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Colorectal Cancer: Risk Factors and Underlying Mechanisms

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 May 2026 | Viewed by 729

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
Interests: colorectal cancer risk; microbiome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally, with 1.9 million new cases in 2022 and an estimated 3.2 million by 2045. Its risk is influenced by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Obesity, smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, and diets high in red or processed meat increase risk, while fiber, fruits, vegetables, dairy, and whole grains may be protective. Environmental exposures, including pollutants and diet-related chemicals, can alter the gut microbiome, contributing to CRC development. These factors may interact synergistically or antagonistically, involving mechanisms such as inflammation, genetic/epigenetic instability, and metabolic dysregulation. Promoting a healthy lifestyle and early screening is essential for effective CRC prevention and reducing its global burden.

Dr. David Achaintre
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • colorectal cancer
  • diet
  • environmental factors
  • microbiome
  • inflammation

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

15 pages, 1607 KB  
Article
Analysis of Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer Associated with Ulcerative Colitis Using Machine Learning: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study Using a National Database in Japan
by Miwa Hirai, Yasuhiro Kanatani, Takashi Ueda, Masaya Sano, Hiroaki Arai, Yurin Miyake, Naoko Tomita, Shota Nemoto and Hidekazu Suzuki
Cancers 2025, 17(23), 3752; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17233752 - 24 Nov 2025
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that significantly increases the colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. This study used nationwide data on intractable diseases to clarify the clinical epidemiology of UC-related CRC in Japan. Methods: Patients diagnosed with UC between [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that significantly increases the colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. This study used nationwide data on intractable diseases to clarify the clinical epidemiology of UC-related CRC in Japan. Methods: Patients diagnosed with UC between FY 2003 and 2011 were included. The relative incidence ratio (RR) was calculated using the standardized incidence ratio from the National Cancer Registry. To compare prognostic factors, outcomes were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model analysis for cancer occurrence, and a prognostic prediction model was developed using machine learning. Results: Among 78,556 patients with UC, CRC was identified in 141 patients. The RR of CRC peaked in both males and females in the 25–39 age group. Univariate analysis revealed several risk factors, including pseudo-polyps observed during endoscopy (hazard ratio 2.92, p = 0.001), abnormal crypt architecture (hazard ratio 3.14, p < 0.001), and dysplasia (hazard ratio 11.31, p < 0.001) in biopsy. Conversely, 5-ASA was associated with reduced CRC risk (hazard ratio 0.36, p = 0.003). The machine learning model categorized patients into three groups, demonstrating that the group with the highest number of patients with pancolitis had a significantly higher risk of CRC than did the other groups. Conclusions: Pseudo-polyps and dysplasia represent CRC risk factors in patients with UC. Additionally, machine learning analysis indicates that pancolitis in individuals in their 50s increases the risk of colon cancer, while proctitis in those in their 30s raises rectal cancer risk. These findings aim to enhance early detection and improve prevention efforts for UC-related CRC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colorectal Cancer: Risk Factors and Underlying Mechanisms)
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