Human Comfort and Building Energy Efficiency

A Special Issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309) belonging to the section "Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2027 | Viewed by 977

Editors

Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Interests: thermal comfort; building energy efficiency; HVAC control systems; indoor environmental quality; occupant behavior; vulnerable populations; health-based building design; solar energy systems

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Guest Editor
School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: human thermal comfort and health; built environment sensing and control; low-carbon and energy-efficient buildings
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Guest Editor
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
Interests: thermal comfort; neurophysiology; health; intelligent sensor; building energy saving

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As buildings account for nearly 40% of global energy consumption, the imperative to enhance energy efficiency has never been more urgent; at the same time, with people spending over 90% of their time indoors, ensuring optimal human comfort and health within the built environment has become a paramount concern. The challenge lies in achieving a harmonious balance between these two critical objectives—minimizing energy use while maximizing occupant well-being.

Human comfort, encompassing its thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality dimensions, is fundamentally shaped by the dynamic interplay between building systems, occupant behaviors, and environmental controls. Emerging technologies—including intelligent HVAC systems, adaptive building envelopes, occupancy-based controls, and data-driven optimization strategies—offer unprecedented opportunities to reconcile energy performance with human-centric design. Furthermore, understanding the physiological and behavioral responses of diverse populations is essential for creating resilient and inclusive indoor environments.

This Special Issue seeks to advance knowledge at the intersection of human comfort and building energy efficiency, fostering innovative solutions that prioritize both sustainability and occupant health. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Thermal comfort and adaptive thermal behaviors;
  • Intelligent HVAC control and occupancy-based strategies;
  • Multi-domain environmental quality (thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality);
  • Health-based building design for vulnerable populations;
  • Physiological monitoring and human-building interaction;
  • Data-driven building performance optimization;
  • Solar energy systems and renewable energy integration;
  • Low-carbon retrofit and energy-efficient technologies;
  • Coupled effects of indoor environmental factors on well-being.

Dr. Yu Dong
Dr. Yuxin Yang
Dr. Mingli Lu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • indoor environmental quality (IEQ)
  • human health and well-being
  • multi-domain comfort
  • thermal adaptation
  • intelligent HVAC control
  • occupant behavior
  • climate resilience
  • sustainable building design
  • renewable energy

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

30 pages, 10532 KB  
Article
Data-Driven Multi-Objective Optimization of Building Envelope Retrofits for Senior Apartments in Beijing
by Lai Fan, Mengying Li and Yang Shi
Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091682 - 24 Apr 2026
Viewed by 641
Abstract
Aging populations have intensified the demand for thermally comfortable and energy-efficient housing, particularly for elderly residents whose diminished thermoregulatory capacity renders them disproportionately vulnerable to indoor temperature fluctuations. Existing senior apartments in cold-climate regions frequently fail to meet age-specific thermal comfort standards, yet [...] Read more.
Aging populations have intensified the demand for thermally comfortable and energy-efficient housing, particularly for elderly residents whose diminished thermoregulatory capacity renders them disproportionately vulnerable to indoor temperature fluctuations. Existing senior apartments in cold-climate regions frequently fail to meet age-specific thermal comfort standards, yet systematic retrofit optimization frameworks explicitly tailored to elderly occupants remain scarce. This study presents a data-driven multi-objective optimization framework for building envelope retrofitting, which is validated using on-site temperature measurements from a representative 1980s brick–concrete senior apartment building in Beijing. The framework integrates Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) for design space exploration, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) surrogate model for simultaneous prediction of three performance objectives, and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) for Pareto-optimal solution generation, with final selection performed via a weighted Mahalanobis distance-based Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Optimization targets—annual energy consumption, indoor thermal discomfort hours, and retrofit cost—are parameterized using the age-sensitive comfort thresholds specified in GB 50340-2016. The LSTM surrogate achieved R2 values of 0.91–0.93 across all objectives with training–testing differences below 0.02. The optimal retrofit package—Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Low Emissivity (Low-E) double-glazed windows (5 + 6A + 5), glass fiber roof insulation (65.25 mm), and Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) external wall insulation (65.39 mm)—reduces annual energy consumption by 47.1% (from 40,867 to 21,626 kWh) and annual thermal discomfort hours by 62.4% (from 2454 °C·h to 923 °C·h). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)-based sensitivity analysis further identifies wall U-value and roof thickness as the dominant performance drivers. A reproducible and computationally efficient pathway is provided by the proposed framework for evidence-based envelope retrofit decision-making in existing senior residential buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Comfort and Building Energy Efficiency)
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