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CivilEng
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Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability
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Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability

A special issue of CivilEng (ISSN 2673-4109).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2023) | Viewed by 19433

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hyunjin Ju

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Architecture and Design Convergence, Hankyong National University, Jungang-ro 327, Anseong 17579, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
Interests: green building material; inspection and maintenance; prestressed concrete; precast concrete; high-performance concrete
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dichuan Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
Interests: seismic design; reinforced concrete structures; precast concrete structures; seismic assessment; seismic retrofits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The present Special Issue is intended to promote and compile research related to structural engineering focused on concrete materials, especially for sustainability in line with the policies in many countries put in place to cope with global climate change. A better cementitious material or an efficient structural system can be taken as a good solution to improve the sustainability in civil engineering industry, where concrete is commonly used for construction material. Innovations could be seen not only in structural efficiency related to material savings, sectional optimization, and construction methods, but also in energy efficiency that could be associated with thermal insulation and the treatment of construction and demolition waste. To accomplish these tasks, advanced materials such as high-performance concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete, and lightweight concrete can be considered. Additionally, eco-friendly materials such as recycled aggregate concrete and the use of by-products are being considered for inclusion in construction materials. Such advanced or recycled materials should be validated for use as construction materials, and their structural characteristics should be also revealed. For a better future in civil engineering, the assessment and monitoring of the existing structures could contribute to sustainability, which would require the use of sophisticated tools such as fuzzy theory and machine learning. This Special Issue covers all the above research topics related to structural engineering for sustainability.

Dr. Hyunjin Ju
Dr. Dichuan Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. CivilEng is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • concrete
  • structural performance
  • high-performance concrete
  • recycled concrete
  • reinforced concrete
  • composite structures
  • sustainable construction materials
  • structural reliability
  • structural strengthening and rehabilitation

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 10829 KiB  
Article
Experimental Seismic Evaluation of Novel Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames Containing Tire-Derived Aggregate Concrete
by Nasreen B. Pathan, Logan Couch, Fariborz M. Tehrani, Ali Naghshineh and Oliver Fischer
CivilEng 2023, 4(2), 551-566; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4020032 - 10 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1984
Abstract
Existing literature suggests that substituting mineral aggregates with tire-derived aggregate (TDA) in concrete increases the ductility and toughness of the concrete at the cost of lowering its strength and stiffness. Hence, TDA concrete has applications in dynamic systems, such as lateral resisting frames [...] Read more.
Existing literature suggests that substituting mineral aggregates with tire-derived aggregate (TDA) in concrete increases the ductility and toughness of the concrete at the cost of lowering its strength and stiffness. Hence, TDA concrete has applications in dynamic systems, such as lateral resisting frames sustaining seismic loads. This study investigated the application of TDA concrete in buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs). Buckling-restrained brace (BRB) specimens included steel plates encased with concrete mixtures containing TDA coarse aggregates compared to conventional concrete. Testing involved shake-table testing of a single-span, one-story, steel-braced frame with single-leg conventional or TDA concrete BRBs under harmonic, periodic, impulse, and ground motion loadings. Results included time-history responses and backbone curves of the BRBF specimens. Analytical interpretation of results included determining effective mass, stiffness, damping ratio, toughness, and ductility of BRBFs for TDA versus conventional concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability)
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10 pages, 3460 KiB  
Article
Torsional Strength of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Reinforced Concrete Beams
by Hyunjin Ju and Alina Serik
CivilEng 2023, 4(1), 55-64; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010004 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2164
Abstract
This study discusses the torsional capacity of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) reinforced concrete beams under pure torsion based on the experimental findings available in the literature. The experimental data on RCA specimens were collected and compared with the conventional concrete specimens with key [...] Read more.
This study discusses the torsional capacity of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) reinforced concrete beams under pure torsion based on the experimental findings available in the literature. The experimental data on RCA specimens were collected and compared with the conventional concrete specimens with key variables, such as compressive strength and longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios, as those variables affect the torsional capacity of reinforced concrete beams. Overall, the database consisted of experimental results from 30 RCA specimens and 256 natural coarse aggregate (NCA) specimens. The result shows that specimens with a 100 % replacement ratio have the lowest strength. In addition, as the structural mechanism of torsion is similar to the shear mechanism in reinforced concrete beams, a comparative analysis was performed with RCA specimens subjected to shear force. It was concluded that the RCA has a similar effect in strength reduction for the specimens subjected to torsion or shear with a 100% replacement ratio. However, further study and experimental evidence are required to confirm the applicability of the recycled aggregate to produce and design the structural members. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability)
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21 pages, 3053 KiB  
Article
Studying and Analyzing the Seismic Performance of Concrete Moment-Resisting Frame Buildings
by Mohamed Algamati, Abobakr Al-Sakkaf, Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader and Ashutosh Bagchi
CivilEng 2023, 4(1), 34-54; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010003 - 6 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4697
Abstract
Nowadays, due to environmental changes, the condition of buildings can be in danger. In order to protect the performance of existing buildings, it is important to investigate the seismic behaviour of building structure subjected to earthquake excitation. In addition, it is important to [...] Read more.
Nowadays, due to environmental changes, the condition of buildings can be in danger. In order to protect the performance of existing buildings, it is important to investigate the seismic behaviour of building structure subjected to earthquake excitation. In addition, it is important to study the advanced level of ductile design recommended by current codes. In the immediate future, lateral load resistance needs to be evaluated precisely. For the purpose of analyzing the seismic responses of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in this project, 6- and 12-story frames of representative buildings are modeled in this research paper. The response spectrum analysis is deployed for a multi-degree-of-freedom system exposed to seismic waves (earthquake) in the City of Vancouver. Hence, the seismic nature of Vancouver City is emulated by the resulting response spectra using ground motion records (GMR). Ultimately, for concluding the average displacement as well as the base shear of the structures, a time-history analysis is investigated. In this regard, the SAP2000 and ETABS software are utilized for analyzing seismic performances. In addition, a comparison is presented between previous studies that used the IDARC2D software and the proposed results that used the ETABS software. It is found that the applied cases are not overlapping the limit of the NBCC 2015 Code. Consequently, after investigation, it is evident that the 3D software is much more accurate than the 2D software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability)
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14 pages, 3893 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Mechanical Characteristics and Cracking Susceptibility of Alkali-Activated Mortars Containing Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Copper Slag
by Stewart MacLennan, Fernando C. R. Almeida and Agnieszka J. Klemm
CivilEng 2022, 3(4), 1077-1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3040061 - 9 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1990
Abstract
In an attempt to increase sustainability of construction materials, both ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and, less popular, copper slag (CS) can be used in alkali-activated composites. However, such composites are often more susceptible to cracking, triggered by the self-desiccation processes. The addition [...] Read more.
In an attempt to increase sustainability of construction materials, both ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and, less popular, copper slag (CS) can be used in alkali-activated composites. However, such composites are often more susceptible to cracking, triggered by the self-desiccation processes. The addition of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) may enable internal curing of concrete and prevent excessive cracking. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of SAP as an internal curing agent for alkali-activated slag mortars containing GGBS and CS. The samples were activated by sodium silicate using 6.5% Na2O by mass of precursor. The evaluation was based on the analysis of mechanical properties, autogenous shrinkage, and water absorption capacity of two types of SAPs. Depending on the type of polymer, a higher alkali concentration in SAP solutions speeds up early age reactions up to 7 days. After this period, SAP collapses and reactions follow at the same pace as the reference sample. In the presence of CS, SAP with higher absorption and smaller particles well-distributed in the mix leads to a higher extension of reactions, observed in higher values of autogenous shrinkage (AS). This results in increased compressive strength of GGBS-CS mortars, achieving values 8.8% greater than the reference sample (without SAP) at 6 months. Although its leads to higher cracking susceptibility, SAP can improve mechanical properties and promote new applications for sustainable material containing copper slag. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability)
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8 pages, 1794 KiB  
Article
Yield Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill
by Andrew Pan and Murray Grabinsky
CivilEng 2022, 3(4), 1053-1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3040059 - 26 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2387
Abstract
Cemented paste backfill (CPB) plays an increasingly important role in the mining industry due to its operational and environmental benefits. CPB is placed in the mined-out stope to form a self-supporting structure. The strength and stability of the CPB is of great concern [...] Read more.
Cemented paste backfill (CPB) plays an increasingly important role in the mining industry due to its operational and environmental benefits. CPB is placed in the mined-out stope to form a self-supporting structure. The strength and stability of the CPB is of great concern in its engineering applications. Indeed, CPB must remain stable during the extraction of adjacent stopes to ensure the safety of the mine operations. Although significant research has been conducted on the shear properties of CPB, there are limited studies on its post-failure behavior, in particular the yield characteristics of CPB. This paper presents the finding on the post-peak and yield property of CPB. The study is conducted on three cemented contents and six stress intervals based on the mining practice and field study. The results show that CPB exhibits dilative behavior under strain softening and contractive property under strain hardening conditions. Our study demonstrates that pure frictional resistance could exceed the cohesion strength at high stress levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability)
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15 pages, 2262 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Workability and Compressive Strength of Self-Compacting Mortar Using Screening Design
by Anxhelina Qorllari and Thomas A. Bier
CivilEng 2022, 3(4), 998-1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3040056 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2418
Abstract
In this study, the significance of several factors in the performance of self-compacting mortar was statistically investigated. A screening design was used as a suitable design to identify the most important factors that can affect workability and compressive strength. The purpose of the [...] Read more.
In this study, the significance of several factors in the performance of self-compacting mortar was statistically investigated. A screening design was used as a suitable design to identify the most important factors that can affect workability and compressive strength. The purpose of the study was to obtain the optimal conditions which can lead to optimal workability (slump flow, funnel time) and maximal compressive strength (2 and 28 days). Four experimental factors each at two levels, the type of supplementary cementitious material (SCM) as silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK); the amount of (SCM) at 5% and 15%; superplasticizer (SP) at 0.3% and 1.2% and viscosity modifying agent (VMA) at 0.05% and 0.2% were selected as potential candidates affecting the experimental outputs. The analysis of the data to obtain optimal values of the outputs was carried out by using MINITAB®. To establish the factor levels selected in this study in order to achieve optimal workability and maximal compressive strength, response optimization was applied. The predicted conditions for optimal workability were found to be 8.84% SF, 1.2% SP and 0.15% VMA. The solution proposed to maximize the compressive strength was 0.3% SP, 0.05% VMA and 9% or 9.75% SF for 2 and 28 days, respectively. By setting the factors at the specified levels, experimental values of the slump flow at 278 mm; funnel time at 8.3 s; 2- and 28-day compressive strength at 22.8 and 66.1 MPa were achieved. This resulted in the predicted and experimental values at the optimum conditions being in strong agreement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability)
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Graphical abstract

26 pages, 6826 KiB  
Article
Assessment of an Axially Loaded Self-Sensing Concrete Element with Recycled Steel Residuals
by David B. Scott and Shen-En Chen
CivilEng 2022, 3(3), 643-668; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030038 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1998
Abstract
This paper describes the fundamental evaluation of a self-sensing concrete column using recycled steel residuals (RSR) as functional fill and the testing of the column under slow-rate cyclic loading. The RSR modified concrete has the advantage of sustainably using the otherwise waste material [...] Read more.
This paper describes the fundamental evaluation of a self-sensing concrete column using recycled steel residuals (RSR) as functional fill and the testing of the column under slow-rate cyclic loading. The RSR modified concrete has the advantage of sustainably using the otherwise waste material from steel fabrication process. Two columns (one without and one with 2% of RSR by volume) were fabricated in the lab and load-tested in cyclic axial compression. The columns are connected to an alternating current power source and have three electrode sets each for electric property measurements. The results indicate that the 2% specimen can accurately detect the loading and unloading processes using electric-based measurements to calculate resistivity. Based on the test results, empirical linear equations are derived to correlate the mechanical and electrical behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in Structural Engineering for Sustainability)
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