From Automation to Intelligence: Enhancing Energy Performance of HVAC Systems

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2026 | Viewed by 999

Special Issue Editors

Building Equipment Research Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Interests: high-performance building equipment and control systems; large-scale building operation data analytics; the application of machine learning and AI methods to optimal control and operation and maintenance (O&M) in smart buildings
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
Interests: sustainable and resilient buildings; sustainable and smart cities; grid-interactive efficient buildings
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce a Special Issue entitled "From Automation to Intelligence: Enhancing Energy Performance of HVAC Systems" to be published in the journal Buildings.

This Special Issue presents cutting-edge research on automation in buildings for HVAC energy efficiency. Contributions will cover a wide range of themes, including intelligent control algorithms, digital twins, fault detection and diagnostics, predictive maintenance, and the integration of renewable energy with building systems. By combining advances in sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and data analytics, these works will illustrate the transformative role of automation in achieving both energy savings and enhanced occupant comfort.

Together, the articles in this issue will highlight not only technical innovations but also the pathways for translating these advances into practice. They offer a forward-looking view of how advanced automation technologies can drive the evolution toward smart, low-carbon, and resilient buildings.

Potential topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Intelligent and adaptive control strategies for energy optimization in HVAC systems;
  • Machine learning and artificial intelligence applications in building automation;
  • Digital twin development for HVAC system monitoring, simulation, and optimization;
  • IoT-enabled building automation and real-time sensing;
  • Fault detection, diagnostics, and predictive maintenance of HVAC equipment;
  • Occupant-centric control approaches balancing comfort and energy use;
  • Demand response strategies and integration with smart grids;
  • Integration of renewable and distributed energy resources with automated HVAC operations;
  • Energy-aware building management systems and decision-support platforms;
  • Cyber-physical systems and cybersecurity in building automation;
  • Case studies and experimental demonstrations of automated HVAC solutions;
  • Multi-objective optimization considering energy, cost, and indoor environmental quality;
  • Human-in-the-loop automation and user interaction with building control systems.

Dr. Yimin Chen
Dr. Yunyang Ye
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • building automation
  • HVAC systems
  • energy efficiency
  • intelligent control
  • digital twin
  • IoT (Internet of Things)
  • machine learning/artificial intelligence
  • fault detection and diagnostics
  • predictive maintenance
  • occupant-centric control
  • smart buildings
  • energy management systems
  • building to grid
  • renewable energy integration

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

29 pages, 2989 KB  
Review
Annual Operation Energy Efficiency Benchmarking of Chilled Water Plants: A Systematic Review of Global Cases (2014–2025)
by Huaiyu Yang, Wanpeng Zhang, Guanjing Lin and Hui Li
Buildings 2026, 16(4), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040756 - 12 Feb 2026
Viewed by 651
Abstract
Improving the energy efficiency of chilled water (CHW) plants has become a critical pathway toward reducing energy consumption in buildings. Gaining a thorough and up-to-date understanding of current CHW system performance is essential for informing standard revisions, guiding retrofit strategies, and assessing operational [...] Read more.
Improving the energy efficiency of chilled water (CHW) plants has become a critical pathway toward reducing energy consumption in buildings. Gaining a thorough and up-to-date understanding of current CHW system performance is essential for informing standard revisions, guiding retrofit strategies, and assessing operational effectiveness. Yet, existing research often remains fragmented, with a predominant focus on isolated cases under limited conditions, lacking broader synthesis. In response, this study conducts a systematic review of annual operational energy efficiency in CHW plants spanning from 2014 to 2025, drawing upon 124 publications encompassing 229 individual cases. Through multi-dimensional analysis—including case characteristics, energy efficiency metrics, and rating outcomes—the study further examines optimized scenarios to identify key factors driving performance improvements. The research reveals the following results: (1) Optimization efforts led to an average efficiency gain of 18.87% (median energy efficiency ratio (EERao) increased from 4.61 to 5.48), though 34.41% and 59.04% of cases still failed to meet top-tier efficiency levels defined by U.S. and Chinese standards, respectively. (2) Climatic region and nominal cooling capacity (NCC) are significant determinants of system performance and should be explicitly integrated into future evaluation frameworks. (3) Systems with lower initial efficiency showed greater improvement potential (71.13% vs. 9.71%), while combined strategies involving equipment and control upgrades outperformed control-only approaches (35.38% vs. 11.60%). Additionally, model-based and model-free control techniques yielded comparable results (11.71% vs. 10.19%). These insights offer a valuable foundation for cross-case benchmarking and point to several priorities for future research and policy development. Full article
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