be carried out in [...] Read more.
Slurries with quicklime for fissure restoration in earthen sites in northwest China can reduce dry shrinkage and reinforce the soil on both sides of fissure. However, their full-scale properties need to be investigated and a compatibility assessment needs to be carried out in order to proceed with further research. The paper pays attention to the full-scale properties of the slurry and typical site soils. A total of 3 slurries with different mix proportions and 35 earthen sites in northwest China are selected to test properties, including basic physical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and water-physical properties. The test results show the properties of the slurries are close and that the properties of the site soils are obviously different. Then, a compatibility assessment is considered as a multi-criteria decision-making problem to solve. Three universal and necessary steps in the paper are to select assessment indicators, weigh each indicator, and sort all of the samples. The AHP, CRITIC, and TOPSIS methods are adopted in the process of the compatibility assessment. The results of assessment show that most site soils are commonly or highly compatible with three slurries; few site soils are very highly or lowly compatible; and that no site soils are very lowly compatible, which means that the three slurries with quicklime with different mix proportions are acceptable for most earthen sites in NW China. The paper provides much basic data of the slurries with quicklime and site soils widely distributed in arid region in NW China, and also builds a model of the compatibility assessment which has potential for the further application of slurries with quicklime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)
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27 pages, 18381 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Temperature Field of Rammed Earth Wall in Arid Environment
by Qiangqiang Pei, Bo Zhang, Dongjuan Shang, Qinglin Guo, Jinjing Huang and Jing Zhu
Coatings 2022, 12(6), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060735 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1668
Abstract
The rammed earth walls were greatly affected by the change of temperature fields in arid environments, particularly the swell-shrink stress caused by gradient variations of the temperature fields was one of the main factors leading to surface weathering of rammed earth sites. While [...] Read more.
The rammed earth walls were greatly affected by the change of temperature fields in arid environments, particularly the swell-shrink stress caused by gradient variations of the temperature fields was one of the main factors leading to surface weathering of rammed earth sites. While heat conduction, convection, and radiation were the main factors resulting in temperature variations of rammed earth walls. In this study, the thermocouple sensors were embedded in a rammed-earth test wall, to continuously monitor the temperature gradient field of the rammed earth wall from the near-surface area to the interior. The results revealed that the wall was greatly influenced by seasonal temperature fields together with significant changes in daily temperature differences. The top and the surface of the wall were affected by thermal radiation and convection, while the interior and the foundation were affected by heat conduction. The annual temperature difference reached 62.99 °C, and the maximum daily temperature difference on the surface of the wall was 24.3 °C, which mainly appeared during the spring and autumn seasons. The near-surface thickness of the temperature-sensitive area of the wall was less than 32 cm, within which the temperature varied dramatically at depths of 0–18 cm. The temperature variations at depths of 18–32 cm were somewhat significant with no obvious changes at depths exceeding 32 cm. These trends indicate that the rammed earth wall has an outstanding function of thermal preservation and insulation. This study is expected to be of guidance and reference for multi-field coupling environmental condition setting for surface weathering of rammed earth site bodies, stress and strain caused by temperature field, surface weathering mechanism and strengthening technology as well as the related researches of modern rammed earth building designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)
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11 pages, 2965 KiB  
Article
Influence of Prevailing Wind Direction on Sapping Quantity of Rammed Earth Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty
by Na Su, Bo Yang, Wenwu Chen, Linrong Xu and Yongwei Li
Coatings 2022, 12(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050707 - 22 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1612
Abstract
Sapping caused by prevailing wind erosion is one of the most significant factors in the deterioration of earthen sites located in Datong County, Qinghai Province, China. Long-term effects of wind may cause surface erosion, or even serious damage to the Great Wall of [...] Read more.
Sapping caused by prevailing wind erosion is one of the most significant factors in the deterioration of earthen sites located in Datong County, Qinghai Province, China. Long-term effects of wind may cause surface erosion, or even serious damage to the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty. Difference of sapping quantity should be attributed to variability of the prevailing wind directions. To better understand the effects of wind direction on erosion, meteorological data in the study area for fifty-two years (from 1961 to 2013) were collected and statistically analyzed. Sapping quantity of earthen structure was measured by field investigation on the Wall along the ridge whose azimuth ranges from 95°–244° and mainly concentrated in 140°–210°. Results showing obvious difference of sapping quantity could be observed at both sides of the Wall under the prevailing wind directions (ESE, SE and SSE). Further, the Wall was divided into small segments with a length of 20 m for comparison and maximum sapping quantity could be found at the Wall whose azimuth is at an angle of 30° to the prevailing wind. The aim of this study is to provide reference for the deterioration of the Wall under long-term wind pressure, and provide a targeted conservation method for earthen structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)
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14 pages, 6448 KiB  
Article
Investigation on the Painting Materials and Profile Structures Used in Ancient Chinese Folk Architectural Paintings by Multiple Analytical Methods
by Weihan Zou and Sok-Yee Yeo
Coatings 2022, 12(3), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030320 - 28 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2441
Abstract
In order to understand the painting materials and profile structures used in the creation of Chinese ancient folk architectural paintings, the architectural paintings of the Bell and Drum Tower at Fushan Temple in Shaanxi Province of China was investigated. In this study, optical [...] Read more.
In order to understand the painting materials and profile structures used in the creation of Chinese ancient folk architectural paintings, the architectural paintings of the Bell and Drum Tower at Fushan Temple in Shaanxi Province of China was investigated. In this study, optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and chemical experimental methods were used. The profile structures, and the elemental and chemical compositions of the pigments and binders in the ground layer of the 12 samples were determined. Results showed that the painting profile structures in both towers comprised of pigment layer, underpainting layer and ground layer, where no starch was found in the chalk ground layer. The pigment layer mainly comprised of iron oxide red, chalk, lapis lazuli, carbon black, green earth, and a dark green pigment that is formed by a combination of carbon black and green earth. To-date, the use of green earth pigment in Chinese architectural paintings was not found in Chinese related academic literature; hence, this study marked the first identification of green earth being used in the architectural paintings. Tung oil, commonly used in Chinese architectural paintings as a binder for pigment, was also identified in the samples. Results from this study will serve as an important reference for better scientific investigation methods on ancient Chinese folk painting materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)
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