Sepsis: Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms and Immunity

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 1706

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
Interests: sepsis; critical care medicine; coagulopathy; innate immunity; MODS; molecular and cellular biology

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
Interests: translational research into haemostatic dysfunction in critical illness; focused on understanding the cross talk between coagulation activation; inflammation; innate immunity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sepsis can lead to infection-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), often companied by lymphocytopenia, immunosuppression, shock, coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The infection initiates from the release of pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs), which activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream pathways, and subsequently, various innate immune responses, including the emergence of cytokine storms. When progressing to the late stages, sepsis is dominated by immunosuppression and MODS, which is very similar to other critical illnesses.

Many investigations have focused on late-stage sepsis and have not allowed us to gain sufficient knowledge about the early stages of sepsis. To understand how infection induces sepsis and what are the key molecular pathways, we are pleased to announce a Special Issue of Cells, inviting authors to submit their original research, communications and review articles aiming to enhance our mechanistic understanding. We encourage contributions on a wide range of topics, including, but not limited to, the following:

  • PAMPs and TLRs;
  • Novel signal pathways that bridge the triggers and immune responses;
  • Cell death and DAMPs;
  • Mechanisms of coagulopathy;
  • Mechanisms of septic shock;
  • Immune cell biology, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and lymphocytes;
  • Endothelial activation and damage;
  • Small non-coding RNAs and RNA splicing;
  • Genome recombination and immune responses;
  • Roles of toxins and complements;
  • NETosis and microcirculation impairments.

Prof. Dr. Guozheng Wang
Dr. Simon Abrams
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cells is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sepsis
  • bacterial infection
  • PAMPs
  • DAMPs
  • TLRs
  • small RNAs
  • RNA splicing
  • DNA recombination
  • signaling pathways
  • cell death
  • NET/NETosis
  • coagulopathy
  • DIC
  • toxins
  • complements

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

10 pages, 545 KiB  
Article
Clinical Value of Tocilizumab in Reducing Mortality in Refractory Septic Shock in Children with Hematologic and Non-Hematologic Diseases
by En-Pei Lee, Jainn-Jim Lin, Shih-Hsiang Chen, Oi-Wa Chan, Ya-Ting Su, Man-Ru Hsiao, Shao-Hsuan Hsia and Han-Ping Wu
Cells 2025, 14(6), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14060441 - 16 Mar 2025
Viewed by 573
Abstract
Background: Pediatric sepsis remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Interleukin (IL)-6 is usually produced after infection, and elevated IL-6 levels may cause multisystemic damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antibody, on children [...] Read more.
Background: Pediatric sepsis remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Interleukin (IL)-6 is usually produced after infection, and elevated IL-6 levels may cause multisystemic damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antibody, on children with septic shock. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children diagnosed with septic shock and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between 2018 and 2024. Tocilizumab was administered within 24 h to patients with high IL-6 levels who developed refractory septic shock. Outcomes, including 28-day mortality, morbidity, length of PICU stay, and shock duration, were analyzed between septic children with different etiologies and differed treatments. Results: Fifty-four children with refractory septic shock were included. Patients treated with tocilizumab (n = 21) showed improved outcomes compared to those without tocilizumab (n = 33), including shorter PICU stays and lower mortality rates (14.2% vs. 54.5%, p = 0.03). Subgroup analysis revealed that in the non-hematologic group, tocilizumab-treated patients had a 0% mortality rate compared to 50% in untreated patients (p = 0.006). In the hematologic group, tocilizumab-treated patients exhibited a 27.2% mortality rate compared to 61.5% in untreated patients (p = 0.09). Trends in IL-6 levels (D1 to D7) were significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors and in patients with hematological malignancies compared to those without. No adverse events, including secondary infections or long-term liver impairment, were observed. Conclusions: Tocilizumab appears to mitigate systemic inflammation and improve outcomes in children with refractory septic shock and elevated IL-6 levels. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings and establish treatment guidelines. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

19 pages, 1222 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on the Immune Function of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Sepsis
by Xinrui Wang, Zhe Guo, Yuxiang Xia, Xuesong Wang and Zhong Wang
Cells 2025, 14(5), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14050373 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 750
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome closely associated with the occurrence of acute organ dysfunction and is often characterized by high mortality. Due to the rapid progression of sepsis, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial. Recent research has focused on exploring the pathological [...] Read more.
Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome closely associated with the occurrence of acute organ dysfunction and is often characterized by high mortality. Due to the rapid progression of sepsis, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial. Recent research has focused on exploring the pathological response involved in the process of sepsis. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are a special type of endothelial cell and an important component of liver non-parenchymal cells. Unlike general endothelial cells, which mainly provide a barrier function within the body, LSECs also have important functions in the clearance and regulation of the immune response. LSECs are not only vital antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system but also play a significant role in the development of infectious diseases and tumors through their specific immune regulatory pathways. However, in certain disease states, the functions of LSECs may be impaired, leading to immune imbalance and the development of organ failure. Investigating the immune pathways of LSECs in sepsis may provide new solutions for the prevention and treatment of sepsis and is crucial for maintaining microcirculation and improving patient outcomes. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop