Novel Studies in High-Performance and Smart Plant Protection Products Application—3rd Edition

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Precision and Digital Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 924

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xilu No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
Interests: pesticide application technology; unmanned aerial spraying system (UASS); atomization; droplet; spray deposition; spray drift
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last 70 years, with the widespread use of plant protection products (PPPs), food quality and human life expectancy have been vastly improved. At the same time, considerable attention has been paid to environmental protection, and especially to the minimisation of PPP pollution in water, with emphasis on minimising spray drift from the treated areas. Both manual and high-efficiency sprayers, such as knapsack sprayers, spray guns, boom sprayers, air-blast sprayers, manned fixed-wing aircrafts, manned helicopters, and so on, have been widely applied in different scenarios worldwide. Since the beginning of this decade, agricultural unmanned aerial spraying systems (UASSs) for plant protection, with high flexibility and mobility, as well as low acquisition and maintenance costs, have rapidly been gaining traction as a new means of PPP application, especially in China and other Asian countries. In addition, both aerial and ground plant protection machines are used for unmanned, precise, and high-performance standardisation and informationisation. More and more frontier technologies, such as multispectral/hyperspectral imaging technology, AI, deep learning, IoT, lasers, high-speed data transmission, robots, nano-pesticides, etc., have been proposed and applied, with fewer PPPs being lost in the environment. More research is needed for these new technologies to be fully incorporated to minimise agrochemical use and improve the timing of applications.

In this Special Issue, we aim to focus on any novel studies pertaining to high-performance, smart PPP utilisation, including theory, algorithms, models, simulations, systems, equipment, technologies, and evaluation methods. Both research and review articles are welcome.

Dr. Changling Wang
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart PPP application
  • atomization
  • spray deposition
  • spray drift
  • control efficacy
  • boom sprayer
  • air-blast sprayer
  • manned agricultural aircraft
  • unmanned aerial spraying system (UASS)
  • robot sprayer
  • frontier technologies

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 4614 KB  
Article
Construction of a CFD Simulation and Prediction Model for Pesticide Droplet Drift in Agricultural UAV Spraying
by Qingqing Zhou, Songchao Zhang, Meng Huang, Chen Cai, Haidong Zhang, Yuxuan Jiao and Xinyu Xue
Agronomy 2026, 16(1), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010129 - 5 Jan 2026
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Abstract
This study employed a combined approach of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), numerical simulations, and wind tunnel tests to investigate droplet drift characteristics and develop prediction models in order to address the issues of low pesticide utilization rates and high drift risk, associated with [...] Read more.
This study employed a combined approach of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), numerical simulations, and wind tunnel tests to investigate droplet drift characteristics and develop prediction models in order to address the issues of low pesticide utilization rates and high drift risk, associated with droplet drift during agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying, as well as the unreliable results of field experiments. Firstly, a numerical model of the rotor wind field was established using the multiple reference frame (MRF) method, while the realizable k-ε turbulence model was employed to analyze the flow field. The model’s reliability was verified through wind field tests. Next, the Euler–Lagrange method was used to couple the wind field with droplet movement. The drift characteristics of two flat-fan nozzles (FP90-02 and F80-02) were then compared and analyzed. The results showed that the relative error between the simulated and wind tunnel test values was within 20%. Centrifugal nozzle experiments were carried out using single-factor and orthogonal designs to analyze the effects of flight height, rotor wind speed, flight speed, and droplet size on drift. The priority order of influence was found to be “rotor wind speed > flight height > flight speed”, while droplet size (DV50 = 100–300 µm) was found to have no significant effect. Based on the simulation data, a multiple linear regression drift prediction model was constructed with a goodness of fit R2 value of 0.9704. Under the verification condition, the relative error between the predicted and simulated values was approximately 10%. These results can provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for assessing drift risk and optimizing operational parameters for agricultural UAVs. Full article
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Review

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19 pages, 1381 KB  
Review
Sprayer Boom Balance Control Technologies: A Survey
by Songchao Zhang, Tianhong Liu, Chen Cai, Chun Chang, Zhiming Wei, Longfei Cui, Suming Ding and Xinyu Xue
Agronomy 2026, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010033 - 22 Dec 2025
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Abstract
The operational efficiency and precision of boom sprayers, as critical equipment for protecting field crops, are vital to global food security and agricultural sustainability. In precision agriculture systems, achieving uniform pesticide application fundamentally depends on maintaining stable boom posture during operation. However, severe [...] Read more.
The operational efficiency and precision of boom sprayers, as critical equipment for protecting field crops, are vital to global food security and agricultural sustainability. In precision agriculture systems, achieving uniform pesticide application fundamentally depends on maintaining stable boom posture during operation. However, severe boom vibration not only directly causes issues like missed spraying, double spraying, and pesticide drift but also represents a critical bottleneck constraining its functional realization in cutting-edge applications. Despite its importance, achieving absolute boom stability is a complex task. Its suspension system design faces a fundamental technical contradiction: effectively isolating high-frequency vehicle vibrations caused by ground surfaces while precisely following large-scale, low-frequency slope variations in the field. This paper systematically traces the evolutionary path of self-balancing boom technology in addressing this core contradiction. First, the paper conducts a dynamic analysis of the root causes of boom instability and the mechanism of its detrimental physical effects on spray quality. This serves as a foundation for the subsequent discussion on technical approaches for boom support and balancing systems. The paper also delves into the evolution of sensing technology, from “single-point height measurement” to “point cloud morphology perception,” and provides a detailed analysis of control strategies from classical PID to modern robust control and artificial intelligence methods. Furthermore, this paper explores the deep integration of this technology with precision agriculture applications, such as variable rate application and autonomous navigation. In conclusion, the paper summarizes the main challenges facing current technology and outlines future development trends, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for research and development in this field. Full article
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