Hyphenated Instrument Configurations

“Hyphenation”, a term first coined by Tomas Hirschfeld, refers to the online combinations of different analytical techniques, typically a separation technique and one or more spectroscopic detection techniques. The concept emerged from the recognition that coupling complementary analytical methods could overcome individual limitations while capitalizing on the synergistic advantages between different methods. This approach has transformed analytical chemistry by enabling simultaneous separation, detection, and structural characterization of analytes in complex matrices.

This section describes the latest improvements in instrument configurations and techniques developed and novel applications of hyphenated instrument configurations. Topics covered include but are not limited to the following:

• GC-MS.
• LC-MS, HPLC-MS, UPLC-Tandem MS.
• LC-NMR.
• GC-NMR.
• CE-MS.
• GC-AES.
• LC-FTIR.
• GC × GC-FID.
• GC × GC‑MS.
• LC-MS-NMR.
• UPLC-DAD-MS-NMR.