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Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 21276

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sung-Min Kim

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Guest Editor

Department of Energy Resources and Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
Interests: geographic information system; remote sensing; machine learning; mine reclamation; mineral exploration; hot spot analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Jangwon Suh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Energy Resources and Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
Interests: GIS for energy resources; mine hazards; mine reclamation; geospatial predictive mapping; geostatistics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Special Issue on Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards.

Geohazards (geological hazards), which refers to the risk of damage that can be caused by geological processes, include landslides, earthquakes, subsidence, volcanoes, tsunamis, mining hazards, and others. Although geohazards can cause great damage to the natural environment and humans, it is not easy to identify the signs of most geohazards before they occur. Therefore, in order to predict and deal with these geological accidents in advance, it is necessary to monitor changes in the geological environment and evaluate the possibility of their occurrence. Spaceborne, airborne and ground-based sensors can be used for observation. The evaluation of hazardous areas from monitoring data is an important topic of research for this Special Issue. Recently, various data-driven approaches have been used to evaluate geohazards. Depending on the type of geohazards, their impact may be local or extensive. Therefore, it is very important to visualize them effectively. GIS-based geographic visualization and 3D visualization technologies based on virtual reality and augmented reality are also within the scope of this Special Issue.

In this Special Issue, we invite submissions exploring cutting-edge research and recent advances in the field of geohazards. Both theoretical and experimental studies are welcome, as well as comprehensive reviews and survey papers.

This Special Issue will cover a broad spectrum of topics, including (but not limited to):

Geohazards: landslides, earthquakes, ground subsidence, volcanoes, tsunamis, mining hazards;
Monitoring: remote sensing, Internet of Things (IoT), ground-based sensors;
Evaluation: geospatial analysis, machine learning, numerical analysis;
Visualization: Geographic Information System (GIS), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR).

Dr. Sung-Min Kim
Dr. Jangwon Suh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

geohazards
landslides
earthquakes
ground subsidence
mining hazards
geographic information system
machine learning
remote sensing
Internet of Things
big data

Related Special Issue

Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards—2nd Edition in Applied Sciences

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 11779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Model-Based Line-of-Sight Analysis for Optimal Installation of IoT Monitoring Devices in Underground Mines

by Woo-Hyuk Lee, Seong-Soo Han and Sung-Min Kim

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12535; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212535 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 815

Abstract

Internet of things (IoT)-based wireless communication technology has been applied for efficient work and safety in mines. However, underground mines are surrounded by walls and have numerous curves, which reduce communication stability. For smooth communication between devices, a line of sight (LOS) must be connected without obstacles. If optimal installation locations in a virtual space can be confirmed before installing the device in the field, trial and error can be avoided. In this study, a 3D model-based LOS analysis technology was developed using Python and a ray-casting algorithm. A place with numerous LOS connections has good communication with other places; consequently, it is a suitable location to install the device. To indicate the degree of communication smoothness, a smooth communication index was proposed. A preliminary experiment was conducted in an indoor space within the Samcheok Campus of the Kangwon National University, and a field experiment was conducted at the Samdo Mine in Dogye-eup, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do. Based on these results, an effective wireless sensor network (WSN) was established by installing a ZigBee-based monitoring device. The results of this study can be further improved and used for constructing smooth WSNs in underground mines in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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21 pages, 4857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geophysical Study of a Large Landslide Affecting the Urban Area of Albuñuelas (S Spain)

by Mara Mita, Juan José Galiana-Merino, Jesús Garrido, Luca Lenti, Salvatore Martino, Jacopo Pappadopoulo, José A. Peláez, Boualem Youcef Nassim Benabdeloued and José Delgado

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12205; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212205 - 10 Nov 2023

Viewed by 660

Abstract

The urban area of Albuñuelas, a small town located to the south of Granada (S Spain), has been developed in terrain affected by a large-scale rotational landslide with very slow rate of movement. Despite this situation, the internal structure of the landslide and how it has evolved to its present state has not been analyzed in depth up to now. In this paper, we present the first study performed on this landslide to define its configuration and characteristics. For this purpose, ambient noise single-station and array measurements were carried out along several cross-sections of the landslide. The inversion of the measurements has allowed for the estimation of the soil stratigraphy at each site of measurement. These geophysical results have been constrained by data from a borehole drilled in the zone and from field observations of the local geology, allowing for the reduction in uncertainties in the results. A geological–geophysical model of the landslide has been built from these data, showing that the landslide thicknesses is greater than 50 m in its central parts and above 60 m in the upper ones. This model reveals that the evolution of the landslide was complex, with several dislodged elements (blocks) that moved in sequence (retrogression) and were partially eroded in order to explain present morphology. The future evolution of this landslide will be controlled by the composition of the materials surveyed along the foot of the valley, being the western part where there are more erodible materials according to the obtained results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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21 pages, 35415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Risk of Coastal Flooding Due to Rising Sea Levels in Ría of Arosa (Pontevedra, Spain)

by Carlos E. Nieto, Antonio Miguel Martínez-Graña and Belén Encinas

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12099; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212099 - 07 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1102

Abstract

In this study, an analysis of coastal vulnerability and flood risk due to sea-level rise was conducted in the southern margin of the Ría of Arosa, Pontevedra (Spain), which is an area of urban impact and tourist activity. The vulnerability index was calculated using the following parametric maps: lithology, geomorphology, slope, elevation, distance, coastline change, significant wave height, sea level, and extreme tidal range. This vulnerability index was validated through the results obtained from the flood risk analysis, developed for different temporal and extreme scenarios (Xa—present, Xb—100 years, Xc—500 years, Xd—1000 years, Xe—storm, and Xf—tsunami). These analyses were performed using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques, spatial analysis, interpolation processes, and geostatistical analysis. The results of the analysis show the vulnerable areas and areas at high risk of coastal flooding, with the urbanized area exposed to a risk of 7.45 km². Thus, this study contributes to designing appropriate management for the coastline of the southern margin of the Ría of Arosa in the event of a flood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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14 pages, 4231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An AGCRN Algorithm for Pressure Prediction in an Ultra-Long Mining Face in a Medium–Thick Coal Seam in the Northern Shaanxi Area, China

by Xicai Gao, Yan Hu, Shuai Liu, Jianhui Yin, Kai Fan and Leilei Yi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11369; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011369 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 672

Abstract

Due to the increase in the length of the mining face, the pressure characteristics and spatial distribution in fully-mechanized mining faces are different from those in typical mining faces, which leads to great challenges in roof management and the intelligent control of ultra-long mining faces. Taking the ultra-long mining face of a medium–thick coal seam in the northern Shaanxi mining area as an example and using field monitoring data for the working resistance of the hydraulic supports, a non-linear prediction method was used to extract the features of the dynamic data sequence of the working resistance of the hydraulic supports, and a deep learning method was used to establish a pressure prediction model for ultra-long mining faces based on the adaptive graph convolutional recurrent network (AGCRN) algorithm. In the proposed model, the supports in the fully mechanized mining face were regarded as the logic nodes of a topological structure, while the time-series resistance data for the supports were regarded as data nodes on a graph. The AGCRN model was used to determine the spatiotemporal relationship between the working resistance data of adjacent hydraulic supports, thereby improving the accuracy of the proposed model. The MAE and MAPE were employed as performance evaluation indices. When the node-embedding dimension was set to 10 and the time window was set to 16, the corresponding MAE and MAPE values of the prediction model were the minimum values. Compared with the reference models (i.e., the BP, GRU, and DCRNN models), the MAE and MAPE of the AGCRN model were 38.75% and 23.49% lower, respectively, indicating that the AGCRN model effectively demonstrates high accuracy in predicting the working resistance of supports. The AGCRN model was applied in the prediction of the working resistance of the supports of the ultra-long fully mechanized mining face. The results revealed that the working resistance of the supports in the lower and upper areas was relatively small along the strike, whereas the working resistance of the supports in the middle area was large, exhibiting a zoning pattern of “low-high-low” in terms of the average working resistance. In conclusion, the proposed model provides data references for the state of the hydraulic supports, pressure identification, and intelligent control of the ultra-long mining faces of the medium–thick coal seams in northern Shaanxi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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15 pages, 8871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Failure Mechanism of the Yizhuxiang Collapse under the Joint Effect of Freeze–Thaw and Mining

by Shenghua Hu, Yuanjun Hu, Huiyuan Xu, Dong Ai, Jingjing Yuan, Lei Kou, Wei Huang and Chang Zhou

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3801; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063801 - 16 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

At 10:05 a.m. on 4 February 2022, the perilous rock mass Yizhuxiang in Leizu Town, Yuan’an County, Hubei Province, China collapsed on a large scale. The Yizhuxiang collapse was about 35 m in length, 52 m in height, and 29 m in maximum thickness. The volume of the collapse was 5.32 × 104 m³. It threatened the transport of the national trunk road, destroyed the branch road and some cement mixing station workshops, and caused serious economic losses. The rock mass exposed in the collapse was dolomite with developed joint fractures. Under the effects of mining and unloading, fractures occurred in the rock mass; the top of the rock mass was bent and deformed towards the free face; and tension cracks were formed on the rear edge. The safety ore pillar directly below the collapsed body was compressed and deformed under the action of gravity, thus accelerating the internal deformation of the rock mass and leading to the formation of multiple dominant joints inside the rock mass. In the winter of 2021, the weather was extreme, with heavy snowfall and low temperatures. Under the effects of freeze–thaw, the strength of the rock mass declined and the tension cracks further expanded so that the rock mass experienced an accelerated deformation and finally collapsed. Causes of the collapse include mining activity beneath the collapsed mass and heightened extreme weather. The cause of the landslide disaster in this area is, however, freeze–thaw, which deserves the attention of scholars and the vigilance of the local government. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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25 pages, 7704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GIS-Based Optimal Route Selection of Submarine Cables Considering Potential Seismic Fault Zones

by Nikolaos Makrakis, Prodromos N. Psarropoulos and Yiannis Tsompanakis

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 2995; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052995 - 26 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2181

Abstract

Submarine lifelines (pipelines and cables) often cross areas characterized by earthquake-related geohazards (tectonic faulting, landslides and seabed liquefaction). Avoiding geologically hazardous areas increases the length (i.e., cost), whereas a potential crossing may detrimentally affect the structural performance of the infrastructure, requiring more sophisticated design approaches and/or more costly and probably impractical deep sea condition-mitigation measures. Under such adverse conditions, a cost-effective and resilient lifeline route is deemed necessary. The current paper presents a smart decision-support tool for the optimal route selection of submarine cables, assessing whether the proposed routing could effectively cross a (seismically) geologically hazardous area. The GIS-based tool is based on an efficient methodology that combines a least-cost path analysis with a multi-criteria decision method. Accordingly, several routes can be derived for user-defined scenarios, by assigning different weight factors in the adopted design criteria and hazards. When crossing fault zones, the problem of fault-cable intersection is quantitatively assessed in a realistic manner via advanced numerical models. The optimal route can be selected by considering the potential cable distress (i.e., exceedance of allowable cable strains). This tool can be efficiently implemented for deriving the optimal route of energy and telecommunication offshore cables, as it is described in the examined real case studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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18 pages, 12013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Practical Approach for Assessing Wetting-Induced Slope Failure

by Glenn Adriel Adiguna, Martin Wijaya, Paulus Pramono Rahardjo, Andy Sugianto, Alfrendo Satyanaga and Abdul Halim Hamdany

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031811 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Ignoring the role of soil suction and implementing unsaturated soil mechanics when assessing slope stability in Indonesia is a common practice. One of the main reasons is due to the precognition that incorporating soil suction means using higher shear strength, which leads to less conservative analysis, while it is difficult to practically obtain accurate input parameters for unsaturated soil analysis. However, a number of slope failures occur all over the world due to rainfall, which becomes evidence that ignoring the role of soil suction may not necessarily lead to a conservative result. On 9 January 2021, rainfall-induced slope failure occurred at Cimanggung after four hours of heavy rainfall and killed 32 people. Many of them were injured, and houses were destroyed. This event shows the significance of considering the interaction between infiltration and soil suction when conducting slope stability analysis. Difficulties in obtaining input parameters for unsaturated soil analysis experimentally hindered practitioners in applying unsaturated soil mechanics. While the parameters can be estimated, it is always of question whether the estimated parameters are sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. In this paper, conventional site investigations were carried out while unsaturated soil parameters were estimated to study the mechanism which triggers the landslide that occurred at Cimanggung. It will be shown that estimating unsaturated soil parameters can be practically accurate and manage to capture the failure mechanism such as critical rainfall duration and critical slip surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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16 pages, 16211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aerial Mapping of Coseismic Surface Rupture of 2021 M_w 7.3 Maduo Earthquake, China

by Jianming Guo

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 13005; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122413005 - 18 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1332

Abstract

The 2021 M_w 7.3 Maduo earthquake is one of the largest seismic events that has occurred in and around the Bayan Har block of Tibet. D-InSAR results and field surveys indicate that this earthquake resulted in more than 160 km of coseismic surface rupture along pre-existing fault traces. Based on the branching of the surface rupture, the fault of the Maduo earthquake can be roughly divided into four sections. Through detailed drone mapping, the fracture pattern and offset of the fault were counted and measured. The development of the peaty meadow layer on the ground determines the different combination modes of the fractures. The horizontal offset observed on the surface of this earthquake is generally less than 2 m and the vertical offset is less than 1 m, and the fault shows a primarily left-lateral strike-slip movement. In the desert-covered areas, there are long gaps between continuous rupture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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13 pages, 6222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Monitoring Technology for Mine Haulage Road through Sensor-Connected Digital Device and Smartphone Application

by Hojin Kim, Woo-Hyuk Lee, Chung-Hyun Lee and Sung-Min Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12166; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312166 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1176

Abstract

A system that can acquire and share information about the environment from vehicles using various sensors and smartphones was developed to prevent accidents that may occur on mine haulage roads. A light detection and ranging sensor and an accelerometer in a smartphone were used to determine the road surface conditions at a mining site, and dust and gas sensors were used to measure the atmospheric environment. The GPS function of the smartphone was utilized to obtain the location data of the vehicle, and a smartphone application was developed to collect and share this information. A preliminary test was conducted at Samcheok Campus, Kangwon National University, and a field test at the Samdo mine. The data acquired from each vehicle could be shared in real time. Additionally, by analyzing the spatial distribution of each dataset, sections with rough road surfaces and those with poor atmospheric conditions could be identified. If the technology is further developed and big-data analysis is performed in the future, the developed technology could contribute to improving the mining environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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13 pages, 3934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geospatial Analytics for Preliminarily Landscape Active Tectonic Assessment of the Wadi Araba Basin, Western Gulf of Suez, Egypt

by Mahmoud Elnobi, Bashar Bashir, Abdullah Alsalman and Hussein Bachir

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12152; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312152 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1364

Abstract

The Gulf of Suez area represents one of the most famous tectonic structures in the Red Sea, with a long history of low-, moderate-, and high-intensity earthquakes. This paper provides geomorphic analytics of the fault-initiated mountain front sinuosity (S_mf) and the stream gradients that cross various segments of the fault scarps. The results from the mountain front sinuosity index (S_mf) and the valley floor width to valley height ratio index (V_f) suggest different levels of activities along the different fault segments. The analysis of the stream gradient index reflects that streams running through the fault segments mostly have higher river gradient values identified by knickpoint spots. With regard to the strike variation in the mountain front sinuosity, valley floor width to valley height ratio, and stream river gradients, the results are compatible with the predominant mountain front’s relief. Finally, the calculated geomorphic results show that the eastern segments might reflect higher seismic signals with respect to the central and western segments of the entire Wadi Araba basin. Thus, more careful studies are required to investigate seismic hazard possibilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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16 pages, 4946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Digital Device Using ZigBee for Environmental Monitoring in Underground Mines

by Woo-Hyuk Lee, Hojin Kim, Chung-Hyun Lee and Sung-Min Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 11927; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311927 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2005

Abstract

In underground mines, various mining activities may generate dust or vibrations, affecting workers’ health and safety. Therefore, for worker safety, we must monitor the environment and identify possible risks. However, it is difficult to install multiple sensors and acquire data simultaneously because of the difficulties of connecting to an external network in underground mines. This study developed a digital device to share acquired data by combining ZigBee communication technology with an accelerometer and dust sensor. In total, 29 vibration modules, 14 dust modules, and 2 coordinator modules were installed at Taeyoung EMC’s Samdo Mine in Samcheok, Republic of Korea. Because of its application, we could detect changes in vibration and dust before and after blasting. The dust density of the devices close to the blasting point increases rapidly up to about 230 µg/m³ and then decreases to about 180 µg/m³, and the dust density of the devices further increases over time. The dust density was usually maintained at a value of about 100 to 150 µg/m³ before blasting. The spatial distribution of the dust density of multiple devices was visualized using ArcGIS Pro. Although the wireless sensor network is well-established, some modules were temporarily disconnected from the network. In order to solve the problem of unstable network connection in some modules, change of network settings and line of sight analysis are required. Improvements in the technology developed in this study may help prevent potential hazards in underground mines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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16 pages, 7514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Mountain Landforms and Its Dynamics: Study Cases in Tropical Environments

by Néstor Campos, Adolfo Quesada-Román and Sebastián Granados-Bolaños

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 10843; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122110843 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2103

Abstract

High mountain areas are critical for water security and natural hazard dynamics, as well as glacier and ecosystem conservation in a warming world. We present a brief account of the methodological steps for geomorphological mapping in mountain areas, including the required scale, the legends, technology, and software. We analyze the best imagery sources and their combination with fieldwork and geographical information systems (GIS), in performing accurate cartography. In addition, we present two case studies in which we apply several methods described previously. Firstly, we carried out a classical and digital geomorphological mapping of Cerro Chirripó (Talamanca Range). Secondly, we studied the Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes (Central Volcanic Range), where we used UAVs to map high-resolution fluvial geomorphology. This methodological framework is suitable for future geomorphological surveys in mountain areas worldwide. Moreover, the case studies can give ideas on the application of these approaches to different mountainous environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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28 pages, 14777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Combined Method for Preparation of Landslide Susceptibility Map in Izmir (Türkiye)

by Cem KINCAL and Hakan KAYHAN

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9029; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189029 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2012

Abstract

Landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs) have been used frequently by researchers for many years in prediction of the occurrence of landslides. Since many landslides have occurred there in the past, Izmir, which is the third largest city of Türkiye, was selected for landslide susceptibility assessment using geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques. The aim of this study is to create a better landslide susceptibility map (LSM) for the Izmir metropolitan area and its surroundings by minimizing the shortcomings of some of the commonly used methods. For this purpose, four different LSMs were prepared using the logistic regression (LR), analytical hierarchy process (AHP), frequency ratio (FR) and index of entropy (IOE) methods with susceptibility classes ranging from extremely low to extremely high. These four maps were then overlaid. The highest susceptibility class was chosen for each pixel to form a combined landslide susceptibility map (CLSM). The final CLSM is a thematic map presenting landslide susceptibility using five different classes. The geo-environmental factors selected for use in this analysis were slope angle, slope aspect, lithology, slope curvature, elevation, density of discontinuity, stream power index (SPI), land use and distance from stream. Finally, the areas under receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to compare the predictive capability of the five models used. Overall, the Combined Method (CM) (AUC = 0.887) performed very well for landslide susceptibility assessment. Out of all the models, the IOE model (AUC = 0.841) had a slightly lower predictive capability than the CM model, and AHP (AUC = 0.816) was better than FR (AUC = 0.738) and LR (AUC = 0.727). It was observed that, compared to rural areas, residential areas of Izmir city are particularly susceptible to landslides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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32 pages, 14207 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

On the Patterns and Scaling Properties of the 2021–2022 Arkalochori Earthquake Sequence (Central Crete, Greece) Based on Seismological, Geophysical and Satellite Observations

by Filippos Vallianatos, Andreas Karakonstantis, Georgios Michas, Kyriaki Pavlou, Maria Kouli and Vassilis Sakkas

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7716; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157716 - 31 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1852

Abstract

The 27 September 2021 damaging mainshock (Mw6.0) close to Arkalochori village is the strongest earthquake that was recorded during the instrumental period of seismicity in Central Crete (Greece). The mainshock was preceded by a significant number of foreshocks that lasted nearly four months. Maximum ground subsidence of about 18 cm was estimated from InSAR processing. The aftershock sequence is located in an almost NE-SW direction and divided into two main clusters, the southern and the northern ones. The foreshock activity, the deformation area, and the strongest aftershocks are located within the southern cluster. Based on body-wave travel times, a 3-D velocity model was developed, while using combined space and ground-based geodetic techniques, the co-seismic ground deformation is presented. Moreover, we examined the co-seismic static stress changes with respect to the aftershocks’ spatial distribution during the major events of the foreshocks, the Mw = 6.0 main event as well as the largest aftershock. Both the foreshock and the aftershock sequences obey the scaling law for the frequency-magnitude distribution as derived from the framework of non-extensive statistical physics (NESP). The aftershock production rate decays according to the modified Omori scaling law, exhibiting various Omori regimes due to the generation of secondary aftershock sequences. The analysis of the inter-event time distribution, based on NESP, further indicates asymptotic power-law scaling and long-range correlations among the events. The spatiotemporal evolution of the aftershock sequence indicates triggering by co-seismic stress transfer, while its slow migration towards the outer edges of the area of the aftershocks, related to the logarithm of time, further indicates a possible afterslip. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographic Visualization: Evaluation and Monitoring of Geohazards)

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