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Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 69791

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Laura De Gara

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Research Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21-00128 Roma, Italy
Interests: plant antioxidants; plant-environment interaction; antioxidants; climate changes

Dr. Sara Cimini

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Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Italy
Interests: fructans; microRNA; environmental stresses

Prof. Dr. Maria Angeles Pedreño

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Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
Interests: plant biotechnology; antioxidant secondary metabolites; plant bioactive molecules
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Redox homeostasis is pivotal in organism fitness, with several partners being involved in its regulation. In recent decades, several studies have focused the attention on reactive oxygen species (ROS), the putative effects of which evolved for years from metabolic tortfeasor to signaling molecules. Positive metabolic roles have also been recently suggested for these reactive species. Undoubtedly, ROS represent a hub in the redox network, which is dynamically modulated by a delicate balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant pathways. Alteratiosn in this balance occur in a plethora of unfavorable conditions, being the cause or consequence of diseases, growth inhibition, and impairment in the crosstalk among cells, organisms or even between organism and environment.

Several studies support the evidence that cellular oxidative damage can be lessened in those organisms by having a stronger antioxidative defence or being more able to better modulate them. Plants, as sessile organisms, are constantly exposed to different biotic and abiotic stresses that result in ROS overproduction. In order to maintain a balanced redox homeostasis, they have evolved several strategies aimed at maintaining their redox homeostasis. It is worth noting that plants represent an excellent source of effective antioxidants with beneficial effects also on animals, which during evolution learned to rely on the plant-derived food for an adequate antioxidant uptake, even losing their capability to autonomously synthesize them as in the case of antioxidant vitamins. Indeed, in mammals, an altered balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defence system has been indicated as the cause of the development and progression of several diseases, among them cancer and heart and gastrointestinal pathologies. Several studies support the idea that in mammals, the administration of exogenous antioxidants, in the correct amount and type, helps health maintenance.

The purpose of this Special Issue of Antioxidants is to provide a current overview on redox biology in its specificities characterizing organisms with different evolutionary levels (from bacteria to mammals) as well as in its common metabolic routes and implications. The interaction between environment (including diet) and organisms modulating ROS and antioxidative pathways is also a topic of this Special Issue.

You are thus warmly invited to submit an original research or review article to this issue that focuses on the following issues:

ROS-antioxidant-related topics such as new vision for ROS/antioxidant crosstalk; plant antioxidative mechanisms; chemistry of plant antioxidants; characterization and analysis of antioxidant activities; evaluation of ROS production or content; role of diet antioxidant in human health; natural antioxidants in foods; and other related topics.

We look forward to your contribution.

Prof. Laura De Gara
Dr. Sara Cimini
Prof. Maria Angeles Pedreño
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Antioxidants from primary and secondary metabolism
Plant–environment interaction
Redox signaling
Bioactive antioxidant production by in vitro cultures
Plant derived antioxidants and human health

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between In Vitro Chemical and Ex Vivo Biological Assays to Evaluate Antioxidant Capacity of Botanical Extracts

by Valentina Pasqualetti, Vittoria Locato, Chiara Fanali, Nadia Mulinacci, Sara Cimini, Anna Maria Morgia, Gabriella Pasqua and Laura De Gara

Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071136 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2841

Abstract

The anti-oxidative activity of plant-derived extracts is well-known and confers health-promoting effects on functional foods and food supplements. Aim of this work is to evaluate the capability of two different assays to predict the real biological antioxidant efficiency. At this purpose, extracts from five different plant-derived matrices and commercial purified phytochemicals were analyzed for their anti-oxidative properties by using well-standardized in vitro chemical method (TEAC) and an ex vivo biological assay. The biological assay, a cellular membrane system obtained from erythrocytes of healthy volunteers, is based on the capability of phytochemicals treatment to prevent membrane lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress by UV-B radiation. Plant extracts naturally rich in phenols with different structure and purified phytochemicals showed different in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant capacities. A high correlation between phenolic contents of the plant-derived extracts and their ability to prevent oxidative injuries in a biological system was found, thus underlying the relevance of this class of metabolites in preventing oxidative stress. On the other hand, a low correlation between the antioxidant capacities was shown between in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant assay. Moreover, data presented in this work show how food complex matrices are more effective in preventing oxidative damages at biological level than pure phytochemicals, even if for these latter, the antioxidant activity was generally higher than that observed for food complex matrices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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14 pages, 2416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Antiglycation Effects of Polyphenol Compounds Extracted from Hazelnut Skin on Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) Formation

by Ludovica Spagnuolo, Susanna Della Posta, Chiara Fanali, Laura Dugo and Laura De Gara

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030424 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4351

Abstract

The advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) arise from non-enzymatic reactions of sugar with protein side chains, some of which are oxido-reductive in nature. Enhanced production of AGEs plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications as well as in natural aging, renal failure, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. The aim of this work is to study antiglycation effects of polyphenol compounds extracted by hazelnut skin that represents an example of polyphenols-rich food industry by-product, on AGEs formation. AGEs derived from incubation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and methylglyoxal (MGO) were characterized by fluorescence. The phenolics identification and total polyphenol content in hazelnut skin extracts were analyzed by HPLC-MS and the Folin–Ciocalteu method, respectively. Antioxidant efficacy was evaluated by monitoring total antioxidant activity to assess the ABTS radical scavenging activity of samples by TEAC assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, expressed as millimoles of Trolox equivalents per gram of sample. Data here presented suggest that phenolic compounds in hazelnut skin have an inhibitory effect on the BSA-AGEs model in vitro, and this effect is concentration-dependent. The putative role of the hazelnut skin antioxidative properties for hindering AGEs formation is also discussed. Because of AGEs contribution to the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, foods enriched, or supplements containing natural bioactive molecules able to inhibit their production could be an interesting new strategy for supporting therapeutic approaches with a positive effect on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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17 pages, 2579 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Evidence of a Protective Effect of Plant Bioactive Compounds against H₂O₂-Induced Aconitase Damage in Durum Wheat Mitochondria

by Maura N. Laus and Mario Soccio

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121256 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

In order to contribute to the understanding of the antioxidant behavior of plant bioactive compounds with respect to specific subcellular targets, in this study, their capability to protect aconitase activity from oxidative-mediated dysfunction was evaluated for the first time in plant mitochondria. Interest was focused on the Krebs cycle enzyme catalyzing the citrate/isocitrate interconversion via cis-aconitate, as it possesses a [4Fe-4S]²⁺ cluster at the active site, making it an early and highly sensitive target of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage. In particular, the effect on the aconitase reaction of five natural phenols, including ferulic acid, apigenin, quercetin, resveratrol, and curcumin, as well as of the isothiocyanate sulforaphane, was investigated in highly purified mitochondria obtained from durum wheat (DWM). Interestingly, a short-term (10 min) DWM pre-treatment with all investigated compounds, applied at 150 µM (75 µM in the case of resveratrol), completely prevented aconitase damage induced by a 15 min exposure of mitochondria to 500 µM H₂O₂. Curcumin and quercetin were also found to completely recover DWM-aconitase activity when phytochemical treatment was performed after H₂O₂ damage. In addition, all tested phytochemicals (except ferulic) induced a significant increase of aconitase activity in undamaged mitochondria. On the contrary, a relevant protective and recovery effect of only quercetin treatment was observed in terms of the aconitase activity of a commercial purified mammalian isoform, which was used for comparison. Overall, the results obtained in this study may suggest a possible role of phytochemicals in preserving plant mitochondrial aconitase activity, as well as energy metabolism, against oxidative damage that may occur under environmental stress conditions. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the physiological role and the mechanism responsible for this short-term protective effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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16 pages, 2171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revalorization of Broccoli By-Products for Cosmetic Uses Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction

by María Borja-Martínez, Jesús Lozano-Sánchez, Isabel Borrás-Linares, María A Pedreño and Ana B Sabater-Jara

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121195 - 27 Nov 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3108

Abstract

The agri-food industry is currently one of the main engines of economic development worldwide. The region of Murcia is a reference area in Europe for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables and produces the bulk of Spanish exports of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). The processing of fresh produce generates a huge number of by-products that represent an important economic and environmental problem when discarded. In this work, an advanced extraction technique using environmentally friendly solvents was applied to assess the revalorization of broccoli by-products, by performing a comparative analysis with conventional extraction. To achieve this goal, supercritical fluid extraction based on response surface methodology was performed using CO₂ and ethanol as solvents. The results obtained showed that the supercritical fluid extracts were rich in β-carotene, phenolic compounds, chlorophylls and phytosterols. Moreover, in bioactivity assays, the supercritical fluid extracts exhibited a high antioxidant activity and a cytoprotective effect in a non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cell line exposed to ultraviolet B light. The results indicate that supercritical fluid extracts from broccoli by-products could potentially serve as an ingredient for cosmetic purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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17 pages, 3161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antitumoral Drug Potential of Tryptophan-Betaxanthin and Related Plant Betalains in the Caenorhabditis elegans Tumoral Model

by Paula Henarejos-Escudero, Samanta Hernández-García, M. Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio, Francisco García-Carmona and Fernando Gandía-Herrero

Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080646 - 22 Jul 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3118

Abstract

Betalains are plants pigments identified as potent antioxidant molecules, naturally present in foods like beetroot and prickly pears. Although activities described for betalain-containing formulations include cancer prevention and treatment, the use of extracts instead of purified pigments has avoided the investigation of the real chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of these phytochemicals. Three betalain-rich extracts and six individual pure betalains were used in this work to characterize the activity and to explore possible molecular mechanisms. The animal model Caenorhabditis elegans (tumoral strain JK1466) was used to evaluate the effect of betalains as chemotherapeutics drugs. An objective evaluation method of tumor growth in C. elegans has been developed to assess the possible antitumoral activity of the different treatments. This protocol allowed a fast and reliable screening of possible antitumoral drugs. Among the betalains tested, tryptophan-betaxanthin reduced tumor size by 56.4% and prolonged the animal’s lifespan by 9.3%, indicating high effectiveness and low toxicity. Structure–activity relationships are considered. Assays with mutant strains of C. elegans showed that the mechanism underlying these effects was the modulation of the DAF-16 transcription factor and the insulin signaling pathway. Our results indicate that tryptophan-betaxanthin and related betalains are strong candidates as antitumoral molecules in cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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16 pages, 584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Oil from Mediterranean Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of the Lamiaceae Family as a Source of Bioactive Components with Nutritional

by María Quílez, Federico Ferreres, Santiago López-Miranda, Eva Salazar and María J. Jordán

Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060510 - 10 Jun 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

The potential use as food ingredients of 12 commercial seed species belonging to the Lamiaceae family constitutes the main goal of this research. For that, the oil yield, the lipid profile, tocopherol content, phenolic profile and antioxidant capacities were determined. Seeds from Satureja hortensis, S. montana, Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia and Origanum vulgare can be considered as important sources of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (50.5; 52.4; 52.1; 48.5 and 45.5 g/100 g, respectively), likewise for seed oils from Salvia lavandulifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis regarding ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (52.2 and 50.0 g/100 g, respectively). The total tocopherol concentration varied between 42.8 and 113.8 mg/100 g of oil. The highest antioxidant capacities corresponded to Thymbra capitata and Origanum vulgare seed oils, in which carvacrol was the major phenolic monoterpene quantified. The presence of cinnamoyl-apigenin derivatives and hydroxycoumarin-apigenin-derivatives in spike lavender is described for the first time. Most of these seeds can be considered as an important source of oil rich in bioactive components of interest for human nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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16 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Palmitic Acid Affects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Permeability In Vitro

by Manuele Gori, Annamaria Altomare, Silvia Cocca, Eleonora Solida, Mentore Ribolsi, Simone Carotti, Alberto Rainer, Maria Francesconi, Sergio Morini, Michele Cicala and Michele Pier Luca Guarino

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050417 - 13 May 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5081

Abstract

Palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain saturated fatty acid, might activate innate immune cells. PA plays a role in chronic liver disease, diabetes and Crohn’s disease, all of which are associated with impaired intestinal permeability. We investigated the effect of PA, at physiological postprandial intestinal concentrations, on gut epithelium as compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ethanol, using an in vitro gut model, the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 grown on transwell inserts. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated; epithelial barrier integrity was investigated by measuring the paracellular flux of fluorescein, and through RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) mRNAs and proteins, respectively. In PA-exposed Caco-2 monolayers, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were not detected. A significant increase in fluorescein flux was observed in PA-treated monolayers, after 90 min and up to 360 min, whereas with LPS and ethanol, this was only observed at later time-points. Gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis showed TJ and AJ alterations only in PA-exposed monolayers. In conclusion, PA affected intestinal permeability without inducing cytotoxicity or oxidative stress. This effect seemed to be faster and stronger than those with LPS and ethanol. Thus, we hypothesized that PA, besides having an immunomodulatory effect, might play a role in inflammatory and functional intestinal disorders in which the intestinal permeability is altered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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Review

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31 pages, 3609 KiB

Open AccessReview

Powerful Plant Antioxidants: A New Biosustainable Approach to the Production of Rosmarinic Acid

by Abbas Khojasteh, Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili, Miguel Angel Alcalde, Rosa M. Cusido, Regine Eibl and Javier Palazon

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121273 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6876

Abstract

Modern lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and exposure to environmental pollution, induce excessive generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. These by-products of oxygen metabolism play a key role in the development of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure, brain damage, muscle problems, premature aging, eye injuries, and a weakened immune system. Synthetic and natural antioxidants, which act as free radical scavengers, are widely used in the food and beverage industries. The toxicity and carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants have generated interest in natural alternatives, especially plant-derived polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, coumarins, lignins, lignans, quinines, curcuminoids, chalcones, and essential oil terpenoids). This review focuses on the well-known phenolic antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and (R)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, describing its wide distribution in thirty-nine plant families and the potential productivity of plant sources. A botanical and phytochemical description is provided of a new rich source of RA, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae). Recently reported approaches to the biotechnological production of RA are summarized, highlighting the establishment of cell suspension cultures of S. khuzistanica as an RA chemical biofactory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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39 pages, 3801 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidants in Plants: A Valorization Potential Emphasizing the Need for the Conservation of Plant Biodiversity in Cuba

by Gabriel Llauradó Maury, Daniel Méndez Rodríguez, Sophie Hendrix, Julio César Escalona Arranz, Yilan Fung Boix, Ania Ochoa Pacheco, Jesús García Díaz, Humberto J. Morris-Quevedo, Albys Ferrer Dubois, Elizabeth Isaac Aleman, Natalie Beenaerts, Isidro E. Méndez-Santos, Teresa Orberá Ratón, Paul Cos and Ann Cuypers

Antioxidants 2020, 9(11), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111048 - 27 Oct 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 13092

Abstract

Plants are phytochemical hubs containing antioxidants, essential for normal plant functioning and adaptation to environmental cues and delivering beneficial properties for human health. Therefore, knowledge on the antioxidant potential of different plant species and their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties is of utmost importance. Exploring this scientific research field provides fundamental clues on (1) plant stress responses and their adaptive evolution to harsh environmental conditions and (2) (new) natural antioxidants with a functional versatility to prevent and treat human pathologies. These natural antioxidants can be valorized via plant-derived foods and products. Cuba contains an enormously rich plant biodiversity harboring a great antioxidant potential. Besides opening new avenues for the implementation of sustainable agroecological practices in crop production, it will also contribute to new strategies to preserve plant biodiversity and simultaneously improve nature management policies in Cuba. This review provides an overview on the beneficial properties of antioxidants for plant protection and human health and is directed to the valorization of these plant antioxidants, emphasizing the need for biodiversity conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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17 pages, 1758 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Anthocyanins from Purple Tomatoes as Novel Antioxidants to Promote Human Health

by Silvia Gonzali and Pierdomenico Perata

Antioxidants 2020, 9(10), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9101017 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6111

Abstract

Anthocyanins are plant secondary metabolites belonging to the class of polyphenols, whose beneficial roles in the prevention and treatment of several important human diseases have been demonstrated in many epidemiological studies. Their intake through diet strictly depends on the eating habits, as anthocyanins are contained in red and purple fruit and vegetables as well as in some processed foods and beverages, such as red wine. Genetic engineering and breeding programs have been recently carried out to increase the content of anthocyanins in candidate plant species which cannot offer satisfactory levels of these precious compounds. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a vegetable commodity where these strategies have resulted in success, leading to the production of new anthocyanin-rich fruit varieties, some of which are already marketed. These varieties produce purple fruits with a high nutraceutical value, combining the health benefits of the anthocyanins to the other classical tomato phytochemicals, particularly carotenoids. The antioxidant capacity in tomato purple fruits is higher than in non-anthocyanin tomatoes and their healthy role has already been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Recent evidence has indicated a particular capacity of tomato fruit anthocyanins to act as scavengers of harmful reactive chemical species and inhibitors of proliferating cancer cells, as well as anti-inflammatory molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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15 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Plant Stress Response

by Balaji Aravindhan Pandian, Rajendran Sathishraj, Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman, P.V. Vara Prasad and Mithila Jugulam

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050454 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 200 | Viewed by 18893

Abstract

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the largest enzyme family involved in NADPH- and/or O₂-dependent hydroxylation reactions across all the domains of life. In plants and animals, CYPs play a central role in the detoxification of xenobiotics. In addition to this function, CYPs act as versatile catalysts and play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, antioxidants, and phytohormones in higher plants. The molecular and biochemical processes catalyzed by CYPs have been well characterized, however, the relationship between the biochemical process catalyzed by CYPs and its effect on several plant functions was not well established. The advent of next-generation sequencing opened new avenues to unravel the involvement of CYPs in several plant functions such as plant stress response. The expression of several CYP genes are regulated in response to environmental stresses, and they also play a prominent role in the crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses. CYPs have an enormous potential to be used as a candidate for engineering crop species resilient to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this review is to summarize the latest research on the role of CYPs in plant stress response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants in the “One Health” Paradigm)

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