Oxidative Stress in Cancers

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 905

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Guest Editor
Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
Interests: tumor microenvironment; melanoma progression; cancer stem cells; tumor acidosis; tumor metabolism; drug resistance; nutraceutic
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oxidative stress occurs when the balance between free radicals and antioxidants is disturbed, resulting in the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In cancer, ROS accumulation exerts a dual role, contributing both to the initiation and progression as well as to its suppression and treatment.

In cancer cells, appropriate levels of intracellular ROS are essential for signal transduction. At low to moderate levels, ROS promote proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance in cancer cells, while at high levels, ROS can cause oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, cell membranes, and organelles, triggering cell death through different kinds of mechanisms. This suggests that this may be a viable approach to the inhibition of cancer progression with either pro-oxidant or antioxidant therapies.

Cancer cells experience higher oxidative stress because of the hyperactivation of anabolic pathways, increased mitochondrial function, malfunction of the electron transport chain due to mitochondrial DNA mutations, and oncogenic pathway activation. Oxidative stress may further increase when metastasizing cancer cells enter the blood, a fluid with high levels of oxidants, including oxygen and iron. Most chemotherapeutics elevate intracellular levels of ROS. To maintain favorable redox homeostasis for tumor progression, cancer cells have evolved a complex redox system that strategically adjusts multiple antioxidants, including glutathione, NADPH, antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferases, thioredoxin, peroxiredoxins, sulfiredoxin, glutaredoxin, metallothionein-3, ferritin heavy chain, and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. In addition, the tumor microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming may help cancer cells to overcome ROS-induced cellular stress.

Given that there is an emerging interest in promoting new strategies for leveraging ROS for therapeutic intervention in cancer, this Special Issue welcomes original research articles, including studies in vitro, animal models, and clinical trials, or comprehensive reviews which will clarify the role of oxidative stress in all types of cancers and help identify new therapeutic targets to counteract tumor arising and progression.

Dr. Jessica Ruzzolini
Dr. Silvia Peppicelli
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • cancer
  • oxidative stress
  • ROS
  • antioxidants
  • combined therapy
  • cellular death

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 6073 KB  
Article
Anti-Hepatocarcinoma Activity and Mechanism of Isosendanin and Its Novel Structural Analogues Isolated from the Bark of Melia azedarach L.: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
by Yuanyuan Huang, Erjian Gao, Quan Liu, Jingquan Yuan, Yanchun Wu, Wei Wang and Xiaoping Rao
Antioxidants 2026, 15(5), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15050562 - 29 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Melia azedarach L. is a plant known for its traditional medicinal uses. Limonoids (triterpenes), which have a wide range of pharmacological effects, are the most critical active ingredients; however, their potential effects on liver cancer remain to be further explored. In this study, [...] Read more.
Melia azedarach L. is a plant known for its traditional medicinal uses. Limonoids (triterpenes), which have a wide range of pharmacological effects, are the most critical active ingredients; however, their potential effects on liver cancer remain to be further explored. In this study, seven limonoids were isolated from the bark of Melia azedarach, including two new compounds, 11α-hydroxy-12-Oxo-Meliarachin I (1) and 29-Oxo-12-dehydroneoazedarachin D (3), along with five known compounds (2, 4–7), to evaluate their effect on liver cancer in vitro. The results showed that compounds 17 exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory effects on Hep3B cells. Among these, compound 6, Isotoosendanin (ITSN), displayed the most potent activity, with an IC50 value of 15.06 μg/mL. Mechanism studies have shown that ITSN inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in Hep3B cells. It induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation to trigger oxidative stress injury, suppresses the activation of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, further activates the p53 pathway to induce cell cycle arrest, and ultimately initiates the apoptotic cascade. ITSN can also inhibit tumor growth in immunodeficient mice receiving allogeneic transplantation. In summary, we systematically studied the limonoids in the bark of Melia azedarach and elucidated the anti-hepatocarcinoma activity of ITSN in vitro and in vivo, providing promising evidence for its potential use as a natural active ingredient in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Cancers)
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Review

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25 pages, 14667 KB  
Review
Oxidative Stress-Guided Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics
by Yubin Jin, Jiaxuan Zhu, Yang Yang, Zhuhu Li and Yunzhi Qin
Antioxidants 2026, 15(5), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15050641 - 18 May 2026
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Abstract
Gold nanoparticles offer a versatile platform for cancer theranostics because their high atomic number can enhance X-ray energy deposition, their plasmonic properties support photothermal and photoacoustic applications, and their surfaces allow drug loading and molecular targeting. However, therapeutic benefit remains heterogeneous because tumor [...] Read more.
Gold nanoparticles offer a versatile platform for cancer theranostics because their high atomic number can enhance X-ray energy deposition, their plasmonic properties support photothermal and photoacoustic applications, and their surfaces allow drug loading and molecular targeting. However, therapeutic benefit remains heterogeneous because tumor uptake, intratumoral coverage, and subcellular localization determine whether deposited gold can be converted into biologically effective damage. Redox context further shapes this conversion by determining whether AuNP-triggered physical or catalytic events can overcome local buffering and propagate into durable injury. During radiotherapy, AuNPs increase local secondary electron release and ROS formation, which can intensify DNA damage when GSH-dependent peroxide detoxification, thioredoxin-related buffering, and KEAP1-NRF2-regulated antioxidant responses are insufficient to contain the redox burden. In catalytic systems, Au-containing nanozymes can convert endogenous H2O2 into highly reactive radicals and may simultaneously deplete glutathione, thereby amplifying mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation. During photoactivation, plasmonic heating and photosensitizer coupling further reshape ROS generation in a time-dependent and location-dependent manner. On the diagnostic side, CT or spectral CT can quantify tumor gold burden and coverage, whereas ROS-responsive photoacoustic, SERS, or fluorescence probes can report treatment-related oxidants and verify whether redox activation has occurred within the tumor. Clinical translation will therefore depend on quantification-guided dosing, definition of spatial coverage and activation timing, standardized redox-response readouts, and long-term safety evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Cancers)
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