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11 pages, 3515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Preparation of Porous Carbon Flake-Supported Nickel Nanoplates as Effective Catalysts for Methanol Electrooxidation

by Ali Aldalbahi, Mohamed H. El-Newehy, Hany El-Hamshary, Edmund Samuel and Sam S. Yoon

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050556 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2074

Abstract

Herein, we report a facile and efficient method for fabricating porous carbon flakes (PCFs)-supported nickel nanoplates (Ni NPs) as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The catalyst was fabricated in one step using molten salt synthesis. Various techniques were used to characterize [...] Read more.

Herein, we report a facile and efficient method for fabricating porous carbon flakes (PCFs)-supported nickel nanoplates (Ni NPs) as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The catalyst was fabricated in one step using molten salt synthesis. Various techniques were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the Ni NPs@PCFs catalyst, and these revealed that the Ni NPs were dispersed finely across the PCFs with a highly crystalline structure. The Ni NPs@PCFs catalyst demonstrated high electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation (121 mA/cm² vs. Ag/AgCl), and it had an onset potential of 0.35 V. It also exhibited high stability in an alkaline electrolyte for the duration of the experiment (up to 2000 s). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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16 pages, 4328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water-Based Electrophoretic Deposition of Ternary Cobalt-Nickel-Iron Oxides on AISI304 Stainless Steel for Oxygen Evolution

by Ieva Barauskienė and Eugenijus Valatka

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050490 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2325

Abstract

Coatings consisting of cobalt, nickel and iron (Co-Ni-Fe) oxides were electrophoretically deposited on AISI 304-type stainless steel using aqueous suspensions without any binder. The synthesis of Co-Ni-Fe oxides was carried out by the thermal decomposition of metal nitrates with various molar ratios at [...] Read more.

Coatings consisting of cobalt, nickel and iron (Co-Ni-Fe) oxides were electrophoretically deposited on AISI 304-type stainless steel using aqueous suspensions without any binder. The synthesis of Co-Ni-Fe oxides was carried out by the thermal decomposition of metal nitrates with various molar ratios at 673 K. Structural and morphological analysis confirmed that the deposited coatings were mainly composed of spinel-type oxides with predominantly round-shaped particles. The prepared electrodes were examined for their electrocatalytic performance in oxygen generation under alkaline conditions. Various electrochemical techniques indicated the influence of iron content on the electrochemical activity of Co-Ni-Fe oxides, with the calculated values of the Tafel constant being in the range of 52–59 mV dec⁻¹. Long-term oxygen generation for 24 h at 1.0 V revealed very good mechanical and electrocatalytic stability of the prepared electrodes, since they were able to maintain up to 98% of their initial activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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12 pages, 2030 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Promoted Performance of Layered Perovskite PrBaFe₂O_5+δ Cathode for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells by Zn Doping

by Birkneh Sirak Teketel, Bayu Admasu Beshiwork, Dong Tian, Shiyue Zhu, Halefom G. Desta, Khan Kashif, Yonghong Chen and Bin Lin

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050488 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3076

Abstract

Proton-conducting solid–oxide fuel cell (H-SOFC) is an alternative promising low-temperature electrochemical cell for renewable energy, but the performance is insufficient because of the low activity of cathode materials at low temperatures. A layered perovskite oxide PrBaFe_1.9Zn_0.1O_5+δ (PBFZ) was [...] Read more.

Proton-conducting solid–oxide fuel cell (H-SOFC) is an alternative promising low-temperature electrochemical cell for renewable energy, but the performance is insufficient because of the low activity of cathode materials at low temperatures. A layered perovskite oxide PrBaFe_1.9Zn_0.1O_5+δ (PBFZ) was synthesized and investigated as a promising cathode material for low-temperature H-SOFC. Here, the partial substitution of Fe by Zn further enhances the electrical conductivity and thermal compatibility of PrBaFe₂O_5+δ (PBF). The PBFZ exhibits improved conductivity in the air at intermediate temperatures and good chemical compatibility with electrolytes. The oxygen vacancy formed at the PBFZ lattice due to Zn doping enhances proton defects, resulting in an improved performance by extending the catalytic sites to the whole cathode area. A single cell with a Ni-BZCY anode, PBFZ cathode, and BaZr_0.7Ce_0.2Y_0.1O_3-δ (BZCY) electrolyte membrane was successfully fabricated and tested at 550–700 °C. The maximum power density and R_p were enhanced to 513 mW·cm⁻² and 0.3 Ω·cm² at 700 °C, respectively, due to Zn doping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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11 pages, 2177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Active Ni–Fe Based Oxide Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyser

by Immanuel Vincent, Eun-Chong Lee and Hyung-Man Kim

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050476 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4489

Abstract

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are pivotal for sustainable hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane electrolysis. Cost-effective transition metals such as nickel and iron-based oxides (Ni–Fe–O_x) have been recognized as viable catalysts for the oxygen evolution process in alkaline media. In [...] Read more.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are pivotal for sustainable hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane electrolysis. Cost-effective transition metals such as nickel and iron-based oxides (Ni–Fe–O_x) have been recognized as viable catalysts for the oxygen evolution process in alkaline media. In this work, we study the electrochemical characterization and stability of the Ni–Fe–O_x to find the suitability for AEM electrolysis. The results indicate that Ni–Fe–O_x has 5 times higher activity than pure Ni. The Ni–Fe–O_x electrodes exhibit an exceptionally high catalytic activity of 22 mA cm⁻² at 1.55 V vs. RHE, and a Tafel value as low as 97 dec⁻¹, for OER to occur. These findings imply that OER occurs at similar places along the Ni–Fe–O_x interface and that the Ni—Fe₂O₃ contact plays a significant role as the OER active site. Furthermore, it is also worth noting that the presence of metallic Ni allows for fast electron transit within the interface, which is necessary for successful electrocatalysis. Aside from the excellent OER performance, the exfoliated Ni–Fe–O_x demonstrated great stability with almost constant potential after 10 h of electrolysis at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻². This work confirms Ni–Fe–O_x is a promising, highly efficient and cost-effective OER catalyst for AEM electrolysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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12 pages, 5598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bifunctional CuO-Ag/KB Catalyst for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO₂ in an Alkaline Solid-State Electrolysis Cell

by Sabrina Campagna Zignani, Massimiliano Lo Faro, Alessandra Palella, Lorenzo Spadaro, Stefano Trocino, Carmelo Lo Vecchio and Antonino Salvatore Aricò

Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030293 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2983

Abstract

The conversion of carbon dioxide into value-added products is progressively gaining momentum. Several strategies have been used to develop technologies that reduce the net emissions of CO₂. The utilisation of CO₂ could either contribute to carbon recycling. In this paper, [...] Read more.

The conversion of carbon dioxide into value-added products is progressively gaining momentum. Several strategies have been used to develop technologies that reduce the net emissions of CO₂. The utilisation of CO₂ could either contribute to carbon recycling. In this paper, the transformation of CO₂ was investigated in a coelectrolysis cell constituted of a solid polymer electrolyte, a carbon-supported CuO-Ag composite cathode and NiFeOx anode. Noncritical raw materials were synthesised according to the oxalate method and investigated in an alkaline environment. Low-carbon alcohols were obtained with a specific selectivity for ethanol and methanol over the CuO-Ag/KB cathode. The reaction rates at 1.6 V and 1.8 V cell voltages have been determined in steady-state experiments using NaHCO₃ supporting electrolyte recirculated at the anode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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13 pages, 1757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Red Blood Cells-Derived Iron Self–Doped 3D Porous Carbon Networks for Efficient Oxygen Reduction

by Zicong Zhang, Xiangli Ru, Xiaoli Yang, Zhengyu Bai and Lin Yang

Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030273 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2421

Abstract

In addition to C, H and O, some biomass is also rich in mineral elements. The recovery and utilization of special mineral elements is of great significance to prepare functional materials and alleviate the current energy shortage. Herein, we describe a facile strategy [...] Read more.

In addition to C, H and O, some biomass is also rich in mineral elements. The recovery and utilization of special mineral elements is of great significance to prepare functional materials and alleviate the current energy shortage. Herein, we describe a facile strategy for making full use of the chemical composition (C, Fe) and special structure of red blood cells (RBCs) from waste pig blood to fabricate a dual metal (Fe, Co)-nitrogen (N)-doped porous carbon catalyst by pyrolysis of a mixture of RBCs biomass, cobaltous acetate, and melamine. The porous catalyst displays a comparable activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst, with a half-wave potential of 0.821 V_vsRHE in alkaline media and 0.672 V_vsRHE in acid electrolyte. Especially, the as-prepared catalyst shows excellent methanol tolerance and stability in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes, which is superior to commercial Pt/C catalysts. The excellent ORR activity of FeCo-N/C_(RBC) can be ascribed to the porous morphology and the cooperation between metal and nitrogen species. This work provides a novel idea of exploiting the composition of renewable biomass to modulate the activity and stability of carbon-based ORR catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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24 pages, 5044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Closed-Form Formulation of the Thermodynamically Consistent Electrochemical Model Considering Electrochemical Co-Oxidation of CO and H₂ for Simulating Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

by Andraž Kravos and Tomaž Katrašnik

Catalysts 2022, 12(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010056 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2203

Abstract

Achieving efficient solid oxide fuel cell operation and simultaneous prevention of degradation effects calls for the development of precise on-line monitoring and control tools based on predictive, computationally fast models. The originality of the proposed modelling approach originates from the hypothesis that the [...] Read more.

Achieving efficient solid oxide fuel cell operation and simultaneous prevention of degradation effects calls for the development of precise on-line monitoring and control tools based on predictive, computationally fast models. The originality of the proposed modelling approach originates from the hypothesis that the innovative derivation procedure enables the development of a thermodynamically consistent multi-species electrochemical model that considers the electrochemical co-oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a closed-form. The latter is achieved by coupling the equations for anodic reaction rates with the equation for anodic potential. Furthermore, the newly derived model is capable of accommodating the diffusive transport of gaseous species through the gas diffusion layer, yielding a computationally efficient quasi-one-dimensional model. This resolves a persistent knowledge gap, as the proposed modelling approach enables the modelling of multi-species fuels in a closed form, resulting in very high computational efficiency, and thus enable the model’s real-time capability. Multiple validation steps against polarisation curves with different fuel mixtures confirm the capability of the newly developed model to replicate experimental data. Furthermore, the presented results confirm the capability of the model to accurately simulate outside the calibrated variation space under different operating conditions and reformate mixtures. These functionalities position the proposed model as a beyond state-of-the-art tool for model supported development and control applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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13 pages, 2045 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Pt Electrocatalyst Prepared by Hydrothermal Reduction onto the Gas Diffusion Layer for High-Temperature Formic Acid and Ethanol Fuel PEMFC

by Rayane da Silva Cardoso, Bruna Sartório de Castro, Sophya de Andrade Dias, Maria Clara H. Clemente, Sílvia C. L. Dias, José A. Dias, Rudy Crisafulli, José J. Linares and Gesley A. Veloso Martins

Catalysts 2021, 11(10), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101246 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2861

Abstract

An alternative method for the preparation of PEMFC electrodes is presented in this work based on the direct deposition of Pt particles onto the gas diffusion layer (Pt@GDL) by hydrothermal reduction of the H₂PtCl₆ precursor from formic acid, ethylene glycol, [...] Read more.

An alternative method for the preparation of PEMFC electrodes is presented in this work based on the direct deposition of Pt particles onto the gas diffusion layer (Pt@GDL) by hydrothermal reduction of the H₂PtCl₆ precursor from formic acid, ethylene glycol, and ethanol reductive solutions. There is a successful anchorage of Pt particles via the formation of Pt crystal aggregates. The influence of the reducing agent concentration and temperature was studied to analyze their influence on the size, morphology, and distribution of the Pt particles on the gas GDL. The prepared Pt@GDL was tested for formic acid and ethanol high-temperature H₃PO₄-doped PEMFC. The Pt@GDL prepared in the formic acid reductive atmosphere presented the best performance associated with the formation of smaller Pt crystals and a more homogeneous dispersion of the Pt particles. For formic acid and ethanol-fed high-temperature PEMFC using a H₃PO₄-doped polybenzimidazole membrane as the solid electrolyte, maximum power densities of 0.025 and 0.007 W cm⁻² were drawn at 200 °C, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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12 pages, 3124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creating and Preserving Nanoparticles during Co-Sintering of Solid Oxide Electrodes and Its Impact on Electrocatalytic Activity

by Sixbert P. Muhoza and Michael D. Gross

Catalysts 2021, 11(9), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11091073 - 6 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3181

Abstract

A novel processing method that creates and preserves ceramic nanoparticles in solid oxide electrodes during co-sintering at traditional sintering temperatures is introduced. Specifically, carbon templated samarium-doped ceria nanoparticles (nSDC) were successfully integrated with commercial lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) and commercial SDC powders, [...] Read more.

A novel processing method that creates and preserves ceramic nanoparticles in solid oxide electrodes during co-sintering at traditional sintering temperatures is introduced. Specifically, carbon templated samarium-doped ceria nanoparticles (nSDC) were successfully integrated with commercial lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) and commercial SDC powders, producing LSCF-SDC-nSDC cathodes upon processing. The effect of nSDC concentration on cathode electrocatalytic activity was investigated at low operational temperatures, 600 °C–700 °C, with symmetrical cells. Low nSDC loadings, ≤5 wt% nSDC, significantly decreased cell polarization resistance whereas higher loadings increased it. The best electrochemical performance was achieved with 5 wt% nSDC, lowering the polarization resistance by 41% at 600 °C. Fuel cell tests demonstrate that adding 5 wt% nSDC increased the maximum fuel cell power density by 38%. Electrochemical impedance spectra showed substantial improvements in both fuel cell polarization resistance and ohmic resistance, indicating that nSDC increased the electrocatalytically active area of the cathode. This work demonstrates a simple, novel method for effectively increasing electrocatalytic activity of solid oxide electrodes at low operational temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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14 pages, 4517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Aqueous Phase Synthesis of a PtRu/C Electrocatalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

by Qijun Wang, Ya-Wei Zhou, Zhao Jin, Chunguang Chen, Hong Li and Wen-Bin Cai

Catalysts 2021, 11(8), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11080925 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5283

Abstract

Carbon-supported PtRu nanoalloy (PtRu/C) is widely used as the anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), and an aqueous phase synthesis of PtRu/C is in high demand due to for energy-saving and environmentally-benign considerations, however, it is very challenging to attain stoichiometric [...] Read more.

Carbon-supported PtRu nanoalloy (PtRu/C) is widely used as the anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), and an aqueous phase synthesis of PtRu/C is in high demand due to for energy-saving and environmentally-benign considerations, however, it is very challenging to attain stoichiometric reduction, good dispersion and a high alloying degree. Herein, we report a facile aqueous phase approach with dimethylamine borane (DMAB) as the reducing agent to synthesize a PtRu/C(DMAB). TEM, XRD, XPS and ICP-AES characterizations indicate that the structural parameters in the PtRu/C(DMAB) are improved significantly as compared to those obtained in a PtRu/C(NaBH₄) and a commercial PtRu/C, contributing to an enhanced electrocatalytic performance. It turns out that the PtRu/C(DMAB) exhibits the highest methanol electro-oxidation (MOR) performance among all of the tested samples, with the peak current up to 1.8 times as much as that of the state-of-the-art commercial PtRu/C, corroborating the highest output power density in comparative DMFC tests. In-situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy correlates the higher methanol electro-oxidation performance of the PtRu/C(DMAB) with its enhanced CO resistance and CO₂ generation. This simple aqueous synthetic approach may provide an alternative route for developing efficient anode electrocatalysts of DMFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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14 pages, 33866 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhanced Performance of Pt Nanoparticles on Ni-N Co-Doped Graphitized Carbon for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

by Won Suk Jung

Catalysts 2021, 11(8), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11080909 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2846

Abstract

Since the reaction rate and cost for cathodic catalyst in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are obstacles for commercialization, the high-performance catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction is necessary. The Ni encapsulated with N-doped graphitic carbon (Ni@NGC) prepared with ethylenediamine and carbon black is [...] Read more.

Since the reaction rate and cost for cathodic catalyst in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are obstacles for commercialization, the high-performance catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction is necessary. The Ni encapsulated with N-doped graphitic carbon (Ni@NGC) prepared with ethylenediamine and carbon black is employed as an efficient support for the oxygen reduction reaction. Characterizations show that the Ni@NGC has a large surface area and mesoporous structure that is suitable to the support for the Pt catalyst. The catalyst structure is identified and the size of Pt nanoparticles distributed in the narrow range of 2–3 nm. Four different nitrogen species are doped properly into graphitic carbon structure. The Pt/Ni@NGC shows higher performance than the commercial Pt/C catalyst in an acidic electrolyte. The mass activity of the Pt/Ni@NGC in fuel cell tests exhibits over 1.5 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. The Pt/Ni@NGC catalyst at low Pt loading exhibits 47% higher maximum power density than the Pt/C catalyst under H2-air atmosphere. These results indicate that the Ni@NGC as a support is significantly beneficial to improving activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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11 pages, 60339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Dimensional Layered NiLiP₂S₆ Crystals as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting

by Song-Jeng Huang, Adil Muneeb, Palani Sabhapathy, Khasim Saheb Bayikadi, Tahir Murtaza, Kalaivanan Raju, Li-Chyong Chen, Kuei-Hsien Chen and Raman Sankar

Catalysts 2021, 11(7), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070786 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3555

Abstract

The quest of earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalysts for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential for clean and renewable energy systems. Herein, directed by the experimental analysis, we demonstrate layered nickel lithium phosphosulfide (NiLiP₂S₆) [...] Read more.

The quest of earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalysts for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential for clean and renewable energy systems. Herein, directed by the experimental analysis, we demonstrate layered nickel lithium phosphosulfide (NiLiP₂S₆) crystal as a highly efficient water-splitting catalyst in alkaline media. With strained lattice due to stacked layers as observed by TEM and electronic structure analysis performed by XPS showed mixed Ni^2+,3+ oxidation states induced by addition of Li as a cation, NiLiP₂S₆ displays excellent OER (current density of 10 mA cm^–2 showed an overpotential of 303 mV vs. RHE and a Tafel slope of 114 mV dec^–1) and HER activity (current density of −10 mA cm^–2 showed an overpotential of 184 mV vs. RHE and a Tafel slope of 94.5 mV dec^–1). Finally, an alkaline media was employed to demonstrate the overall water splitting using NiLiP₂S₆ as both the anode and the cathode, which attained a 50 mA cm⁻² current density at 1.68 V. This bimetallic phosphosulfide, together with long-term stability and enhanced intrinsic activity, shows enormous potential in water splitting applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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12 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Cathode Layer Printing Process on the Performance of MEA Integrating PGM Free Catalyst

by Pierre Toudret, Jean-François Blachot, Marie Heitzmann and Pierre-André Jacques

Catalysts 2021, 11(6), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11060669 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4094

Abstract

In this work, platinum group metal (PGM) free-based cathode active layers were prepared using different printing techniques. The membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) integrate a PGM free catalyst based on Fe, N and C atoms at the cathode side. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images [...] Read more.

In this work, platinum group metal (PGM) free-based cathode active layers were prepared using different printing techniques. The membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) integrate a PGM free catalyst based on Fe, N and C atoms at the cathode side. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of MEA cross sections showed the strong impact of the fabrication process on the cathode structure, the porosity and the ionomer repartition. The MEAs were characterized in a 25 cm² single cell using cyclic voltammetry under H₂/N₂. The performance of the MEAs and the double layer capacity of the cathodes were also shown to be linked to the process used. The comparison of the electrochemical accessible surface of the catalyst and of its surface area (SBET) led to the determination of a utilization factor. The coated membrane (CCM) made using the decal transfer process gives the best performances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalyst Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)

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