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Animals
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New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition
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New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Clinical Studies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2025) | Viewed by 20007

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marisa Masucci

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Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: veterinary hematology; dog and cat vector-borne diseases; veterinary neurology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Massimo De Majo

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Guest Editor
Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: veterinary medicine; ultrasonography; contrast-enhanced ultrasound; internal medicine
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Prof. Dr. Marco Quartuccio

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Guest Editor
Unit of Physiopathology and Clinic of Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: veterinary medicine; ultrasonography; contrast-enhanced ultrasound; reproduction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Claudia Rifici

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Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: animal pathology; diagnosis and staging neoplastic; histopathology; immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Canine and feline laboratory and imaging diagnostics have undergone significant developments in recent years and the aim of this Special Issue is to provide a source of articles related to these fields. The topics of interest in this Special Issue concern new insights into canine and feline clinical chemistry, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, diagnosis and staging neoplastic, histopathology, immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence and diagnostic imaging.

Dr. Marisa Masucci
Prof. Dr. Massimo De Majo
Prof. Dr. Marco Quartuccio
Dr. Claudia Rifici
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • clinical chemistry
  • endocrinology
  • hematology
  • immunology
  • diagnosis and staging neoplastic
  • histopathology
  • immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence
  • diagnostic imaging
  • dog
  • cat

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 847 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Attenuation of Lumbar Epaxial Musculature in Dogs with Spinal Pathology
by Robert Cristian Purdoiu, Ionuț Claudiu Voiculeț, Joana Alexandra Aldea, Radu Lăcătuș, Teodora Patrichi, Felix Daniel Lucaci, Tatjana Chan, Patrick Kircher and Sorin Marian Mârza
Animals 2025, 15(10), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101468 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
This study evaluated attenuation values of lumbar epaxial musculature in dogs with acute spinal pathology using computed tomography (CT) and compared them with values in dogs without spinal disease. Sixty client-owned dogs were included: thirty dogs with thoracolumbar spinal lesions (intervertebral disc herniation) [...] Read more.
This study evaluated attenuation values of lumbar epaxial musculature in dogs with acute spinal pathology using computed tomography (CT) and compared them with values in dogs without spinal disease. Sixty client-owned dogs were included: thirty dogs with thoracolumbar spinal lesions (intervertebral disc herniation) and thirty control dogs without spinal abnormalities. Mean Hounsfield unit (HU) values of epaxial muscles (multifidus–longissimus–iliocostalis group) were measured bilaterally at three lumbar levels for each dog—one level cranial to the lesion, the lesion level, and one level caudal to the lesion; for controls, the corresponding segments were T13, L1, L2, and L3. Dogs with spinal pathology showed a significant local decrease in muscle HU at the lesion site (average ~48 HU) compared to the segment cranial to the lesion (~50–51 HU, p < 0.01). In contrast, control dogs had relatively uniform muscle HU (~52–54 HU) across T13–L3 with no significant differences between these levels. Side to side differences were minimal in both groups. A logistic regression using the HU drop between segments correctly classified ~70% of cases, indicating moderate diagnostic value. Age and breed influenced overall muscle HU; older dogs had lower values (r = –0.39, p = 0.03 in controls), and French Bulldogs showed lower HU than other breeds. In conclusion, dogs with acute thoracolumbar disc herniation exhibit a focal reduction in paraspinal muscle HU at the lesion level. This acute change is subtle but detectable with CT and may serve as an additional indicator of lesion presence or chronicity, although its clinical utility requires further investigation in larger studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 5016 KiB  
Communication
B-Mode Ultrasonography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography in Evaluation of Urothelial Carcinoma in Dogs
by Ana Paula Luiz De Oliveira, Bruna Bressianini Lima, Denise Jaques Ramos, Gabriela Castro Lopes Evangelista, Igor Cezar Kniphoff Da Cruz, Ricardo Andrés Ramirez Uscategui, Andrigo Barboza de Nardi and Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091223 - 26 Apr 2025
Viewed by 481
Abstract
Bladder tumors in dogs represent approximately 2% of all malignant lesions recorded, with urothelial carcinoma being the most common and aggressive form. This study aimed to characterize the elastographic properties of canine urothelial carcinoma using ARFI (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse) elastography and to [...] Read more.
Bladder tumors in dogs represent approximately 2% of all malignant lesions recorded, with urothelial carcinoma being the most common and aggressive form. This study aimed to characterize the elastographic properties of canine urothelial carcinoma using ARFI (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse) elastography and to evaluate its diagnostic capacity. Seven dogs with urothelial carcinoma and nine healthy dogs were evaluated, comparing shear wave velocity (SWV) and bladder wall thickness between the groups. The results showed that SWV was significantly higher in dogs with urothelial carcinoma (median of 2.53 m/s) compared with healthy dogs (median of 1.41 m/s) (p = 0.0045). Bladder wall thickness was also greater in dogs with carcinoma (0.28 ± 0.05 cm) compared to healthy dogs (0.14 ± 0.26 cm) (p = 0.0003). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (88.9%) for SWV in differentiating healthy and neoplastic tissues. These findings suggest that ARFI elastography is a promising tool for diagnosing urothelial carcinoma in dogs, offering a noninvasive and quantitative approach that can complement traditional diagnostic methods. ARFI elastography may aid in early diagnosis and clinical management, improving the prognosis of patients with bladder neoplasia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2657 KiB  
Article
Unraveling TGF-β1’s Role in Mediating Fibrosis and Cell Death in Feline Kidney Cells
by Chanyanuch Intachat, Phongsakorn Chuammitri, Benjaporn Sornpet, Prapas Patchanee, Nawin Manachai and Kakanang Piyarungsri
Animals 2025, 15(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020257 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1131
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent among older cats. The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) pathway is associated with renal fibrosis. TGF-β1 signaling through the non-canonical/smad-independent pathway activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which is linked to fibrosis and apoptosis. The MAPK [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent among older cats. The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) pathway is associated with renal fibrosis. TGF-β1 signaling through the non-canonical/smad-independent pathway activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which is linked to fibrosis and apoptosis. The MAPK pathway regulates the Bcl-2 protein family, which is known for its anti-apoptosis properties. This study aimed to quantify the mRNA expression of the TGFβ, MAPK, and Bcl2 genes and the protein expression of TGF-β1 and MAPK in feline kidney cells and tissue. A gene expression analysis was conducted using qPCR to calculate the relative gene expression, while the protein expression was assessed through Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry staining of TGF-β1 and MAPK was performed on feline kidney tissue. The results revealed the significant upregulation of TGFβ (p = 0.001) and considerable downregulation of Bcl2 (p = 0.010) in doxorubicin-treated feline kidney cells. The immunostaining levels of TGF-β1 and MAPK were higher in the kidney tissue of cats with CKD than in non-CKD cats. However, there was no difference in TGFβ, MAPK, or Bcl2 gene expression in CKD vs. non-CKD cats. The findings suggest that TGF-β1 and Bcl-2 are associated with renal fibrosis and apoptosis in feline kidney cells. A deeper understanding of the TGF-β1 pathway could enable veterinarians to monitor disease progression and mitigate complications in feline CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 14286 KiB  
Article
Multi-Allelic Mitochondrial DNA Deletions in an Adult Dog with Chronic Weakness, Exercise Intolerance and Lactic Acidemia
by G. Diane Shelton, James R. Mickelson, Steven G. Friedenberg, Jonah N. Cullen, Jaya M. Mehra, Ling T. Guo and Katie M. Minor
Animals 2024, 14(13), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131946 - 30 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1580
Abstract
(1) Background: An adult dog was presented to a board-certified veterinary neurologist for evaluation of chronic weakness, exercise intolerance and lactic acidemia. (2) Methods: A mitochondrial myopathy was diagnosed based on the histological and histochemical phenotype of numerous COX-negative muscle fibers. Whole-genome sequencing [...] Read more.
(1) Background: An adult dog was presented to a board-certified veterinary neurologist for evaluation of chronic weakness, exercise intolerance and lactic acidemia. (2) Methods: A mitochondrial myopathy was diagnosed based on the histological and histochemical phenotype of numerous COX-negative muscle fibers. Whole-genome sequencing established the presence of multiple extended deletions in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), with the highest prevalence between the 1–11 kb positions of the approximately 16 kb mitochondrial chromosome. Such findings are typically suggestive of an underlying nuclear genome variant affecting mitochondrial replication, repair, or metabolism. (3) Results: Numerous variants in the nuclear genome unique to the case were identified in the whole-genome sequence data, and one, the insertion of a DYNLT1 retrogene, whose parent gene is a regulator of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), was considered a plausible causal variant. (4) Conclusions: Here, we add mitochondrial deletion disorders to the spectrum of myopathies affecting adult dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 3729 KiB  
Article
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Evaluation of Canine Prostatic Hyperplasia before and after Osaterone Acetate Therapy: Preliminary Results
by Giorgia Pettina, Roberta Bucci, Antonio Mazzetti, Marco Quartuccio, Domenico Robbe and Maria Carmela Pisu
Animals 2024, 14(11), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111683 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1184
Abstract
The prostate is the only sexual gland of the male dog, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) regulates its growth. In intact dogs, constant DHT stimulation results in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that can be treated with osaterone acetate (OSA). This study describes the effects of [...] Read more.
The prostate is the only sexual gland of the male dog, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) regulates its growth. In intact dogs, constant DHT stimulation results in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that can be treated with osaterone acetate (OSA). This study describes the effects of OSA treatment, detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), highlighting prostatic vascularization with a contrast agent composed of gas microbubbles. Fifteen dogs (2–8 years) of different sizes and breeds (4–30 kg) diagnosed with BPH are involved in the study. Before treatment (D0), CPSE is measured (294.05 ± 115.97 ng/mL), and a B-mode ultrasound is performed (Vratio = 2.80 ± 1.85), confirming BPH. CEUS highlights the length of the wash-in (11.93 ± 2.08 s) and wash-out (42.20 ± 6.99 s) phases of the contrast agent in the prostate and the presence of cysts and parenchymal alteration. Dogs are treated with OSA (0.5 mg/kg for 7 days) and reassessed after 21 days (D1): CPSE and prostate volume are significantly (p < 0.001) reduced. The length of the wash-in (14.73 ± 2.54 s) and wash-out (51.13 ± 6.03 s) phases are significantly (p < 0.001) increased. The results confirm the effectiveness of the treatment, particularly the reduction in prostatic perfusion, confirmed by the increase in diffusion times of the contrast. Although preliminary, these findings are promising for the use of CEUS in monitoring dogs with BPH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 3554 KiB  
Communication
Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Sebaceous Adenoma and Epithelioma in Dogs
by Sanggu Kim, Preeti Kumari Chaudhary, Sachin Upadhayaya, Kwang Won Seo and Soochong Kim
Animals 2024, 14(10), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101457 - 14 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3115
Abstract
Sebaceous gland tumors are neoplasms originating from the sebaceous gland and are the third most common type of skin tumor, accounting for 21–35% of all cutaneous neoplasms in dogs. According to their histopathological characteristics, sebaceous gland tumors can be classified into adenoma as [...] Read more.
Sebaceous gland tumors are neoplasms originating from the sebaceous gland and are the third most common type of skin tumor, accounting for 21–35% of all cutaneous neoplasms in dogs. According to their histopathological characteristics, sebaceous gland tumors can be classified into adenoma as a benign tumor and epithelioma as a malignant tumor. Sebaceous epithelioma is distinguished from sebaceous adenoma by containing 90% or more reserve cells. However, this simple numerical criterion is insufficient to histologically distinguish between epitheliomas and adenomas. In addition, sebaceoma in humans, a similar tumor to sebaceous epithelioma, is a term used for tumors with more than 50% of reserve cells, unlike epithelioma. Therefore, we aimed to compare and characterize the histological and immunohistochemical profiles of comprehensive sebaceous adenoma, epithelioma, and borderline tumors that have more than 50% but less than 90% of reserve cells. A total of 14 canine sebaceous tumors were diagnosed as seven adenomas, four borderline tumors, and three epitheliomas. Histologically, the sebaceous adenomas showed nodules consisting of mature sebocytes surrounded by monolayer basaloid cells. In contrast, the portion of the reserve cells was increased, the portion of lipidized cells was decreased, and the majority of lipidized cells were found to be immature in sebaceous epithelioma. In the sebaceous adenomas, necrosis was not observed and mitotic figures were rarely seen. However, necrosis and mitotic figures were highly frequent in both borderline tumor and sebaceous epithelioma. Immunohistochemistry revealed that borderline tumor and sebaceous epithelioma showed significantly higher expression against Ki-67 than sebaceous adenoma. We conclude that it is more accurate to employ the cut-off value of 50% reserve cells in humans rather than the current 90% reserve cells for classifying sebaceous gland tumors in dogs, thereby providing new insight into the characterization of the sebaceous gland tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 739 KiB  
Article
Whole Blood Viscosity Reference Intervals and Its Correlation with Hematology and Serum Chemistry in Cats Using Scanning Capillary Method
by Chae-Yeong Lee, Sung-Lim Lee, Eunju Kim, Jinsu Kang, Sunjun Jung, Namsoo Kim, Jinmu Jung, Dong Hwan Lee, Yoon-Ho Roh and Dongbin Lee
Animals 2023, 13(23), 3694; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233694 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2085
Abstract
Whole blood viscosity, a hemorheological factor, is currently used for diagnosis, as it is correlated with various vascular diseases that are difficult to diagnose early with a general blood test. It was determined that it was necessary to set reference intervals for further [...] Read more.
Whole blood viscosity, a hemorheological factor, is currently used for diagnosis, as it is correlated with various vascular diseases that are difficult to diagnose early with a general blood test. It was determined that it was necessary to set reference intervals for further studies and utilization of whole blood viscosity in cats, a representative companion animal, and this study was conducted. Fifty healthy cats were recruited for the study, and whole blood viscosity, complete blood count, and serum chemistry tests were performed. The reference intervals of whole blood viscosity were 15.169 to 43.684 cP at a shear rate of 1 s−1 reflecting diastole, and 3.524 to 5.544 cP at a shear rate of 300 s−1 reflecting systole. Red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and neutrophils in the complete blood count, and total protein, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol in the serum chemistry were significantly correlated with whole blood viscosity. The results of this study set the reference intervals of whole blood viscosity for healthy cats in a wide shear rate range that has not yet been fully established, and its correlation with other blood indicators investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Serum Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E in Cats with Inflammatory Bronchial Disease
by Lina Hörner-Schmid, Jelena Palić, Ralf S. Mueller and Bianka Schulz
Animals 2023, 13(20), 3226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203226 - 15 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2417
Abstract
The etiology of feline inflammatory bronchial disease is poorly understood. This study compares the degree of allergen-specific serum IgE responses between cats with feline asthma, chronic bronchitis, mixed inflammation, and clinically healthy cats (HCs). The retrospective case–control study used serum from eighteen cats [...] Read more.
The etiology of feline inflammatory bronchial disease is poorly understood. This study compares the degree of allergen-specific serum IgE responses between cats with feline asthma, chronic bronchitis, mixed inflammation, and clinically healthy cats (HCs). The retrospective case–control study used serum from eighteen cats with eosinophilic inflammation (EI), ten with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), six with mixed inflammation (MI), and fourteen HCs. Affected cats were categorized into groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. The measurement of IgE for 34 different allergens including fungal organisms, weeds, grasses, trees, mites, and insects was performed using an indirect ELISA. Positive reactions to allergens were detected in the serum of 17/18 cats with EI, 8/10 with NI, 6/6 with MI, and 11/14 HCs (p = 0.364). When overall positive reactions were compared between groups, cats with MI (p = <0.01) had significantly more positive reactions against mite allergens than HCs. Blood eosinophils inversely correlated with the absolute amount of allergen-specific serum IgE expressed in ELISA absorbance units (EAs) (p = 0.014). Sensitization against dust mites seems to be more prevalent in cats with MI. However, positive IgE reactions can be observed in healthy and diseased cats, and, therefore, need to be interpreted in the light of clinical findings and environmental conditions of individual patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)

Review

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13 pages, 527 KiB  
Review
M-Mode Echocardiography in Canine Veterinary Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Left Ventricular Measurements in 44 Different Dog Breeds
by Maria Cerbu, Constantin Cerbu and Ionel Papuc
Animals 2023, 13(18), 2986; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13182986 - 21 Sep 2023
Viewed by 5699
Abstract
This review article focuses on the use of canine M-mode in veterinary medicine, specifically in assessing the left ventricle measurements in several breeds. It traces the historical development of echocardiography techniques, including A-mode, B-mode, and motion mode (M-mode), which provide accurate unidimensional records [...] Read more.
This review article focuses on the use of canine M-mode in veterinary medicine, specifically in assessing the left ventricle measurements in several breeds. It traces the historical development of echocardiography techniques, including A-mode, B-mode, and motion mode (M-mode), which provide accurate unidimensional records of cardiac structures. This article highlights the significance of M-mode measurements in diagnosing stage B2 of MMVD, where left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter corrected with body weight (LVIDdN) is essential for identifying cardiac enlargement. It also explains the role of M-mode in diagnosing DCM, outlining criteria such as left ventricular dilatation. The authors emphasize the importance of breed-specific reference values for echocardiographic measurements due to variations in somatotype among dogs. This review provides a comprehensive table summarizing M-mode measurements of the left ventricle for 44 different dog breeds, including interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness during systole and diastole. This review’s methodology involves compiling data from various scientific literature sources, providing an extensive tabular representation of M-mode measurements for different breeds, ages, and sexes. Overall, this review highlights the critical role of M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing and managing cardiac diseases in dogs, underscores the importance of breed-specific reference values, and presents a comprehensive summary of M-mode measurements for various dog breeds, aiding both clinicians and researchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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Other

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10 pages, 2705 KiB  
Case Report
Left Ventricular Apical Aneurysm in a Dog—A Case Report
by Ozana Maria Hritcu, Radu Andrei Baisan, Aurelian Sorin Pasca and Florentina Daraban Bocaneti
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233412 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1004
Abstract
The cadaver of a 16-year-old mixed-breed male dog was presented to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of IULS, Romania, after having been euthanized in a private practice at the owner’s request following acute cardio-respiratory failure. The necropsy revealed a left ventricular apical aneurysm [...] Read more.
The cadaver of a 16-year-old mixed-breed male dog was presented to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of IULS, Romania, after having been euthanized in a private practice at the owner’s request following acute cardio-respiratory failure. The necropsy revealed a left ventricular apical aneurysm with a bulging fibrous sac measuring about 0.7 cm/0.3 cm. The lesion involved all three structures of the cardiac wall, with mineralization areas and neovascularization. Immunohistochemistry showed strong positivity for desmin and weak positivity for CD-31 in the cardiac muscle fibers, positivity for α-sma in the smooth muscle cells of the vascular walls and positivity for vimentin in the cardiac stroma. MMP-2 and MMP-9 showed strong expression in the cardiomyocytes, whereas TIMP-1 showed positive immunoexpression only in the Eberth’s lines. To the authors’ knowledge, left ventricular apical aneurysm has only been reported once in dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)
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