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Batteries
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Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries
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Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 July 2024) | Viewed by 22302

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Elham Hosseinzadeh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
Interests: energy storage (fuel cell and battery) modelling, design and system integration; thermal management of battery cell/pack; electrified transport systems (automotive and aerospace); renewable energies; computational modelling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Abbas Fotouhi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Advanced Vehicle Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK41 0HU, UK
Interests: electric vehicle; sustainable transport systems; battery; energy management; optimization; control; artificial intelligence and machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lithium-ion batteries are a promising technology for achieving the net-zero goal. Some of the current battery challenges such as lifetime and safety are very dependent on batteries operating temperature. A proper pack design as well as a thermal management system can overcome some of these barriers and ensure the batteries’ safe operation.

In this Special Issue, we are looking forward to contributions in the following subject areas:

  • Multi-physics modelling of batteries (including the temperature impact);
  • Impact of battery internal structure on heat generation;
  • Impact of battery ageing on heat generation;
  • Impact of battery ageing on battery safety;
  • Thermal runaway modelling of a single cell or battery pack;
  • Battery pack design for mitigating/delaying thermal propagation;
  • Methodologies for manufacturing faulty cells to trigger thermal runaway;
  • Battery heat release rate during thermal runaway for different chemistries/capacities/form factors;
  • Novel thermal management technologies, especially for fast charging/severe climate conditions (very cold/hot);
  • Battery management system for optimal battery performance;
  • Energy harvesting from battery packs.

Dr. Elham Hosseinzadeh
Dr. Abbas Fotouhi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 12357 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Thermal Management of a Large Format Pouch Battery Using Combination of CPCM and Liquid Cooling
by Caiqi Xu, Chao Ma, Mohammad Souri, Hadi Moztarzadeh, Mohammad Nasr Esfahani, Masoud Jabbari and Elham Hosseinzadeh
Batteries 2024, 10(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040113 - 22 Mar 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2742
Abstract
As electric vehicles (EVs) gain market dominance, ensuring safety during the battery usage is crucial. This paper presents a new thermal management approach to address the battery heat accumulation challenge through a novel combination of composite phase change material (CPCM) with liquid cooling [...] Read more.
As electric vehicles (EVs) gain market dominance, ensuring safety during the battery usage is crucial. This paper presents a new thermal management approach to address the battery heat accumulation challenge through a novel combination of composite phase change material (CPCM) with liquid cooling systems. An optimised hybrid cooling model is developed to evaluate the proposed battery thermal management system (BTMS) under high-temperature and high-power conditions. Benchmark studies are conducted to assess the impact of inlet position, inlet flow rate, and flow channel distribution on the cooling performance to achieve a uniform temperature distribution within the battery. The optimised BTMS, consisting of a five-cell battery pack, demonstrates a maximum temperature of 41.15 °C and a temperature difference of 4.89 °C in a operating condition at 36 °C with a discharge rate of 3 C. The BTMS outperforms the initial model, reducing the maximum temperature by 1.5%, temperature difference by 5%, and liquid fraction by 13%, with a slight (1.3%) increase in weight. The cooling performance is most efficient at a liquid flow rate of 0.1 m/s, minimising energy consumption. The proposed BTMS with CPCM-3 is also sufficient enough to keep the battery pack under a thermal runaway event. Overall, the theoretical simulation highlights the BTMS’s ability to effectively control battery temperatures and temperature differences, ensuring safe operation during high-temperature and high-power conditions in practical EV usage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries)
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14 pages, 11753 KiB  
Article
Impedimetric Early Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds Released from Li-Ion Batteries at Elevated Temperatures
by Palwinder Kaur, Isaac K. Stier, Sudeshna Bagchi, Vilas G. Pol and Amol P. Bhondekar
Batteries 2023, 9(12), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9120562 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2603
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries prove to be a promising technology for achieving present and future goals regarding energy resources. However, a few cases of lithium-ion battery fires and failures caused by thermal runaway have been reported in various news articles; therefore, it is important to [...] Read more.
Lithium-ion batteries prove to be a promising technology for achieving present and future goals regarding energy resources. However, a few cases of lithium-ion battery fires and failures caused by thermal runaway have been reported in various news articles; therefore, it is important to enhance the safety of the batteries and their end users. The early detection of thermal runaway by detecting gases/volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released at the initial stages of thermal runaway can be used as a warning to end users. An interdigitated platinum electrode spin-coated with a sub-micron thick layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) showed sensitivity for two VOCs (ethyl-methyl carbonate and methyl formate) released from Li-ion batteries during thermal runaway, as well as their binary mixtures at elevated temperatures, which were measured using impedance spectroscopy over a frequency range of 1 MHz to 1 Hz. The sensor response was tested at three different high temperatures (40 °C, 55 °C, and 70 °C) for single analytes and binary mixtures of two VOCs at 5 ppm, 15 ppm, and 30 ppm concentrations. Equivalent electrical parameters were derived from impedance data. A machine learning approach was used to classify the sensor’s response. Classification algorithms classify the sensor’s response at elevated temperatures for different analytes with an accuracy greater than 70%. The success of the reported sensors will enhance battery safety via the early detection of thermal runaway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries)
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20 pages, 5260 KiB  
Article
A Numerical and Experimental Investigation on a Gravity-Assisted Heat-Pipe-Based Battery Thermal Management System for a Cylindrical Battery
by Arman Burkitbayev, Delika M. Weragoda, Francesco Ciampa, Kin Hing Lo and Guohong Tian
Batteries 2023, 9(9), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9090456 - 5 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
A thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries is an essential requirement for electric vehicle operation due to the large amount of heat generated by these cylindrical batteries during fast charging/discharging. Previously, researchers have focused mostly on pouch and prismatic cells with heat pipes [...] Read more.
A thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries is an essential requirement for electric vehicle operation due to the large amount of heat generated by these cylindrical batteries during fast charging/discharging. Previously, researchers have focused mostly on pouch and prismatic cells with heat pipes arranged in the horizontal direction. The current study introduces a novel vertically-oriented heat-pipe-based hybrid cooling battery thermal management system (BTMS) that numerically evaluates the thermal performance of the cylindrical batteries and the flow pattern within the cooling channel at C rates as high as 8C. The model was experimentally validated using five round heat pipes in a vertical orientation utilizing the effect of gravity to assist condensate flow through the heat pipe. The heat pipes were arranged in a staggered pattern to improve the overall heat transfer performance by means of forced convective cooling. This design allowed for maximizing the heat transfer process despite the lack of contact between the cylindrical-shaped batteries and round-shaped heat pipes. During this study, the temperatures of the evaporator end and the condenser end of the heat pipes and battery surfaces were monitored, and the thermal performances of the system were determined at varying inlet cooling liquid temperatures (15, 20, 25 °C) and high rates of 4C and 8C. Representatively, the proposed hybrid BTMS could maintain a maximum battery surface temperature of around 64 °C and a temperature difference between cells under 2.5 °C when the inlet velocity was 0.33 L/min and the cooling liquid temperature was 25 °C. The high temperatures reached the fourth and fifth heat pipes because they are part of the backflow design and are affected by backflow temperature. Nevertheless, the current design shows that the proposed system can maintain battery surface temperatures well within 5 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries)
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26 pages, 3342 KiB  
Article
Influence of Lithium-Ion-Battery Equivalent Circuit Model Parameter Dependencies and Architectures on the Predicted Heat Generation in Real-Life Drive Cycles
by Marcus Auch, Timo Kuthada, Sascha Giese and Andreas Wagner
Batteries 2023, 9(5), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9050274 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5198
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of the considered Electric Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) parameter dependencies and architectures on the predicted heat generation rate by using the Bernardi equation. For this purpose, the whole workflow, from the cell characterization tests to the cell parameter [...] Read more.
This study investigates the influence of the considered Electric Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) parameter dependencies and architectures on the predicted heat generation rate by using the Bernardi equation. For this purpose, the whole workflow, from the cell characterization tests to the cell parameter identification and finally validation studies, is examined on a cylindrical 5 Ah LG217000 Lithium-Ion-Battery (LIB) with a nickel manganese cobalt chemistry. Additionally, different test procedures are compared with respect to their result quality. For the parameter identification, a Matlab tool is developed enabling the user to generate all necessary ECMs in one run. The accuracy of the developed ECMs is evaluated by comparing voltage prediction of the experimental and simulation results for the highly dynamic World harmonized Light vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) at different states of charges (SOCs) and ambient temperatures. The results show that parameter dependencies such as hysteresis and current are neglectable, if only the voltage results are compared. Considering the heat generation prediction, however, the neglection can result in mispredictions of up to 9% (current) or 22% (hysteresis) and hence should not be neglected. Concluding the voltage and heat generation results, this study recommends using a Dual Polarization (DP) or Thevenin ECM considering all parameter dependencies except for the charge/discharge current dependency for thermal modeling of LIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries)
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Review

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18 pages, 7064 KiB  
Review
A Review on Advanced Battery Thermal Management Systems for Fast Charging in Electric Vehicles
by Le Duc Tai, Kunal Sandip Garud, Seong-Guk Hwang and Moo-Yeon Lee
Batteries 2024, 10(10), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10100372 - 20 Oct 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7854
Abstract
To protect the environment and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the world is shifting towards electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable solution. The development of fast charging technologies for EVs to reduce charging time and increase operating range is essential to replace traditional [...] Read more.
To protect the environment and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the world is shifting towards electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable solution. The development of fast charging technologies for EVs to reduce charging time and increase operating range is essential to replace traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are efficient energy storage systems in EVs. However, the efficiency of LIBs depends significantly on their working temperature range. However, the huge amount of heat generated during fast charging increases battery temperature uncontrollably and may lead to thermal runaway, which poses serious hazards during the operation of EVs. In addition, fast charging with high current accelerates battery aging and seriously reduces battery capacity. Therefore, an effective and advanced battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential to ensure the performance, lifetime, and safety of LIBs, particularly under extreme charging conditions. In this perspective, the current review presents the state-of-the-art thermal management strategies for LIBs during fast charging. The serious thermal problems owing to heat generated during fast charging and its impacts on LIBs are discussed. The core part of this review presents advanced cooling strategies such as indirect liquid cooling, immersion cooling, and hybrid cooling for the thermal management of batteries during fast charging based on recently published research studies in the period of 2019–2024 (5 years). Finally, the key findings and potential directions for next-generation BTMSs toward fast charging are proposed. This review offers an in-depth analysis by providing recommendations and potential solutions to develop reliable and efficient BTMSs for LIBs during fast charging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Management for Batteries)
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