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21 pages, 3146 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Use of Fresh and Lyophilized Banana Peel Extracts as Biostimulants to Modulate Stress Tolerance and Bioactive Phytochemicals in Broccoli Microgreens

by Marta Frlin and Ivana Šola

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(5), 2303; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052303 - 27 Feb 2026

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Abstract

With rising global temperatures, biostimulants might be a promising tool to alleviate plant stress and support adaptation. The potential of fresh (FBP) and lyophilized (LBP) banana peel aqueous extracts as biostimulants for protecting broccoli from high temperature (HT) stress was analyzed. Spectrophotometric and [...] Read more.

With rising global temperatures, biostimulants might be a promising tool to alleviate plant stress and support adaptation. The potential of fresh (FBP) and lyophilized (LBP) banana peel aqueous extracts as biostimulants for protecting broccoli from high temperature (HT) stress was analyzed. Spectrophotometric and statistical analyses revealed that BP affected broccoli phytochemistry in a temperature-dependent manner. Under room temperature (RT), FBP and LBP decreased glucosinolates (−15% and −25%, respectively). Conversely, FBP increased flavonols and proanthocyanidins (141% and 202%, respectively). Under RT, LBP decreased sugars in broccoli (−27%). FBP had stronger effects at HT than at RT, further boosting phenolics (70%), flavonoids (89%), tannins (31%), and hydroxycinnamic acids (64%), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) (10%). LBP also increased flavonoids (39%), flavonols (95%), and hydroxycinnamic acids (45%) under HT. Both FBP and LBP increased glucosinolates (47% and 46%, respectively) in HT-grown broccoli. HT significantly affected glucosinolates, decreased them in control plants, and increased them in BP-treated plants. All HT-grown plants had higher soluble sugars and lower hydrogen peroxide than RT-grown plants. Principal component analysis confirmed greater biochemical diversity under HT. Temperature–BP interaction significantly affected flavonoids and glucosinolates, highlighting the central role of environmental temperature in determining biostimulant outcomes. These findings suggest that global warming may markedly alter biostimulant efficacy and should be considered in their development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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17 pages, 6164 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Essential Oils on Rumen Microbiota: Analysis of the Correlation Between Antibacterial Activity and Fermentation Modulation In Vitro

by Aleksandra Tabiś, Natalia Pachura-Hanusek, Kamila Lewandowska, Dominika Jankowska-Wachowska, Antoni Szumny, Jacek Bania and Robert Kupczyński

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042047 - 19 Feb 2026

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Abstract

This study aimed to quantitatively determine the composition of 25 essential oils (EOs) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against selected rumen microorganisms and to confirm their effects in in vitro tests on volatile fatty acid (VFA) [...] Read more.

This study aimed to quantitatively determine the composition of 25 essential oils (EOs) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against selected rumen microorganisms and to confirm their effects in in vitro tests on volatile fatty acid (VFA) formation. GC-MS analysis identified over 80 compounds across the tested oils. The MICs were determined for Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella albensis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis, and Streptococcus bovis, revealing diverse sensitivities. The rumen bacteria’s sensitivity to essential oils varied by strain, with some microorganisms inhibited at low concentrations while others required higher doses, highlighting the potential for targeted modulation of the rumen microbiota. Amyris balsamifera and Zingiber officinale demonstrated strong inhibitory effects at low concentrations and simultaneously enhanced VFA production. In contrast, Lavandula officinalis showed inhibitory effects on VFAs. Amyris balsamifera and L. officinalis also exhibited methane reduction. These findings demonstrate that selected essential oils can modulate rumen microbiota and fermentation by either inhibiting or stimulating specific bacterial groups, highlighting their potential as natural modulators to improve rumen function and animal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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33 pages, 5002 KB

Open AccessArticle

Response Surface Methodology-Based Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction from Comarum palustre L.: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties

by Oliwia Tomala, Agata Madalińska, Edyta Kucharska, Robert Pełech and Łukasz Kucharski

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041893 - 13 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Recently, plant raw materials, which are a source of valuable secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and terpenoids with antioxidant properties, have been gaining increasing importance in cosmetology as key active ingredients in plant extracts. One such species is Comarum palustre L. (C. [...] Read more.

Recently, plant raw materials, which are a source of valuable secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and terpenoids with antioxidant properties, have been gaining increasing importance in cosmetology as key active ingredients in plant extracts. One such species is Comarum palustre L. (C. palustre), traditionally valued mainly for its anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, and more recently also for its antioxidant activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact and optimize the technological parameters of the C. palustre extraction process using response surface methodology (RSM). The factors analyzed included extraction time (2–10 min) and the volumetric concentrations of aqueous solvent solutions—ethanol (Et), isopropanol (Ipa), and acetone (Ac)—ranging from 20 to 100% v/v. The process was optimized taking into account antioxidant activity (determined based on the ability to neutralize free radicals using the DPPH method and reduce Fe³⁺ ions using the FRAP method), chelating activity (assessed based on the ability to bind Fe²⁺ ions using the ferrozine method), total polyphenol content (TPC, determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method), and the extraction yield of neophytadiene (NFD) and phytol—active compounds with proven antioxidant properties, analyzed by GC-MS. The use of optimal technological parameters, including a 5-min extraction time and a 50% (v/v) concentration of aqueous solvent solutions (acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol), made it possible to obtain an extract from C. palustre herb characterized by the following properties: antioxidant activity > 120 mg Tx/L (DPPH), Fe³⁺ ion reduction capacity > 25 mmol Fe²⁺/L (FRAP), chelating activity > 330 mg Fe²⁺/L (ferrozine method), and total polyphenol content exceeding 6 g GAE/L (Folin–Ciocalteu method). Maximum extraction yields for phytol (phytol > 40 mg/kg) and neophytadiene (NFD > 20 mg/kg) were obtained in GC-MS analyses using Et, Ipa, and Ac at concentrations exceeding 60 and 100% v/v, respectively. The results obtained confirm the validity of using the C. palustre herb extraction optimization process to obtain extracts with maximum content of polyphenols and terpenoids, such as neophytadiene and phytol, which have significant antioxidant potential. The optimization of the extraction process of this raw material, which has not been subjected to such procedures so far and, as a result, has had limited application in cosmetic preparations, may significantly contribute to increasing interest and wider use of C. palustre in the cosmetics industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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23 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity and Application of Cymbopogon citratus In Vitro Microshoot Cultures in Cosmetic Formulations

by Ewelina Błońska-Sikora, Jakub Wawrzycki, Paulina Lechwar, Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben, Paulina Żarnowiec, Klaudia Wojtaszek and Małgorzata Wrzosek

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031158 - 23 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 486

Abstract

This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biological activity of Cymbopogon citratus microshoot cultures and evaluated their suitability for incorporation into a cosmetic formulation. Microshoot cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with plant growth regulators and served as a reproducible [...] Read more.

This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biological activity of Cymbopogon citratus microshoot cultures and evaluated their suitability for incorporation into a cosmetic formulation. Microshoot cultures were established on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with plant growth regulators and served as a reproducible source of biomass. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Chemical composition was characterized using LC-MS/MS analysis, which revealed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids being among the most abundant detected constituents. In biological assays, the extracts inhibited murine tyrosinase in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited antimicrobial activity against selected oral and skin-associated microorganisms, including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as showing fungistatic and fungicidal effects against Candida albicans. Cytotoxicity analysis performed on HaCaT keratinocytes confirmed biocompatibility within the tested concentration range. To assess formulation suitability, the microshoot extract was incorporated into an oil-in-water (O/W) cream, which maintained stable pH, viscosity, and physical properties while preserving the antioxidant activity of the extract. Overall, these findings indicate that C. citratus microshoot cultures represent a reproducible source of bioactive metabolites with potential application in cosmetic formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

27 pages, 13431 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Silico Assessment of the Anticancer Potential of Ethyl Acetate/Water Extract from the Leaves of Cotinus coggygria Scop. in HepG2 Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells

by Inna Sulikovska, Vera Djeliova, Ani Georgieva, Elina Tsvetanova, Liudmil Kirazov, Anelia Vasileva, Vanyo Mitev, Ivaylo Ivanov and Mashenka Dimitrova

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020740 - 11 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Cotinus coggygria Scop., a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is known for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. In the present study, the ethyl acetate/water leaf extract of C. coggygria was evaluated for antioxidant and anticancer activities. The extract exhibited strong radical-scavenging potential, [...] Read more.

Cotinus coggygria Scop., a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is known for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. In the present study, the ethyl acetate/water leaf extract of C. coggygria was evaluated for antioxidant and anticancer activities. The extract exhibited strong radical-scavenging potential, effectively neutralizing DPPH, ABTS^•+, and superoxide radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effects of the extract on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were also investigated. Flow cytometry revealed significant S-phase cell cycle arrest, while fluorescent microscopy and annexin V-FITC/PI staining demonstrated induction of apoptosis. DNA damage was confirmed by alkaline comet assay. Molecular docking was used to evaluate the binding affinity and inhibitory potential of penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, a representative of gallotannins found in C. coggygria extracts, towards cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and checkpoint kinase 1. A high inhibition ability was demonstrated, which could explain the observed cell cycle block. Collectively, these findings suggest that C. coggygria extract exerts strong antioxidant capacity and selective antiproliferative activity in HepG2 cells. The anticancer effects of C. coggygria extract were associated with DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis induction. The results show the potential of the herb as a natural therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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22 pages, 3906 KB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and Characterization of Hydrogel Based on Pectin, Collagen, Alginate and Myrtus communis Essential Oil for Applications in Skin Regeneration

by Maria Minodora Marin, Janina-Ersilia Iancu, Petru Alexandru Vlaicu, Durmus Alpaslan Kaya, Madalina Georgiana Albu Kaya, Roxana Rodica Constantinescu, Diana Ionela Popescu, George Mihail Vlasceanu, Bianca-Maria Tihăuan, Maria-Luiza Mircea, Daniela-Mihaela Grigore and Madalina Ignat

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010186 - 24 Dec 2025

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Abstract

This paper proposes a potential solution to the current issue of developing advanced, biocompatible biomaterials with integrated therapeutic functionality, which would contribute to improving the treatment of skin defects. This study aimed to develop, characterize and evaluate hydrogels based on type I collagen, [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a potential solution to the current issue of developing advanced, biocompatible biomaterials with integrated therapeutic functionality, which would contribute to improving the treatment of skin defects. This study aimed to develop, characterize and evaluate hydrogels based on type I collagen, pectin, alginate and myrtle essential oil, in order to obtain biomaterials with potential in skin regeneration applications. Hydrogels incorporating alginate, pectin, type I collagen and Myrtus communis essential oil were prepared via a multistep procedure comprising homogenization, crosslinking and lyophilization. The obtained hydrogels were characterized by physicochemical and structural methods, such as FTIR spectroscopy, to identify interactions between components; micro-computed tomography, to evaluate internal morphology and porosity; antibacterial tests, for evaluating the ability of the hydrogel to prevent infections at the application site; and in vitro cellular tests, such as the XTT test or cytotoxicity tests, such as LDH, essential for evaluating the biocompatibility of the hydrogel. The highest viability value was recorded for sample J4 (99.53 ± 11.88%), indicating an exceptional compatibility with the cells used, almost identical to that of the untreated control. The samples showed encouraging results, supporting their potential for applications in wound treatment and skin regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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21 pages, 960 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Sorbus aucuparia Fruits (Rowanberries) from Romania

by Elena Neagu, Gabriela Paun, Camelia Albu, Georgiana Badea, Ana Maria Seciu-Grama and Gabriel Lucian Radu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12585; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312585 - 27 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to obtain extracts concentrated in polyphenolic compounds from Sorbus aucuparia fruits and evaluate their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic potential. Two modern extraction methods were used, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts (50% EtOH [...] Read more.

This study aimed to obtain extracts concentrated in polyphenolic compounds from Sorbus aucuparia fruits and evaluate their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic potential. Two modern extraction methods were used, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts (50% EtOH v/v, 15% mass), then the extracts were purified and concentrated by membrane technologies and analyzed spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. HPLC analysis revealed the predominant polyphenolic compounds as chlorogenic acid (526.08 ± 23.35 µg/mL), rutin (36.07 ± 1.23 µg/mL), and caffeic acid (34.41 ± 1.21 µg/mL). The antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts was analyzed spectrophotometrically by testing their capacity to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and, respectively, hyaluronidase (HYA) and lipoxygenase (LOX). The cytotoxic potential of the extracts was tested on the mouse fibroblast NCTC clone L929 cell line. The concentrated ASE extracts showed a pronounced inhibitory activity on the tested enzymes: IC₅₀α-glucosidase was 13.50 ± 0.96 µg/mL, (IC₅₀acarbose was 20.19 ± 1.67 µg/mL), IC₅₀α-amylase was 23.74 ± 1.32 µg/mL (IC₅₀acarbose was 22.65 ± 1.27 µg/mL), and IC_50LOX was 24.30 ± 1.54 µg/mL (IC₅₀ibuprofen was 26.91 ± 1.27 µg/mL), IC₅₀HYA was 43.04 ± 2.19 µg/mL (IC₅₀ibuprofen was 51.54 ± 3.67 µg/mL). Also, the concentrated UAE extracts presented inhibitory activity superior to or close to that of the standard used, as follows: IC₅₀HYA was 48.49 ± 3.15 µg/mL (IC₅₀ibuprofen was 51.54 ± 3.67 µg/mL) and IC₅₀α-glucosidase was 21.53 ± 1.25 µg/mL (IC₅₀acarbose was 20.19 ± 1.67 µg/mL). The results obtained showed that Sorbus aucuparia fruits could be used in products for diabetes and inflammatory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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19 pages, 1958 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Selected Winter Wheat Cultivars and the Growing Season on the Antioxidant Activity, Polyphenol Profile, and Organoleptic Assessment of Beers Produced from Them

by Justyna Belcar, Ireneusz Tomasz Kapusta and Józef Gorzelany

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12549; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312549 - 26 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Wheat cultivars significantly affect the quality of grain and then malt, which are used in the production of wheat beers, determining their potential use in brewing. Nowadays, consumers are increasingly choosing products with high biological activity, even for alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, organoleptic testing [...] Read more.

Wheat cultivars significantly affect the quality of grain and then malt, which are used in the production of wheat beers, determining their potential use in brewing. Nowadays, consumers are increasingly choosing products with high biological activity, even for alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, organoleptic testing is crucial, as despite their high physicochemical parameters, wheat beers may not be met with consumer acceptance. The antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content of the obtained wheat beers were determined and identified, and organoleptic analysis was performed. Wheat beers obtained from malt derived from the Elixer cultivar of wheat were characterized by the highest polyphenol profile values (3.01 mg·L⁻¹) and antioxidant activity determined by the ABTS method (0.72 mg TE·L⁻¹). The Lawina cultivar also had a high ABTS value (0.73 mg TE·L⁻¹). Total polyphenol content (89.07 mg·L⁻¹), antioxidant activity (DPPH; 1.08 mg TE·L⁻¹), antiradical activity (FRAP; 1.58 mg Fe²⁺·L⁻¹), and organoleptic profile were highest in wheat beers obtained from malt derived from the Gimantis cultivar of wheat. Based on the conducted research, it was found that beers obtained from Gimantis wheat are characterized by the best quality parameters, including antioxidant activity. The Gimantis cultivar showed the least variation in quality of wheat beers in terms of the growing season and is recommended as a wheat cultivar for the brewing industry. It is also recommended to conduct further research on beer products obtained from the analyzed winter wheat varieties, including the antioxidant potential of finished non-alcoholic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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17 pages, 304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sanicula europaea L. Herb and Rhizomes with Root Extracts with Hemostatic, Wound Healing, Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Research

by Nadiia Lehin, Lyubov Grytsyk, Oleh Koshovyi, Taras Koliadzhyn, Andriy Grytsyk, Andriy Kaplaushenko, Oleksandr Panasenko and Ain Raal

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12293; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212293 - 19 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1033

Abstract

Sanicula europaea L. (Apiaceae), commonly known as European sanicle, has long been used in traditional medicine as a hemostatic agent, for accelerating wound healing, and for treating inflammatory and dermatological conditions. However, scientific evidence supporting these uses remains limited. Comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological [...] Read more.

Sanicula europaea L. (Apiaceae), commonly known as European sanicle, has long been used in traditional medicine as a hemostatic agent, for accelerating wound healing, and for treating inflammatory and dermatological conditions. However, scientific evidence supporting these uses remains limited. Comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological screening of extracts from the herb and rhizomes with roots of S. europaea holds promise, as aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were obtained from its aerial and underground parts. Phytochemical analysis identified 16 phenolic compounds, including tannins, flavonoids (3.61–5.46% in the herb extracts; 0.13–0.21% in the rhizome-root extracts), hydroxycinnamic acids, and coumarin. The total phenolic content in the extracts ranged from 11.08% to 15.02%. Rosmarinic acid was the most abundant among the hydroxycinnamic acids. Quercetin and apigenin emerged as the leading flavonoids, and epicatechin gallate and gallocatechin were identified as the predominant tannin-related compounds. All tested extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in a formalin-induced paw oedema model. Hemostatic properties were assessed using the Duke bleeding time method, and the herb extracts significantly reduced bleeding time. The use of herb extracts also accelerated wound healing. Both herb and rhizome-root extracts exhibited inhibitory effects against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis in the agar diffusion method with paper discs. Based on the results of pharmacological screening, herb extracts of S. europaea demonstrated pronounced hemostatic, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Future studies should focus on expanding the experimental model and conducting clinical trials to assess safety, optimal dosage, and long-term efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

16 pages, 1193 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Biscuit Nutritional Value Through Apple and Sour Cherry Pomace Fortification

by Maria Bianca Mandache, Carmen Mihaela Topală, Loredana Elena Vijan and Sina Cosmulescu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11823; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111823 - 6 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

This research investigates the use of apple and sour cherry pomace to fortify biscuits, aiming both to improve their nutritional profile and to support the sustainable reuse of fruit processing by-products. Apple and sour cherry pomace, known for their high content of bioactive [...] Read more.

This research investigates the use of apple and sour cherry pomace to fortify biscuits, aiming both to improve their nutritional profile and to support the sustainable reuse of fruit processing by-products. Apple and sour cherry pomace, known for their high content of bioactive compounds, were added to biscuit formulations at inclusion levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Enrichment notably boosted the concentration of health-promoting constituents. Biscuits containing 15% sour cherry pomace recorded the highest amounts of polyphenols (475.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g), flavonoids (204.10 mg catechin equivalents/100 g), and anthocyanins (28.58 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 g). In contrast, biscuits fortified with 15% apple pomace displayed stronger antiradical activity (30.80%) and higher sugar content (46.31 g glucose equivalents/100 g) than their sour cherry counterparts. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic vibrations associated with these bioactive compounds in both the pomace and the enriched biscuits. Overall, the results show that incorporating apple and sour cherry pomace is a practical way to create functional biscuits with enhanced nutritional qualities while promoting the sustainable use of fruit industry residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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20 pages, 4301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chestnut Burr as a Multifunctional Filler for PLA-Based Bio-Composites: Processing, Characterization, and Antioxidant Functionality

by Tommaso Olmastroni, Simone Pepi, Milad Sarwari, Eugenio Paccagnini, Alfonso Trezza, Anna Visibelli, Pietro Lupetti, Agnese Magnani, Valter Travagli, Michela Geminiani and Annalisa Santucci

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11743; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111743 - 4 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1249

Abstract

This study explores the valorization of chestnut burrs (Castanea sativa), an abundant agro-industrial residue, as a natural filler for polylactic acid (PLA)-based biocomposites with potential applications in additive manufacturing. PLA/chestnut burr composite filaments were prepared by melt extrusion with filler contents [...] Read more.

This study explores the valorization of chestnut burrs (Castanea sativa), an abundant agro-industrial residue, as a natural filler for polylactic acid (PLA)-based biocomposites with potential applications in additive manufacturing. PLA/chestnut burr composite filaments were prepared by melt extrusion with filler contents of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w, and their chemical, thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties were systematically characterized. ATR-FTIR confirmed the absence of major chemical modifications of the PLA matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the latter performed on both the extruded filaments and the material after fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, revealed a slight decrease in thermal stability with increasing filler content, coupled with enhanced crystallinity. Mechanical properties analysis showed that the addition of chestnut burrs did not negatively impact the viscoelastic behavior of the filaments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) highlighted good filler dispersion up to 5% loading, while higher percentages led to increased surface roughness and microvoids. Importantly, antioxidant activity assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin–Ciocâlteu) demonstrated that the incorporation of chestnut burr significantly enhanced the radical-scavenging capacity, reducing power, and total phenolic content (TPC) of PLA. These functionalities were preserved, and in some cases amplified, after FDM 3D printing, indicating that the processing conditions did not degrade the bioactive constituents. Overall, chestnut burrs are confirmed as an effective multifunctional filler for PLA, improving its antioxidant activity while maintaining structural and thermal performance, supporting the development of sustainable biocomposites for emerging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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16 pages, 1067 KB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporation of Black Currant Pomace into Emulsions for Reducing Saturated Fat in Shortbread Cookies

by Rytis Michalkevičius, Loreta Bašinskienė, Jolita Jagelavičiūtė and Dalia Čižeikienė

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11266; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011266 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Cookies are widely consumed bakery products valued for their pleasant taste and texture; however, their high fat content contributes significantly to their caloric density and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the development of alternatives for replacement of saturated and trans fatty acids in bakery goods [...] Read more.

Cookies are widely consumed bakery products valued for their pleasant taste and texture; however, their high fat content contributes significantly to their caloric density and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the development of alternatives for replacement of saturated and trans fatty acids in bakery goods has attracted considerable scientific interest. In this study, the potential application of structured emulsion supplemented with blackcurrant pomace (EBP) as saturated fat (margarine) replacer in shortbread cookies was investigated by employing black currant pomace/rapeseed oil/water (15/30/55 w/w/w) emulsion to replace margarine in cookies at 50 and 70% substitution; full-fat cookies were also tested as a control. With increasing EBP substitution level, the cookie diameter decreased, thickness and hardness increased, and a lower color lightness was noted. Meanwhile, total phenolic content was greater for the EBP-fortified cookies than the control. Nevertheless, the 50% margarine substituted cookie received acceptable ratings for odor, flavor, hardness, fragility, and overall acceptability by sensory evaluation. This indicates that the use of EBP as substitute of solid fats in cookies offers the advantage of producing healthier and more acceptable products depending on the degree of fat replacement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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15 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation of a Novel Bioactive Fraction from Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Leaf Waste: Optimized Extraction and Evaluation of Its Promising Antiproliferative and Chemoprotective Effects as a Plant-Based Antitumor Agent

by Raúl Sánchez-Vioque, Julio Girón-Calle, Manuel Alaiz, Javier Vioque-Peña, Adela Mena-Morales, Esteban García-Romero, Lourdes Marchante-Cuevas and Gonzalo Ortiz de Elguea-Culebras

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7376; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137376 - 30 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1473

Abstract

Saffron spice is obtained from the flower’s stigmas through a labor-intensive process. However, other organs (particularly the leaves and tepals) are often regarded as waste. To investigate the health benefits of saffron leaf by-products, an optimized methodology was developed to obtain a phenol-enriched [...] Read more.

Saffron spice is obtained from the flower’s stigmas through a labor-intensive process. However, other organs (particularly the leaves and tepals) are often regarded as waste. To investigate the health benefits of saffron leaf by-products, an optimized methodology was developed to obtain a phenol-enriched fraction. The main components of this fraction were identified by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS and the antiproliferative and metal-chelating effects on colon cancer cells (Caco-2) and Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions, respectively, were evaluated. The process involved the extraction of saffron leaves with a 70% hydroalcoholic solution, followed by purification using liquid chromatography. Chemical characterization revealed the presence of several phenolic compounds, including flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin and quercetin glycosides) as major constituents; whereas, in vitro assays revealed a strong dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. Likewise, the sample exhibited significant iron- and copper-chelating activity, suggesting its potential as a natural chelator to help mitigate the carcinogenic effects of metal accumulation in humans. In summary, this study underscores the potential of the saffron leaf fraction as a promising natural and complementary chemoprotective agent in colorectal cancer. Additionally, these results underscore the value of agricultural by-products, supporting a circular bioeconomy by reducing environmental impact and promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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Review

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32 pages, 2749 KB

Open AccessReview

Natural Bioactive Compounds as Feed Additives: Strategies for Sustainable and Functional Livestock Production

by Michela Contò, Marta Castrica, Simona Rinaldi and Sebastiana Failla

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(5), 2344; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052344 - 28 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 767

Abstract

In recent years, natural bioactive compounds have been increasingly investigated as functional feed additives to enhance livestock production. The present study aims to provide an update on the potential use of these compounds to enhance animal health and the quality of animal products, [...] Read more.

In recent years, natural bioactive compounds have been increasingly investigated as functional feed additives to enhance livestock production. The present study aims to provide an update on the potential use of these compounds to enhance animal health and the quality of animal products, while critically assessing their principal limitations and future practical applicability. The review is based on peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025 and retrieved from the Scopus database, ensuring the inclusion of recent and high-impact scientific contributions. Phytogenic feed additives, including polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids, exert beneficial effects on animal health by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Improvements in milk and meat quality are mainly associated with enhanced antioxidant capacity and lipid stability, rather than with the direct transfer of phytochemicals into animal-derived products. In ruminants, selected bioactive compounds may also contribute to methane mitigation through modulation of rumen fermentation and microbial ecology. However, their efficacy remains highly context-dependent and requires precise characterization of composition, dosage, and species-specific application. Future research should therefore prioritize deeper elucidation of metabolic mechanisms, systemic physiological responses, and productive outcomes to better define the conditions under which these compounds exert consistent and biologically meaningful effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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37 pages, 1206 KB

Open AccessReview

Chestnut and Grapevine By-Products: Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Nutraceutical Applications

by Teresa Pinto, Berta Gonçalves, Alfredo Aires, Fernanda Cosme and Alice Vilela

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042052 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 505

Abstract

The growing interest in sustainable food systems has spurred research into the valorisation of agro-industrial by-products as sources of bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical composition, bioactivity, biotransformation, and potential nutraceutical applications of by-products from chestnut (Castanea [...] Read more.

The growing interest in sustainable food systems has spurred research into the valorisation of agro-industrial by-products as sources of bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical composition, bioactivity, biotransformation, and potential nutraceutical applications of by-products from chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Recent studies identify matrices such as chestnut leaves, shells, and burs, as well as grape pomace, skins, seeds, stems, and vine shoots, as rich in phenolic compounds, dietary fibres, vitamins, and minor bioactives, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of gastrointestinal digestion and microbial biotransformation in modulating the bioavailability and biological efficacy of phenolic compounds, particularly fibre-bound phenolics. The review further discusses state-of-the-art analytical approaches for chemical characterisation, including chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, as well as emerging strategies for extraction, encapsulation, and delivery to enhance stability and bioavailability. Finally, the integration of chestnut and grapevine by-products into nutraceuticals, functional foods, and natural preservatives is critically examined from technological, safety, regulatory, and sustainability perspectives. Overall, this synthesis underscores the potential of these underutilised biomass streams as multifunctional raw materials that support waste valorisation, resource efficiency, and the development of next-generation health-promoting ingredients aligned with circular bioeconomy principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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26 pages, 635 KB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Microencapsulation Techniques of Bioactive Compounds: Impact on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Food Products and Industrial Applications

by Arkadiusz Szpicer, Weronika Bińkowska, Adrian Stelmasiak, Iwona Wojtasik-Kalinowska, Anna Czajkowska, Sylwia Mierzejewska, Zdzisław Domiszewski, Tomasz Rydzkowski, Joanna Piepiórka-Stepuk and Andrzej Półtorak

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11908; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211908 - 9 Nov 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4739

Abstract

The incorporation of bioactive compounds into food products represents a promising approach to enhance their functional and health-promoting properties. However, many bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, essential oils, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids, are highly sensitive to environmental factors, including temperature, oxygen, and [...] Read more.

The incorporation of bioactive compounds into food products represents a promising approach to enhance their functional and health-promoting properties. However, many bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, essential oils, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids, are highly sensitive to environmental factors, including temperature, oxygen, and light, which limits their direct application in the food industry. Microencapsulation has emerged as an innovative strategy to overcome these challenges by protecting bioactive compounds, improving their stability, controlling their release, and masking undesirable flavors or odors. This article reviews recent advances in microencapsulation techniques, including spray-drying, freeze-drying, coacervation, and innovative methods such as nanoencapsulation and electrospinning. Particular attention is given to the influence of encapsulated bioactive compounds on the physicochemical characteristics, texture, color, and sensory attributes of various food matrices. Furthermore, the paper highlights industrial perspectives, emphasizing the scalability of these techniques, regulatory considerations, and their role in the development of clean-label, functional, and sustainable food products. The findings underline the potential of microencapsulation as a key technology for the next generation of functional foods, bridging consumer expectations with industrial feasibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products: Extraction, Bioactivity, Biotransformation, and Applications)

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