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Buildings
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Structural Response of Buildings in Fire
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Structural Response of Buildings in Fire

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2025) | Viewed by 3552

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Byong-Jeong Choi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
Interests: thermal-induced damage; mechanical properties; Non-destructive Evaluation; standard fire test; steel fire

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Post-earthquake fire (PEF) or post-fire earthquake (PFE) pose a significant threat to both human beings and urban structures. They may contribute to the collapse of damaged buildings as well as result in the loss of property and human casualties. This Special Issue aims to present the main observations regarding PEF, PFE, and fire events. This Special Issue will also cover the mitigation research that could be helpful to reduce or prevent the structural damage caused due to fire. The topics of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. The structural response of various types of buildings under structural fire.
  2. The response of material behavior under fire such as mortar, wood, concrete, steel, and so on.
  3. The evaluation of residual strength for buildings subjected to horizontal and vertical loadings after a fire incident.
  4. Any kind of numerical methodology for the evaluation of post-earthquake fire/post-fire earthquake columns or beams in seismic resisting systems including moment resisting frames, building frame system, shear wall, and so on.

Prof. Dr. Byong-Jeong Choi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • structural fire
  • post-earthquake fire
  • post-fire earthquake
  • residual strength after fire
  • fire resistance of building materials
  • numerical evaluation of buildings under fire
  • infrastructure fire

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 11583 KB  
Article
Post-Fire Behavior of Thin-Plated Unstiffened T-Stubs Connected to Rigid Base
by Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç
Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4113; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224113 - 14 Nov 2025
Viewed by 229
Abstract
Despite tremendously valuable work on the T-stub, its safety and reliability in post-fire conditions remain a major concern. It is well known that steel is sensitive to high temperatures. Material degradation at high temperatures is likely to cause the T-stub to yield or [...] Read more.
Despite tremendously valuable work on the T-stub, its safety and reliability in post-fire conditions remain a major concern. It is well known that steel is sensitive to high temperatures. Material degradation at high temperatures is likely to cause the T-stub to yield or gradually collapse, potentially leading to the failure of the entire structure. Recent studies have shown that steel joints exhibit a significant change in moment-rotational response post-fire, as the joint’s load–displacement behavior and failure modes change with increasing exposed temperature. However, studies on T-stubs at high post-fire temperatures are very limited. In this study, the aim is to investigate the post-fire load–displacement curves, ductility, plastic, and ultimate capacities of the unstiffened T-stub connected to a rigid base as a function of the exposed temperature. Of the 36 unstiffened T-stubs tested, 30 were subjected to high temperatures. The selected temperature values were 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, 1000 °C, and 1200 °C. A thin plate of 10 mm was selected for the flange of the T-stub in order to obtain mode 1 behavior. Bolts of M16 and M24 were utilized in order to investigate the effects of bolt diameter on the behavior due to the change in distance of plastic hinges. Furthermore, the distances from a T-stub stem to bolt row (pf) of 40 mm, 60 mm, and 80 mm were selected. As pf values decrease, the plastic capacity increases, while the ultimate displacement capacity and the ductility decrease. A direct relation between pf and yield displacement, and between pf and ultimate capacity, was not detected. As the applied temperature increases, the yield displacement increases and the ductility decreases. No significant change in either the plastic or ultimate capacity was observed up to 400 °C. At higher exposed temperatures, the plastic and ultimate capacity decrease as the applied elevated temperature increases. A significant reduction in the plastic and ultimate capacity was especially observed after post-fire exposure to 1000 °C and 1200 °C. The effects of elevated temperature are more pronounced for the plastic capacity of materials. Reduction factors for both plastic and ultimate capacities were proposed to account for the post-fire effects. The proposed reduction factors can predict the effects of a post-fire environment with high accuracy. The results were compared with AISC 358 and Eurocode 3, and it was revealed that the current standards underestimate the actual capacities. A modified calculation, including a reduction factor, is proposed to obtain more accurate results of unstiffened T-stubs for post-fire conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Response of Buildings in Fire)
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28 pages, 4042 KB  
Article
Development of Analytical Solutions and Verification Experiments for Axially Restrained Reinforced Concrete Beams in a Fire
by Seungjea Lee, Daehoi Kim, Heewon Seo, Jeonguk Kim and Sungho Hong
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081254 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Fire-induced structural failure in axially restrained reinforced concrete (RC) beams is a critical concern in structural fire engineering. Comparative analysis with Eurocode and ASTM E119 fire safety guidelines reveals discrepancies between theoretical predictions and real fire-induced failures, emphasizing the need for revised structural [...] Read more.
Fire-induced structural failure in axially restrained reinforced concrete (RC) beams is a critical concern in structural fire engineering. Comparative analysis with Eurocode and ASTM E119 fire safety guidelines reveals discrepancies between theoretical predictions and real fire-induced failures, emphasizing the need for revised structural fire safety standards. Moreover, limited analytical solutions exist due to the complexity of fire behavior in axially restrained RC beams. This study develops an improved analytical model for axially restrained beams in fire, focusing on three critical points: (i) the peak axial compression force, (ii) the transition to zero axial force (bending limit), and (iii) the final failure point due to reinforcement fracture. A series of fire resistance experiments were conducted to obtain key structural parameters, including fire resistance time (FRT), axial force redistribution, and failure mechanisms. The experimental results were used to validate and refine the proposed model, enhancing its practical applicability. The original model underpredicts fire endurance by 11–14%, whereas the upgraded model is accurate to within ~2–4% of test results. This improved performance is attributed to the model’s consideration of stiffness degradation and early cracking. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for improving the fire-resistant design of restrained RC beams, particularly in critical infrastructure such as logistics centers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Response of Buildings in Fire)
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20 pages, 4608 KB  
Article
Finite Element Modeling of the Behaviors of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube (CFT) Columns at Elevated Temperatures
by Van Lanh Le, Chang-Hwan Lee, Robel Wondimu Alemayehu and Min Jae Park
Buildings 2025, 15(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010011 - 24 Dec 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1981
Abstract
Concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns are widely used as structural systems because of their high load-bearing capacity and material efficiency. However, under fire conditions, elevated temperatures degrade the mechanical properties of both steel and concrete. When combined with initial geometric imperfections, these factors [...] Read more.
Concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns are widely used as structural systems because of their high load-bearing capacity and material efficiency. However, under fire conditions, elevated temperatures degrade the mechanical properties of both steel and concrete. When combined with initial geometric imperfections, these factors significantly affect the load distribution and the fire resistance of the structure. Understanding how material properties and geometric factors change in CFT columns at elevated temperatures is essential for ensuring safe and efficient design. This study used the ASTM E119-88 fire curve to establish the relationship between the surface temperature of the structure and the fire resistance duration of the CFT column. Heat transfer and mechanical analyses of the structure were conducted using ABAQUS 2024 software. A comparison of simulation and experimental data showed that the numerical model was highly accurate. The study also addressed the effects of initial geometric imperfections, considering amplification factors of L/1000 and L/500, and compared the simulation results with the experimental data. The results demonstrated that initial geometric imperfections significantly influenced the fire resistance of the columns. Additionally, this study examined the material properties under high-temperature conditions as specified in the AISC 360-22 standard. The study compared the simulation results with the Eurocode standards and experimental data. The findings suggested that utilizing the material properties specified in the AISC 360-22 standard resulted in more conservative predictions of fire resistance for CFT columns, compared to the Eurocode standards. Furthermore, Appendix 4 of the AISC 360-22 standard was used to calculate the fire resistance rating of the CFT column. These calculations were compared with the simulation and experimental results to evaluate the reliability of using ABAQUS 2024 simulation software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Response of Buildings in Fire)
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