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Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications
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Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical and Molecular Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2026 | Viewed by 3066

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alexandra Virginia Bounegru

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galați, Romania
Interests: voltammetry technique; enzymatic biosensors; electrochemical sensors; screen-printed electrodes; carbon nanomaterials; enzyme immobilization techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become indispensable tools in science and industries, providing precise, rapid, and cost-effective solutions for detecting a wide range of analytes.

This Special Issue, titled “Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications”, aims to highlight the latest innovations in sensor technology, focusing on material design, surface modification, and advanced signal amplification strategies. We invite contributions that explore the integration of nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers, and biorecognition elements to enhance sensor performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and stability.

Original research articles, comprehensive reviews, and short communications showcasing innovative applications in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, food safety, the analysis and detection of pharmaceutical contaminants, and industrial process control are welcome. Manuscripts addressing emerging challenges, innovative manufacturing methods, or the theoretical modeling of electrochemical processes are also encouraged. By showcasing the most recent advancements in electrochemical sensors, this issue aims to inspire the scientific community and drive innovations in the field.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Alexandra Virginia Bounegru
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemical sensors
  • biosensors design
  • nanomaterials
  • molecularly imprinted polymers
  • biorecognition elements
  • medical diagnostics
  • pharmaceutical contaminant detection

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 4893 KB  
Article
Ethyl 2-Cyanoacrylate as a Promising Matrix for Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Amperometric Sensors for Neurotransmitter Monitoring
by Riccarda Zappino, Ylenia Spissu, Antonio Barberis, Salvatore Marceddu, Pier Andrea Serra and Gaia Rocchitta
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031255 - 26 Jan 2026
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a critical catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that facilitates signal transduction across synaptic junctions and modulates essential neurophysiological processes, including motor coordination, motivational drive, and reward-motivated behaviors. The fabrication of cost-effective, miniaturized, and high-fidelity analytical platforms is imperative for real-time DA monitoring. Due [...] Read more.
Dopamine (DA) is a critical catecholaminergic neurotransmitter that facilitates signal transduction across synaptic junctions and modulates essential neurophysiological processes, including motor coordination, motivational drive, and reward-motivated behaviors. The fabrication of cost-effective, miniaturized, and high-fidelity analytical platforms is imperative for real-time DA monitoring. Due to its inherent electrochemical activity, carbon-based amperometric sensors constitute the primary modality for DA quantification. In this study, graphite, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and graphene were immobilized within an ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ECA) polymer matrix. ECA was selected for its rapid polymerization kinetics and established biocompatibility in electrochemical frameworks. All fabricated composites demonstrated robust electrocatalytic activity toward DA; however, MWCNT- and graphene-based sensors exhibited superior analytical performance, characterized by highly competitive limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). Specifically, MWCNT-modified electrodes achieved an interesting LOD of 0.030 ± 0.001 µM and an LOQ of 0.101 ± 0.008 µM. Discrepancies in baseline current amplitudes suggest that the spatial orientation of carbonaceous nanomaterials within the cyanoacrylate matrix significantly influences the electrochemical surface area and resulting baseline characteristics. The impact of interfering species commonly found in biological environments on the sensors’ response was systematically evaluated. The best-performing sensor, the graphene-based one, was used to measure the DA intracellular content of PC12 cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications)
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31 pages, 15772 KB  
Article
Effects of Diffusion Limitations and Partitioning on Signal Amplification and Sensitivity in Bienzyme Electrochemical Biosensors Employing Cyclic Product Conversion
by Romas Baronas and Karolis Petrauskas
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031171 - 23 Jan 2026
Viewed by 112
Abstract
In this study, the nonlinear and non-monotonic behavior of amperometric bienzyme biosensors employing an enzymatic trigger reaction is investigated analytically and computationally using a two-compartment model comprising an enzymatic layer and an outer diffusion layer. The trigger enzymatic reaction is coupled with a [...] Read more.
In this study, the nonlinear and non-monotonic behavior of amperometric bienzyme biosensors employing an enzymatic trigger reaction is investigated analytically and computationally using a two-compartment model comprising an enzymatic layer and an outer diffusion layer. The trigger enzymatic reaction is coupled with a cyclic electrochemical–enzymatic conversion (CEC) process. The model is formulated as a system of reaction–diffusion equations incorporating nonlinear Michaelis–Menten kinetics and interlayer partitioning effects. Exact steady-state analytical solutions for substrate and product concentrations, as well as for the output current, are obtained for specific cases of first- and zero-order reaction kinetics. At the transition conditions, biosensor performance is further analyzed numerically using the finite difference method. The CEC biosensor exhibits the highest signal gain when the first enzyme has low activity and the second enzyme has high activity; however, under these conditions, the response time is the longest. When the first enzyme possesses a higher substrate affinity (lower Michaelis constant) than the second, the biosensor demonstrates severalfold higher current and gain compared to the reverse configuration under identical diffusion limitations. Furthermore, increasing external mass transport resistance or interfacial partitioning can enhance the apparent signal gain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications)
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12 pages, 4484 KB  
Article
Microneedle-Array-Electrode-Based ECG with PPG Sensor for Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation
by Zeeshan Haider, Daesoo Kim, Soyoung Yang, Sungmin Lee, Hyunmoon Park and Sungbo Cho
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010035 - 19 Dec 2025
Viewed by 445
Abstract
Continuous blood pressure (BP) measurement is essential for real-time hypertension management and the prevention of related complications. To address this need, a cuffless BP estimation technique utilizing biosignals from wearable devices has gained significant attention. This study proposes a feasibility approach that integrates [...] Read more.
Continuous blood pressure (BP) measurement is essential for real-time hypertension management and the prevention of related complications. To address this need, a cuffless BP estimation technique utilizing biosignals from wearable devices has gained significant attention. This study proposes a feasibility approach that integrates microneedle array electrodes (MNE) for ECG acquisition with photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors for cuffless BP estimation. The algorithm employed is a baseline multivariate regression model using PTT and RR intervals, while the novelty lies in the hardware design aimed at improving signal quality and long-term wearability. The algorithm’s performance was validated using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) database, achieving a mean error range of ±5.28 mmHg for the SBP and ±2.81 mmHg for the DBP. Additionally, the comparison with 253 measurements from three volunteers against an automated sphygmomanometer indicated an accuracy within ±25%. Therefore, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of an MNE-based ECG with PPG for BP integration for cuffless monitoring of SBP and DBP in daily life. The MIMIC-based evaluation was performed to verify the feasibility of the regression model under ideal public-database conditions. The volunteer experiment, performed with the developed MNE-ECG hardware, served as a separate preliminary feasibility test to observe hardware behavior in real-world measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications)
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28 pages, 8954 KB  
Article
Biomimetic Roll-Type Meissner Corpuscle Sensor for Gustatory and Tongue-Like Multifunctional Performance
by Kunio Shimada
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12932; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412932 - 8 Dec 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
The development of human-robot interfaces that support daily social interaction requires biomimetic innovation inspired by the sensory receptors of the five human senses (tactile, olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and visual) and employing soft materials to enable natural multimodal sensing. The receptors have a structure [...] Read more.
The development of human-robot interfaces that support daily social interaction requires biomimetic innovation inspired by the sensory receptors of the five human senses (tactile, olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and visual) and employing soft materials to enable natural multimodal sensing. The receptors have a structure formulated by variegated shapes; therefore, the morphological mimicry of the structure is critical. We proposed a spring-like structure which morphologically mimics the roll-type structure of the Meissner corpuscle, whose haptic performance in various dynamic motions has been demonstrated in another study. This study demonstrated the gustatory performance by using the roll-type Meissner corpuscle. The gustatory iontronic mechanism was analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with an inductance-capacitance-resistance meter to determine the equivalent electric circuit and current-voltage characteristics with a potentiostat, in relation to the hydrogen concentration (pH) and the oxidation-reduction potential. In addition, thermo-sensitivity and tactile responses to shearing and contact were evaluated, since gustation on the tongue operates under thermal and concave-convex body conditions. Based on the established properties, the roll-type Meissner corpuscle sensor enables the iontronic behavior to provide versatile multimodal sensitivity among the five senses. The different condition of the application of the electric field in the production of two-types of A and B Meissner corpuscle sensors induces distinctive features, which include tactility for the dynamic motions (for type A) or gustation (for type B). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications)
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13 pages, 1888 KB  
Article
Exploring the Effects of Barrier Thickness and Channel Length on Performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMT Sensors Using Off-the-Shelf AlGaN/GaN Wafers
by Mohamed Taha Amen, Duy Phu Tran, Asad Feroze, Edward Cheah and Benjamin Thierry
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12751; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312751 - 2 Dec 2025
Viewed by 445
Abstract
AlGaN/GaN heterostructure high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have exceptional characteristics, but the structure-function relationship remains to be experimentally fully studied. This study presents a systematic experimental investigation of the synergistic effects of AlGaN barrier thickness and channel length on device performance, a critical [...] Read more.
AlGaN/GaN heterostructure high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have exceptional characteristics, but the structure-function relationship remains to be experimentally fully studied. This study presents a systematic experimental investigation of the synergistic effects of AlGaN barrier thickness and channel length on device performance, a critical gap in the literature, which is often dominated by simulation studies. We experimentally investigated how barrier thickness and channel length influence AlGaN/GaN FET performance. We observed that the transconductance increases with decreasing AlGaN barrier thickness for shorter channel lengths (15 and 50 µm) but showed the opposite trend for the longest channel length (100 µm). Meanwhile, the subthreshold swing was predominantly influenced by the barrier thickness, with thinner barriers generally yielding lower values. These results highlight the intricate interplay between barrier thickness and channel length, providing foundational insights into the design–performance relationship of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs and guiding the development of optimized sensors for different applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Design, Development, and Applications)
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