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Biosensors
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Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications
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Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 September 2026 | Viewed by 9975

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Daniel Matias Gaston Regiart

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Guest Editor
Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia (FQBF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INQUISAL (UNSL—CONICET), Chacabuco 917, San Luis D5700BWS, Argentina
Interests: electrochemistry; sensors; biosensors; microfluidics; immunosensors; human health; environmental safety
Prof. Dr. Walter Ricardo Brito

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Amazonas, Brazil
Interests: electrochemicals; sensors; analytical chemistry; nanotechnology; nanomaterials; biosensors; microfluidics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Martín A. Fernández-Baldo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia (FQBF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INQUISAL (UNSL— CONICET), Chacabuco 917, San Luis D5700BWS, Argentina.
Interests: electrochemicals; sensors; analytical chemistry; nanotechnology; nanomaterials; biosensors; microfluidics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are delighted to present this Special Issue, "Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and their Applications", which aims to highlight the most recent advances and technological breakthroughs in the field of electrochemical biosensors. As the demand for highly sensitive, portable, and cost-effective biosensors continues to grow, especially in areas such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety, electrochemical biosensors have emerged as one of the most promising and versatile technologies. This Special Issue focuses on bringing together cutting-edge research and developments that address both the scientific and engineering challenges in electrochemical biosensing. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Nanomaterial-enhanced biosensors that leverage the unique properties of materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles to improve sensor performance.
  • Wearable and flexible biosensors designed for the real-time monitoring of physiological parameters.
  • Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, emphasizing miniaturization, portability, and integration with mobile technologies for easy and rapid detection.
  • Aptasensors and immunosensors for the highly specific detection of biomarkers, pathogens, and environmental pollutants.
  • Machine learning integration in biosensor data analysis, helping to refine sensitivity and address challenges such as noise reduction in complex sample matrices.

We invite contributions that explore novel fabrication techniques, innovative applications, and real-world case studies where electrochemical biosensors are making significant impacts. Our goal with this issue is to create a platform for the dissemination of breakthrough research and facilitate collaborations between scientists and engineers in various fields.

We are confident that the contributions to this Special Issue will inspire further research and foster new innovations in the field of electrochemical biosensors. We look forward to receiving your submissions and sharing this exciting work with the scientific community.

Dr. Matias Regiart
Prof. Dr. Walter Ricardo Brito
Dr. Martín A. Fernández-Baldo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemical
  • nanotechnology
  • sensors
  • microfluidics
  • biosensing
  • nanomaterials
  • biosensors

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

24 pages, 36728 KB  
Article
Electrocatalytic Activity of Electrospun Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Poly(3-aminobenzylamine) Composite for Detection of Dopamine in Human Urine
by Tharathip Khueanpech and Saengrawee Sriwichai
Biosensors 2026, 16(4), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16040226 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 448
Abstract
A nanostructured sensing platform based on electrospun functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/poly(3-aminobenzylamine) (FMWCNTs/P3ABA) was developed for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate. The electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were investigated by chronocoulometry (CC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) [...] Read more.
A nanostructured sensing platform based on electrospun functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/poly(3-aminobenzylamine) (FMWCNTs/P3ABA) was developed for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate. The electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were investigated by chronocoulometry (CC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing K3[Fe(CN)6] as a redox mediator. The zeta potential analysis confirmed the presence of a stable surface charge that favors electrostatic interaction with DA molecules. The DA detection was performed in human urine by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) over a potential of −0.2 to 0.8 V and at scan rate of 5 mV s−1, where the FMWCNTs/P3ABA nanofiber electrode exhibited a high sensitivity of 1.502 µA cm−2 nM−1, a linear detection range of 10–500 nM (R2 = 0.992), and a limit of detection of 1.753 nM. The sensor exhibited stable and reproducible responses, and the fibrous composite effectively discriminated DA from common electroactive interferents, including ascorbic acid, uric acid, creatinine, and glucose. Furthermore, reliable dopamine quantification in human urine samples demonstrates the strong potential of the electrospun FMWCNTs/P3ABA composite nanofiber platform for practical bioanalytical and non-invasive sensing applications in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications)
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12 pages, 1660 KB  
Article
Long-Term Stable Biosensing Using Multiscale Biostructure-Preserving Metal Thin Films
by Kenshin Takemura, Taisei Motomura and Yuko Takagi
Biosensors 2026, 16(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16010063 - 16 Jan 2026
Viewed by 657
Abstract
Microparticle detection technology uses materials that can specifically recognize complex biostructures, such as antibodies and aptamers, as trapping agents. The development of antibody production technology and simplification of sensing signal output methods have facilitated commercialization of disposable biosensors, making rapid diagnosis possible. Although [...] Read more.
Microparticle detection technology uses materials that can specifically recognize complex biostructures, such as antibodies and aptamers, as trapping agents. The development of antibody production technology and simplification of sensing signal output methods have facilitated commercialization of disposable biosensors, making rapid diagnosis possible. Although this contributed to the early resolution of pandemics, traditional biosensors face issues with sensitivity, durability, and rapid response times. We aimed to fabricate microspaces using metallic materials to further enhance durability of mold fabrication technologies, such as molecular imprinting. Low-damage metal deposition was performed on target protozoa and Norovirus-like particles (NoV-LPs) to produce thin metallic films that adhere to the material. The procedure for fitting the object into the bio structured space formed on the thin metal film took less than a minute, and sensitivity was 10 fg/mL for NoV-LPs. Furthermore, because it was a metal film, no decrease in reactivity was observed even when the same substrate was stored at room temperature and reused repeatedly after fabrication. These findings underscore the potential of integrating stable metallic structures with bio-recognition elements to significantly enhance robustness and reliability of environmental monitoring. This contributes to public health strategies aimed at early detection and containment of infectious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications)
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14 pages, 2343 KB  
Article
A New Sensing Platform Based in CNF-TiO2NPs-Wax on Polyimide Substrate for Celiac Disease Diagnostic
by Evelyn Marín-Barroso, Maria A. Ferroni-Martini, Eduardo A. Takara, Matias Regiart, Martín A. Fernández-Baldo, Germán A. Messina, Franco A. Bertolino and Sirley V. Pereira
Biosensors 2025, 15(7), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15070431 - 4 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 933
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD), a human leukocyte antigen-associated disorder, is caused by gluten sensitivity and is characterized by mucosal alterations in the small intestine. Currently, its diagnosis involves the determination of serological markers. The traditional method for clinically determining these markers is the enzyme-linked [...] Read more.
Celiac disease (CD), a human leukocyte antigen-associated disorder, is caused by gluten sensitivity and is characterized by mucosal alterations in the small intestine. Currently, its diagnosis involves the determination of serological markers. The traditional method for clinically determining these markers is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, immunosensors offer sensitivity and facilitate the development of miniaturized and portable analytical systems. This work focuses on developing an amperometric immunosensor for the quantification of IgA antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (IgA anti-TGA) in human serum samples, providing information on a critical biomarker for CD diagnosis. The electrochemical device was designed on a polyimide substrate using a novel solid ink of wax and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The working electrode microzone was defined by incorporating aminofunctionalized TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs). The interactions and morphology of CNFs/wax and TiO2NPs/CNFs/wax electrodes were assessed through different characterization techniques. Furthermore, the device was electrochemically characterized, demonstrating that the incorporation of CNFs into the wax matrix significantly enhanced its conductivity and increased the active surface area of the electrode, while TiO2NPs contributed to the immunoreaction area. The developed device exhibited remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. These results indicate that the fabricated device is a robust and reliable tool for the precise serological diagnosis of CD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications)
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15 pages, 4595 KB  
Article
A Novel Aggregation-Induced Emission-Based Electrochemiluminescence Aptamer Sensor Utilizing Red-Emissive Sulfur Quantum Dots for Rapid and Sensitive Malathion Detection
by Yajun Wu, Dongxiao Ma, Xiaoli Zhu and Fangquan Xia
Biosensors 2025, 15(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15010064 - 20 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2610
Abstract
Rapid, effective, and cost-effective methods for large-scale screening of pesticide residues in the environment and agricultural products are important for assessing potential environmental risks and safeguarding human health. Here, we constructed a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) electrochemical aptamer (Apt) sensor based on red-emissive [...] Read more.
Rapid, effective, and cost-effective methods for large-scale screening of pesticide residues in the environment and agricultural products are important for assessing potential environmental risks and safeguarding human health. Here, we constructed a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) electrochemical aptamer (Apt) sensor based on red-emissive sulfur quantum dots (SQDs), which aimed at the rapid screening and quantitative detection of malathion. SQDs were prepared using a two-step oxidation method with good electrochemiluminescence (ECL) optical properties. These SQDs were modified onto the electrode surface to serve as ECL luminophores. Subsequently, Apt was introduced and modified to form a double-helix structure with the complementary chain (cDNA). The ECL signal was reduced because the biomolecules had poor electrical conductivity and inefficient electron transfer. When the target malathion was added, the double helix structure was unraveled, the malathion Apt fell off the electrode surface, and the ECL signal was restored. The linear range of detection was 1.0 × 10−13–1.0 × 10−8 mol·L−1, and the detection limit was 0.219 fM. The successful preparation of the sensor not only develops the ECL optical properties of SQDs but also expands the application of SQDs in ECL sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications)
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18 pages, 6409 KB  
Communication
A Highly Stable Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Metal–Organic Framework/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for Monitoring the Ammonium in Sweat
by Yunzhi Hua, Junhao Mai, Rourou Su, Chengwei Ma, Jiayi Liu, Cong Zhao, Qian Zhang, Changrui Liao and Yiping Wang
Biosensors 2024, 14(12), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14120617 - 15 Dec 2024
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3215
Abstract
The demand for non-invasive, real-time health monitoring has driven advancements in wearable sensors for tracking biomarkers in sweat. Ammonium ions (NH4+) in sweat serve as indicators of metabolic function, muscle fatigue, and kidney health. Although current ion-selective all-solid-state printed sensors [...] Read more.
The demand for non-invasive, real-time health monitoring has driven advancements in wearable sensors for tracking biomarkers in sweat. Ammonium ions (NH4+) in sweat serve as indicators of metabolic function, muscle fatigue, and kidney health. Although current ion-selective all-solid-state printed sensors based on nanocomposites typically exhibit good sensitivity (~50 mV/log [NH4+]), low detection limits (LOD ranging from 10−6 to 10−7 M), and wide linearity ranges (from 10−5 to 10−1 M), few have reported the stability test results necessary for their integration into commercial products for future practical applications. This study presents a highly stable, wearable electrochemical sensor based on a composite of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for monitoring NH4+ in sweat. The synergistic properties of Ni-based MOFs and rGO enhance the sensor’s electrochemical performance by improving charge transfer rates and expanding the electroactive surface area. The MOF/rGO sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, with a Nernstian response of 59.2 ± 1.5 mV/log [NH4+], an LOD of 10−6.37 M, and a linearity range of 10−6 to 10−1 M. Additionally, the hydrophobic nature of the MOF/rGO composite prevents water layer formation at the sensing interface, thereby enhancing long-term stability, while its high double-layer capacitance minimizes potential drift (7.2 µV/s (i = ±1 nA)) in short-term measurements. Extensive testing verified the sensor’s exceptional stability, maintaining consistent performance and stable responses across varying NH4+ concentrations over 7 days under ambient conditions. On-body tests further confirmed the sensor’s suitability for the continuous monitoring of NH4+ levels during physical activities. Further investigations are required to fully elucidate the impact of interference from other sweat components (such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, etc.) and the influence of environmental factors (including the subject’s physical activity, posture, etc.). With a clearer understanding of these factors, the sensor has the potential to emerge as a promising tool for wearable health monitoring applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications)
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Review

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33 pages, 1625 KB  
Review
Commercial Translation of Electrochemical Biosensors: Supply Chain Strategy, Scale-Up Manufacturing, and Regulatory–Quality Considerations
by Gao Zhou and Haibin Liu
Biosensors 2026, 16(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16020112 - 9 Feb 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have reached a high degree of analytical maturity; however, only a small portion of laboratory demonstrations actually progress to commercial products. In this review, we looked non-analytically at the factors which are in place with respect to this translational gap, specifically [...] Read more.
Electrochemical biosensors have reached a high degree of analytical maturity; however, only a small portion of laboratory demonstrations actually progress to commercial products. In this review, we looked non-analytically at the factors which are in place with respect to this translational gap, specifically looking into supply chain design, scale-up manufacturing strategy, regulatory–quality, and more. Based on a wide range of academic and industrial literature, the paper considers how decisions about what kind of material to use, especially for material that recognizes living things, conductive material made from ink, and the material that is the actual product being made, can make a big difference in whether the product can be reproduced easily, if it will stay stable for a long time, and if it is allowed according to the rules. This review compares the dominant manufacturing paradigms—roll-to-roll printing, and semiconductor-derived microfabrication—and shows how the respective strengths and limitations match the different targets, costs, and risk class. This is more about making manufacturing an upstream optimization problem than treating processes as defects and quality as assurance, rather than making it an upstream optimization problem. And it does this by looking at some other big pathways for regulations in the U.S., EU, and China as well, where we get to see how those differences in classification requirements, what kind of proofs you should have, and different ways about running those quality management systems affect how quickly things can come out after developing them, and what your flexibility with customers is like when those products are already out there in the world. The study looks at some case studies: disposable glucose strips, cartridge-based blood analyzers, and new continuous monitoring systems are used to show how the exact same electrochemical ideas can result in very different commercialization issues based on the clinical context and system integration. Synthesizing those angles creates a review that can give a system level map of matching research design to industrial and regulatory realities, with the goal of making it easier for electrochemical biosensors to go from lab prototypes to ready-for-market diagnostic tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Applications)
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