Buildings

Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology

by Qi Zhang, Guozhu Zhang and Xiaobin Ding

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2988; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122988 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 799

Abstract

Currently, the development of deep earth space is an important strategic, scientific, and technological goal [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Research

Jump to: Editorial

17 pages, 3679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Optimization Paths of Design Elements of Underground Building Atria Based on IPA–Kano Model

by Xinming Jia, Bo Yan, Jinyao Wang and Ling Fang

Buildings 2023, 13(3), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030789 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1426

Abstract

The interior of an underground atrium is often a combination of multiple design elements. The lack of methodology and quantitative data support makes it impossible for developers and operators to know the public’s preferences for further renovation, which seriously hinders the sustainable development [...] Read more.

The interior of an underground atrium is often a combination of multiple design elements. The lack of methodology and quantitative data support makes it impossible for developers and operators to know the public’s preferences for further renovation, which seriously hinders the sustainable development of underground atria. This paper addresses this issue by evaluating the IPA–Kano model for underground atria with three cases selected in the main urban area of Chongqing for comparison. Then, three types of design elements have been identified to have different impacts on underground building atria on the basis of analyzing the relationship between design elements and users’ subjective perceptions of underground building atria. They are the basic, importance, and attraction elements. Finally, the optimization path for underground building atria is determined by integrating the actual performance of these three types of design elements. It is indicated that design elements such as seating, interface, and signage must be prioritized for improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 8097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of Smoke Distribution in Inclined Tunnel Fire Ventilation Modes Considering Traffic Conditions

by Po-Wei Tung, Hung-Chieh Chung, Nobuyoshi Kawabata, Miho Seike, Masato Hasegawa, Shen-Wen Chien and Tzu-Sheng Shen

Buildings 2023, 13(3), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030714 - 08 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1872

Abstract

Japan and Europe have adopted significantly different ventilation modes with regard to traffic conditions (with or without congestion). This study focuses on the smoke behavior of different ventilation modes by conducting a 3D CFD analysis of smoke distribution and CO concentration variation and [...] Read more.

Japan and Europe have adopted significantly different ventilation modes with regard to traffic conditions (with or without congestion). This study focuses on the smoke behavior of different ventilation modes by conducting a 3D CFD analysis of smoke distribution and CO concentration variation and then comparing these modes based on two groups (relatively low target velocity: 0 and 1 m/s; relatively high target velocity: 2 and 3 m/s). The considered fire size is 30 MW for four longitudinal gradients (0, 2, 4, and 6%). In the simulation results, velocities of both 0 and 1 m/s reveal good performance in maintaining the stratification of smoke and ensuring the safety of the environment in 10 min in the occurrence of traffic jams. However, in 15 min, the smoke conditions change. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish which ventilation mode (0 and 1 m/s) shows relatively better performance during traffic congestion. When traffic is uncongested, the comparison of Um = 2 and 3 m/s reveals that a target velocity of Um = 2 m/s (lower than critical velocity) can also prevent the risk of smoke on the upstream side because no descending phenomenon is observed. Moreover, Um = 2 m/s causes the relatively slow propagation of descending smoke, increasing the possibility of evacuation once a second traffic incident occurs on the downstream side of the fire source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 8191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Ultra-Small Clearance Tunnel Construction in Upper Soil and Lower Rock Composite Strata

by Xuemin Zhang, Dong Fu, Xianshun Zhou and Yuanyuan Han

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020559 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1177

Abstract

It is hard to grasp the deformation law of the surrounding rock and the force characteristics of the support structure during the construction of ultra-small clearance tunnels in upper soil and lower rock composite strata. Based on the ultra-small clearance tunnel in Li [...] Read more.

It is hard to grasp the deformation law of the surrounding rock and the force characteristics of the support structure during the construction of ultra-small clearance tunnels in upper soil and lower rock composite strata. Based on the ultra-small clearance tunnel in Li Shuping, Tongxin Expressway, Guizhou, this paper adopted a combination of numerical simulation and field monitoring to analyze the influence of different burial depths and soil-rock interface positions on the deformation of the surrounding rock and the internal forces of the support structure of the ultra-small clearance tunnel. The conclusions are: (1) the monitoring data show that the stress in the steel frame of the leading tunnel increases first by the influence of proximity construction, and then decreases and reaches a stable value after the secondary lining is applied, and the stress at the arch waist of the soft soil layer furtherest from the side of the middle rock column is greater than that in the rock layer on the side of the middle rock column; (2) the position of the soil-rock interface has a significant influence on the initial support force of the first tunnel, and the bending moment of the structure increases with the downward movement of the soil-rock interface and the increase in the burial depth; (3) the influence of the soil-rock interface position on the initial support moment of the first tunnel is greater than the influence of proximity construction, a point to which attention should be paid during construction; and (4) when the soil-rock interface is located below the foot of the arch, the deformation of the surrounding rock of the following tunnel will be larger than that of the first tunnel. The results can provide a reference for the design and construction of ultra-small clearance tunnels in upper soil and lower rock composite soft strata and soil strata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Multifactor Effects on Mud Cake Formation Risk for a Tunnel Boring Machine with the Analytical Hierarchy Process

by Xiaobin Ding, Arnold Yuxuan Xie, Huitai Yang and Shijia Li

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020355 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1383

Abstract

Tunnel boring machines often encounter clogging during excavation in strata with rich clay content. The clogging can damage the cutterhead and interrupt excavation. Cutting tool clogging, also known as mud cake formation, has a strong effect on excavation work efficiency. While current studies [...] Read more.

Tunnel boring machines often encounter clogging during excavation in strata with rich clay content. The clogging can damage the cutterhead and interrupt excavation. Cutting tool clogging, also known as mud cake formation, has a strong effect on excavation work efficiency. While current studies are focusing on the mechanism of clogging, engineering practice still heavily relies on qualitative empirical judgement. To quantitatively assess the risk of mud cake formation, we carefully selected 22 influential parameters to reflect the effect of geological, machinal, and operational risk factors in the tunneling process and established a rubric for risk factor contributions using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results imply the liquidity index, plasticity index, cutterhead torque, and total thrust force contribute to around 45% of the total influence on mud cake formation, while machinal factors are less influential than geological and operational factors. We verified the framework with a tunnel section from the Guangzhou Metro Line 22 that had mud cake formation reported. Rings labelled as high risk for mud cake formation by our framework concurred with those rings with mud cake actually observed. Project log and operational parameter variations were incorporated to explore the connection between mud cake formation and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 10266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fire Resistance Test and Numerical Simulation on the Tube Structure of Steel–Concrete–Steel Immersed Tube Tunnel

by Jing Li, Peng Cao, Shuping Jiang and Dandan Zhang

Buildings 2023, 13(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010033 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1808

Abstract

To provide references for the fire prevention design of steel–concrete–steel immersed tube tunnels, four types of test conditions—no fire protection, fireproof coating insulation, single-layer seam fireproof boards, and double-layer seam fireproof boards—were carried out using partial full-size structural test members. Additionally, the thermal [...] Read more.

To provide references for the fire prevention design of steel–concrete–steel immersed tube tunnels, four types of test conditions—no fire protection, fireproof coating insulation, single-layer seam fireproof boards, and double-layer seam fireproof boards—were carried out using partial full-size structural test members. Additionally, the thermal insulation effects of various fireproofing technology solutions were contrasted and analyzed. Combined with the numerical simulation analysis, the temperature distribution law inside the tube structure under various fireproofing measures and the temperature rise law of measuring points at different depths were studied, and the protective effect of the fireproof layers on the tube structure under high fire temperature was demonstrated. The results of the numerical simulation and the experimental data agree well. The results show that adding fireproof layers can significantly lower both the steel shell’s surface temperature and the depth of fire impact. Without fire protection, the surface temperature of the bottom steel shell exceeds 300 °C at 69 s, and the member bursts. The fireproof coatings are cracked and flaking and cannot meet the fire resistance limits. Both single-seam and double-seam schemes of calcium silicate boards can meet the fire resistance limit requirements and the latter has a better heat insulation effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Bearing Capacity of Strip Foundation on Rock Mass Obeying Modified Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion

by Dianchun Du and Zhentao Liu

Buildings 2022, 12(12), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122083 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

The kinematic method of limit analysis theory was adopted in this paper to calculate the seismic bearing capacity of the shallow strip foundation on a rock mass obeying the non-linear modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion. The generalized Prandtl failure mechanism was chosen, which is [...] Read more.

The kinematic method of limit analysis theory was adopted in this paper to calculate the seismic bearing capacity of the shallow strip foundation on a rock mass obeying the non-linear modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion. The generalized Prandtl failure mechanism was chosen, which is different from the multi-wedge failure mechanism assumption commonly used in previous research. Three angle parameters were used to control the mechanism shapes, and the equivalent friction angle and equivalent cohesive were adopted to faithfully reflect the shape characteristics of the failure mechanism. The seismic action was considered using the pseudo-static method, which is simplified to the inertial force determined by the horizontal seismic coefficient. The validation of the present method was carried out by comparing with previous analytical results and the finite element model. Subsequently, the influences of the surface overload, the properties of the rock mass, and the seismic action on the shape and ultimate bearing capacity of the failure mechanism were investigated. For the convenience of practical engineering, this paper gives the ultimate bearing capacity of strip foundations on five representative rock foundations, and the variation trend of bearing capacity with the unit weight of rock mass, surface overload, and horizontal seismic coefficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Change in Dynamic Response Distribution of Double-Track Tunnel Structure Caused by Adding Middle Partition Wall

by Shuguang Yao, Jiani He and Ping Xu

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101711 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1383

Abstract

Adding a middle partition wall is an effective method to prevent the interaction between the upper and lower subway lines in a double-track tunnel, and the subsequent change in the dynamic response of the tunnel structure caused by adding a middle partition wall [...] Read more.

Adding a middle partition wall is an effective method to prevent the interaction between the upper and lower subway lines in a double-track tunnel, and the subsequent change in the dynamic response of the tunnel structure caused by adding a middle partition wall has drawn attention. We analyzed the displacement and acceleration responses of the upper part (zone A), the lower part (zone B), the tunnel bed and the surrounding connecting part (zone C) of the double-track tunnel by establishing a two-dimensional finite element model of the double-track tunnel and soil with and without a middle partition wall. The numerical results demonstrate that the addition of the middle partition wall improves the displacement and acceleration response distribution of the double-track tunnel structure. Compared with single-train traffic, the addition of the middle partition wall brings more obvious changes to the dynamic response of the double-track tunnel during double-train traffic. The maximum displacement response decreases from 5.881 mm to 5.335 mm, and the maximum acceleration response decreases from 18.51 m/s² to 16.62 m/s². The displacement response value in the upper part increases from 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm, the acceleration response value increases from 3.0 m/s² to 4.6 m/s², the displacement response value in the tunnel bed and the surrounding connecting part decreases from 5.0 mm to 3.0 mm, and the acceleration response value in the tunnel bed and the surrounding connecting part decreases from 18.0 m/s² to 10.0 m/s². There is no obvious change in the lower part. During double-train traffic, after adding the middle partition wall, the horizontal displacement and horizontal acceleration response values of the double-track tunnel structure decrease by about 30% to 45%; the vertical displacement response value of the connection between the middle partition wall and the lining increases from 1.337 mm to 1.774 mm, an increase of 32.7%, and the vertical acceleration of the lower half of the tunnel lining is partially transferred to the upper half. The response values of horizontal displacement and acceleration in the middle part of the middle partition wall are the largest, at 1.6 mm and 6.0 m/s², while the response values of vertical displacement and acceleration in the bottom of the partition wall are the largest, at 3.3 mm and 9.0 m/s². The research results provide a reference for the structural design of middle partition walls to ensure the safety and stability of trains running in double-track tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Quasi-Rectangular Tunnel Built in the Rock Masses Following Hoek–Brown Failure Criterion

by Dianchun Du, Di Lei, Keqi Liu and Daniel Dias

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101578 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1369

Abstract

Although quasi-rectangular tunnels have been widely used in underground projects, there is no related research work that was carried out to design this kind of tunnel excavated in the rock masses that followed the Hoek–Brown (HB) criterion. By transforming the strength parameters of [...] Read more.

Although quasi-rectangular tunnels have been widely used in underground projects, there is no related research work that was carried out to design this kind of tunnel excavated in the rock masses that followed the Hoek–Brown (HB) criterion. By transforming the strength parameters of the rocks that obey the HB failure criterion into equivalent strength parameters of the Mohr–Coulomb (MC) criterion, the lining internal forces of a quasi-rectangular tunnel are investigated in this manuscript in light of bending moments and normal forces using the Hyperstatic Reaction Method (HRM). After comparing with the values of a model test and verifying the present method, the influence of different tunnel depths, H, different rock unconfined compressive strengths,

σ_{c i}

, and the geological strength parameter GSI on the lining internal forces of the quasi-rectangular tunnel is then investigated. The obtained results indicate that the parameters H,

σ_{c i}

, and GSI have a significant effect on the lining internal forces of the quasi-rectangular tunnel. The work presented in this paper provides a theoretical reference for designing the quasi-rectangular tunnel support structure built in the rock masses following the Hoek–Brown criterion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analytical Solution for Steel Plate Strengthened Circular Tunnels with Various Interface Slip Modes

by Wuzhou Zhai, Keguo Sun, Dongming Zhang, Hongwei Huang and David Chapman

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081172 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1702

Abstract

A simplified analytical solution for steel plate strengthened circular tunnel concrete linings is presented, considering various interface slip modes. The full derivation for the analytical solution is introduced in detail, from which explicit expressions for the stress and displacement fields throughout the system [...] Read more.

A simplified analytical solution for steel plate strengthened circular tunnel concrete linings is presented, considering various interface slip modes. The full derivation for the analytical solution is introduced in detail, from which explicit expressions for the stress and displacement fields throughout the system are obtained. The distribution of lining deformation, internal force, and the interaction stress between tunnel lining and steel plate were investigated by considering various tunnel-steel interface scenarios, namely no slip, full slip, and elastic slip. The result demonstrates the importance of having a well-bonded interface to maximize the benefits of the steel plate strengthening approach. The maximum interface shear stress locates at the position with minimum interface normal stress. Subsequently, the influence of interface shear stiffness and steel plate thickness on the composited tunnel lining performance was investigated. It is founded that the improvement of the interface shear stiffness can enhance the overall structural stiffness of the strengthened tunnel lining, which results in increases in the interaction stresses and lining forces simultaneously. With a ratio of the steel thickness to the tunnel lining thickness less than 0.1, greater achievement in both strengthening effectiveness and cost efficiency is obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunnel Construction and Underground Space Technology)

► Show Figures