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Molecular and Genetic Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Biomarkers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 2678

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
Interests: SIBLING family of proteins; DSPP; oral cancer; MMPs
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oral and oropharyngeal cancers have emerged as significant global and public health challenges. For example, the mortality from oral cancers within the past half century remains atrociously high (over 50%), contrasting with considerable decreases in the mortality rates for cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, and melanoma within the same timeframe. This is despite technological advances on various fronts in the management of oral cancer patients. Furthermore, early diagnosis has been painfully slow when compared to the enhanced early detection of cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, and melanoma. This Special Issue provides an update on the current genetic and molecular biomarkers of the various subsets of oral cancers, including HPV-related oral cancers. In addition, this Special Issue provides a reference-friendly background on the roles of known etiologic/risk factors, current clinical diagnostic tools (including the roles of recently enhanced “liquid biomarkers”), pathogenic mechanisms (including recently identified progression indicators), and refined management philosophies for oral cancer patients. Enthusiastic researchers, academics, and clinicians within, but not limited to, the fields of nanotechnology, molecular biology, oncology, therapeutics, and diagnostic sciences are invited to submit relevant manuscripts to this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Kalu U.E. Ogbureke
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • oral cancer
  • oropharyngeal cancer
  • biomarkers
  • liquid biopsy
  • genetic determinants

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 32904 KB  
Article
Identification of Phenotypically Distinct Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Tarig Al-Hadi Osman, Oddveig Rikardsen, Muy-Teck Teh, Dipak Sapkota, Kristina Xiao Liang, Evelyn Neppelberg, Adrian Biddle, Ian Mackenzie, Lars Uhlin-Hansen, Anne Christine Johannessen and Daniela Elena Costea
Cancers 2025, 17(21), 3547; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17213547 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1551
Abstract
Background: Several markers have been shown to define subpopulations enriched for cancer stem cells (CSCs) and correlate with poor clinical outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Objective: To investigate the pattern of expression and correlation with clinical parameters of two CSC markers, [...] Read more.
Background: Several markers have been shown to define subpopulations enriched for cancer stem cells (CSCs) and correlate with poor clinical outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Objective: To investigate the pattern of expression and correlation with clinical parameters of two CSC markers, namely p75NTR and ALDH1A1, in both patient samples and cell lines. Methods: Archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from normal human oral mucosa (NHOM, n = 31), oral dysplasia (OD, n = 10) and OSCC (n = 177) were subjected to multiple immunohistochemistry and some to qRT-PCR for expression of CSC and proliferation-related markers, BMI1 and Ki67. Correlations between CSC marker expression and clinical parameters were investigated. Primary cells and cell lines derived from NHOM, OD or OSCC were FACS-analyzed for the same markers. Results: A higher frequency of cells positive for CSC markers was detected in OD and OSCC compared to NHOM. Co-localization of the two markers was a rare finding in OSCC as compared to NHOM or OD and was more heterogeneous in OSCC cell lines than in OD and NHOM cells. Cells positive for p75NTR exhibited higher expression of proliferative and self-renewal markers in comparison to ALDH1A1+ or double ALDH1A1+/p75NTR+ cells. Cells positive for p75NTR were more frequent in small-size tumors and poorly to moderately differentiated tumors and correlated with poor survival of patients otherwise (clinically) deemed as of better prognosis. Higher frequency of ALDH1A1+ cells was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis. Both p75NTR+ cells and ALDH1A1+ cells could emerge de novo from the respective negative subpopulation after FACS and in vitro growth, but with different kinetics. Conclusions: Here, we show that several stem cell subpopulations with distinct phenotypes co-exist in a tumor, each having impact on different clinical parameters. The cell subpopulations identified by the use of different CSC markers were found to be dynamic populations, able to switch between phenotypes. In addition, our data suggest that the stem cell heterogeneity is acquired and evolves parallel with carcinoma progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Genetic Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma)
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11 pages, 2297 KB  
Article
IL-1α Promotes Cancer Cell Migration and Is a Potential Prognostic Marker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Rei Fukui, Shouhei Ogisawa, Akiko Yamada and Masatake Asano
Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172781 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 855
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) has been linked to tumor progression in various cancer types; however, its role in oral cancer pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of IL-1α expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) has been linked to tumor progression in various cancer types; however, its role in oral cancer pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of IL-1α expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with a specific focus on its role in modulating cancer cell phenotype. Methods: Primary OSCC tissue specimens were collected from 104 patients and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to assess IL-1α expression. OSCC cell lines were cultured for functional assays, and their protein and mRNA expressions were verified using western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The effects of IL-1α expression on OSCC cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression were subsequently examined. Results: IL-1α expression varied among OSCC tissues and cell lines both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, siRNA-mediated suppression of IL-1α in HSC3 cells impaired migration while leaving proliferation unaffected, highlighting its functional role in promoting cancer cell motility. Conclusions: Our in vivo and in vitro findings revealed varied IL-1α expression in OSCC and its association with a motile phenotype, suggesting that case-specific IL-1α assessment could hold prognostic value in oral cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Genetic Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma)
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