Analysis, Conservation, and Refurbishment Methods of Heritage Architecture Based on Modern Technology

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 3055

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Architecture, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Interests: conservation; modern heritage; seismic improvement; sustainable renovation; building performance analysis; digital survey

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Guest Editor
Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
Interests: building heritage renovation; urban regeneration; life cycle assessment; life cycle cost analysis; energy simulations; circular economy; digital survey; sustainable architecture;
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heritage Architecture conservation is becoming increasingly crucial in current design activity. Still, thanks to modern digital technologies, the traditional goal of preserving each country's cultural identity is integrated with innovative methodologies that revolutionize the approach to heritage conservation and the possible reuse of existing buildings.

Knowledge of the artifact to be protected still plays a crucial role in this process. It results in a deep awareness of securing, consolidating, and restoring cultural heritage, ensuring effective and quality results. 
Implementing digital tools and technologies supports data analysis and information management, so new methodologies are renovating this field thanks to their precision, efficiency, and reduced environmental impact.

We invite high-quality, cutting-edge articles for the Special Issue on "Analysis, Conservation, and Refurbishment Methods of Heritage Architecture Based on Modern Technology". The scope of the Special Issue is broad, but the focus is addressed towards interventions on Heritage Architecture; topics include, but are not limited to:

  • HBIM and Scan-to-BIM;
  • Digital Twins;
  • BACS: Building Automation and Control Systems;
  • Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence;
  • The use of IoT in monitoring historic structures;
  • The use of techniques and materials that reduce environmental impact.

Dr. Giorgia Predari
Dr. Carlo Costantino
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • heritage buildings and structures
  • building information modeling
  • building automation systems
  • eco-friendly retrofitting methods
  • virtual reality and visualization technologies
  • digital twins
  • sensors, smart structures, and intelligent control
  • artificial intelligence
  • neural networks

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 4421 KB  
Article
Harmony Between Ritual and Residential Spaces in Traditional Chinese Courtyards: A Space Syntax Analysis of Prince Kung’s Mansion in Beijing
by Peiyan Guo, Yuxin Sang, Fengyi Li, Taifeng Lyu and Tingfeng Liu
Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3815; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213815 - 22 Oct 2025
Viewed by 488
Abstract
The influence of traditional Chinese ritual culture on courtyard spatial sequences is widely acknowledged. However, quantitative analytical methods, such as space syntax, have rarely been applied in studies of ritual–residential space relations. This study uses space syntax, specifically Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) and [...] Read more.
The influence of traditional Chinese ritual culture on courtyard spatial sequences is widely acknowledged. However, quantitative analytical methods, such as space syntax, have rarely been applied in studies of ritual–residential space relations. This study uses space syntax, specifically Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) and axial maps, to conduct a quantitative study of the spatial relationship between ritual and residential areas in Prince Kung’s Mansion. The VGA results indicate a distinct gradient of visual integration, which decreases progressively from the outward-oriented ritual areas, such as the palace gate and halls, through the transitional domestic ritual areas to the inward-oriented residential areas, such as Xijin Zhai and Ledao Tang. This pattern demonstrates a positive correlation between spatial visibility and ritual hierarchy. The axial map results confirm that the central axis and core ritual spaces exhibit the highest spatial connectivity, reflecting their supreme ritual status. More importantly, spatial connectivity is intensified during ritual activities compared to in daily life, indicating that enhanced spatial connectivity is required during rituals. Ritual spaces are characterized by extroversion, high visibility, and connectivity, while residential spaces prioritize introversion and minimal exposure. The deliberately designed ritual–residential architectural spatial sequence of Prince Kung’s Mansion articulates Confucian ideological principles, such as centrality as orthodoxy, gender segregation, and hierarchy. This study visually and quantitatively illustrates the harmony between ritual and residential spaces in Prince Kung’s Mansion. It enhances our understanding of the mechanisms of expression of courtyard ritual cultural spaces, providing evidence-based guidance for functional adaptive transformations in heritage conservation practices. It also offers a fresh perspective on the analysis of courtyard ritual spaces. Full article
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19 pages, 3391 KB  
Article
Ancient Solutions for Modern Challenges: Structural Analysis of Roman Ventilated Facade Systems
by Armando La Scala
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3229; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173229 - 8 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 589
Abstract
The rising need for sustainable building technologies and passive ventilation strategies has sparked renewed research interest in traditional building practices. In this regard, Roman thermal buildings are notable for their incorporation of sophisticated ventilated facade systems. Nevertheless, the structural performance of these buildings [...] Read more.
The rising need for sustainable building technologies and passive ventilation strategies has sparked renewed research interest in traditional building practices. In this regard, Roman thermal buildings are notable for their incorporation of sophisticated ventilated facade systems. Nevertheless, the structural performance of these buildings remains poorly understood. This study presents a numerical analysis of Roman ventilated facade systems, focusing on the Forum Women’s Thermal Baths in Pompeii. A nonlinear finite element model is developed in Straus7 to examine the dynamic response and establish baseline dynamic properties essential for future structural performance assessments. Modal analysis identified characteristic frequencies related to the horizontal translation modes. The numerical model will give insight into the load transfer pattern between the individual tegulae and the supporting structures. The results will provide a quantitative database on dynamic characteristics for these traditional systems and set out a verified computational procedure applicable in the fields of heritage conservation and current design practice. The current study combines archaeology and engineering in order to obtain valuable insights into ventilation strategies still applicable in the design of sustainable buildings. Full article
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26 pages, 17806 KB  
Article
Cross-Material Damage Detection and Analysis for Architectural Heritage Images
by Qingman Yu, Xin Yuan and Lingyu Xu
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3100; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173100 - 28 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 803
Abstract
This study addresses the strategic requirements for cultural heritage preservation as specified, alongside the needs of high-quality urban-rural development. It highlights the inefficiency, subjectivity, and lack of intelligence in traditional manual detection methods used in architectural heritage preservation. Consequently, this research explores intelligent [...] Read more.
This study addresses the strategic requirements for cultural heritage preservation as specified, alongside the needs of high-quality urban-rural development. It highlights the inefficiency, subjectivity, and lack of intelligence in traditional manual detection methods used in architectural heritage preservation. Consequently, this research explores intelligent damage detection and quantitative analysis through image detection technology based on artificial intelligence. Firstly, a cross-material classification standard for architectural remnants is developed to facilitate data annotation in image detection techniques. Secondly, a dense object detection algorithm specifically designed for architectural images is proposed to address challenges such as boundary ambiguity and high-density damage in architectural heritage. This algorithm effectively facilitates intelligent detection and quantitative analysis of architectural heritage damage. On this basis, multiple datasets for architectural heritage damage detection are compiled and constructed on-site. Experimental results obtained from these datasets demonstrate that the proposed method surpasses comparative approaches across various metrics, including average precision, thus confirming its feasibility and effectiveness. Additionally, a software application for intelligent damage detection and quantitative analysis of architectural heritage images is developed, providing novel insights and support for the field of architectural heritage preservation. Full article
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18 pages, 5460 KB  
Article
New Perspectives on Digital Representation: The Case of the ‘Santa Casa de Misericórdia’ in São Carlos (Brazil)
by Cristiana Bartolomei, Luca Budriesi, Alfonso Ippolito, Davide Mezzino and Caterina Morganti
Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142502 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 632
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the Italian architectural heritage in Brazil through the analysis of the ‘Santa Casa de Misericórdia’ hospital in São Carlos, in the state of São Paulo. As part of the KNOW.IT national project, the work aims to recover and [...] Read more.
This research aims to investigate the Italian architectural heritage in Brazil through the analysis of the ‘Santa Casa de Misericórdia’ hospital in São Carlos, in the state of São Paulo. As part of the KNOW.IT national project, the work aims to recover and digitally enhance Italian heritage abroad from the 19th and 20th centuries. The buildings analysed were either designed or built by Italian architects who emigrated to South America or constructed using materials and techniques typical of Italian architecture of those years. The hospital, designed by the Italian architect Samuele Malfatti in 1891, was chosen for its historical value and its role in the urban context of the city of São Carlos, which, moreover, continues to perform its function even today. The study aims to create a digital archive with 3D models and two-dimensional graphical drawings. The methodology includes historical analysis, photogrammetric survey, and digital modelling using Agisoft Metashape and 3DF Zephyr software. A total of 636 images were processed, with the maximum resolution achieved in the models being 3526 × 2097 pixels. The results highlight the influence of Italian architecture on late 19th-century São Carlos and promote its virtual accessibility and wide-ranging knowledge. Full article
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