Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Analysis of Agricultural Production Systems

A special issue of Agriculture (ISSN 2077-0472). This special issue belongs to the section "Ecosystem, Environment and Climate Change in Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 3162

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Interests: life cycle assessment; agriculture; food; nutrition; crops; livestock; carbon footprint; optimization

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Interests: industrial ecology; life cycle assessment; ecological economics; sustainable agriculture; sustainability assessment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Agriculture is a leading contributor to many environmental issues, including 35–40% of terrestrial land occupation, 70–90% of freshwater consumption, 95% of nitrogen pollution, and 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. There are large differences in the impacts of different agri-food products (e.g., over 50-fold higher for some animal sources of protein compared to some plant-based protein sources), therefore production and consumption patterns are critical for sustainability. In order to assess the diverse environmental impacts associated with agricultural products, a systems-level, multi-criteria assessment method, such as life cycle assessment (LCA), is required.

LCA is used to assess a variety of environmental impacts (including, but not limited to, greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophying emissions, acidifying emissions, land use, water use, and energy use) throughout the life cycle (or supply chain) of a product or service. LCA and other associated life cycle thinking techniques are used to assess the relative sustainability of different product alternatives, management techniques, or production pathways.

The use of such methods is imperative for making informed sustainability decisions and avoiding burden-shifting between different types of impacts or across supply chain stages. We therefore invite contributions to this Special Issue that focus on LCA or other related impact assessment methods applied to agricultural products.

Dr. Nicole Bamber
Dr. Vivek Arulnathan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • life cycle assessment
  • life cycle thinking
  • impact assessment
  • sustainability
  • environment
  • agriculture
  • agri-food

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 4759 KB  
Article
Intelligent Evaluation of Environmental Impacts and Agricultural Resource Inputs to Promote Sustainable Orchard Construction
by Yameng Lu, Junhao Ran, Yinghui Liu, Yuheng Yang, Pei Wang and Tong Zhang
Agriculture 2026, 16(5), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16050525 - 27 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Elevated nutrient inputs exacerbate the conflict between the advancement of fruit production and environmental sustainability. Quantifying the emission-reduction potential of fruit production systems, predicting environmental impacts, and identifying key orchard management practices are critical to promoting the sustainability of fruit production. However, predictive [...] Read more.
Elevated nutrient inputs exacerbate the conflict between the advancement of fruit production and environmental sustainability. Quantifying the emission-reduction potential of fruit production systems, predicting environmental impacts, and identifying key orchard management practices are critical to promoting the sustainability of fruit production. However, predictive models for orchard environmental impact are primarily based on machine-learning approaches and fail to adopt an efficiency-oriented perspective to quantify emission reductions in orchards with high yields and high partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFP-N). Therefore, this study adopts life-cycle assessment, a deep-learning predictive model, and a slack-based measure (SBM)-undesirable model to evaluate and forecast the environmental impacts of orchards, which encompasses global warming potential (GWP), reactive nitrogen losses (Nr), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP), while also identifying the mitigation potential of orchards. In addition, local sensitivity analysis reveals the extent to which each input variable affects the model predictions. The results indicated that the emission-reduction potential for the high yield and high PFP-N group was quantified as 53.31%, 52.28%, 50.54%, and 52.65% for GWP, Nr, AP, and EP, respectively. The application amount of nitrogen fertilizer is the largest contributing factor among the four environmental impacts (GWP, Nr, AP and EP). These findings are helpful for assessing and predicting environmental impacts, quantifying emission-reduction potential, and determining the relative importance of agricultural input factors associated with environmental impacts, thereby providing potential theoretical support for promoting sustainable orchard development. Full article
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19 pages, 1654 KB  
Article
Production Efficiency or Food Miles: Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Local and Imported Peas and Lentils at Market in Western Europe
by Nicole Bamber, Denis Tremorin and Nathan Pelletier
Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2315; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222315 - 7 Nov 2025
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Abstract
A life cycle assessment was conducted to compare the impacts of peas and lentils produced in Canada, France, and Russia, transported to market in Western Europe, to assess the systems-level sustainability implications of changing production and consumption profiles of internationally traded commodity pulse [...] Read more.
A life cycle assessment was conducted to compare the impacts of peas and lentils produced in Canada, France, and Russia, transported to market in Western Europe, to assess the systems-level sustainability implications of changing production and consumption profiles of internationally traded commodity pulse crops. For all but 1–2 impact categories, imported Canadian peas and lentils outperformed those imported from Russia, due to the lower yields, higher levels of tillage, higher field-level emissions, and higher distances of truck transportation for Russian pulses. French peas had higher impacts of production than Canadian peas, for all categories but land use, due to higher levels of fertilizer inputs, irrigation, field activities, and field-level emissions. However, for 7 out of 12 impact categories, the impacts of the transportation of Canadian peas to Western Europe outweighed the higher impacts of the production of French peas. This demonstrates potential sustainability benefits of Canadian pulses, with some trade-offs from the additional impacts of transportation to market, adding nuance to the discussion around the importance of “food miles” in agricultural sustainability. Compared to previous studies, this demonstrates the importance of multi-criteria and regionalized assessments. Full article
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42 pages, 1192 KB  
Systematic Review
Protein Sources for Ruminant Feed: A Systematic Review of Nutritional Value and Sustainability
by Michael López-Herrera, Manuel Delgado-Pertíñez and Sara Muñoz-Vallés
Agriculture 2026, 16(5), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16050537 - 27 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Global demand for animal protein necessitates sustainable alternatives to soybean meal (SBM). This systematic review evaluated 177 peer-reviewed articles (2002–2023) across 12 categories to analyse the nutritional value of alternative protein sources for ruminant diets and to assess the associated environmental trade-offs. This [...] Read more.
Global demand for animal protein necessitates sustainable alternatives to soybean meal (SBM). This systematic review evaluated 177 peer-reviewed articles (2002–2023) across 12 categories to analyse the nutritional value of alternative protein sources for ruminant diets and to assess the associated environmental trade-offs. This was achieved through a targeted review, synthesising data from Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) to create a multi-criteria matrix for ranking sustainability profiles. Results indicate that microalgae, insects, and single-cell proteins exhibit crude protein levels comparable to SBM. Moreover, insects, seaweeds, and animal by-products (ABPs) often present superior essential amino acid profiles and high intestinal digestibility. From an environmental perspective, insects, seaweeds and microalgae offer excellent land-use efficiency and significant enteric methane mitigation (17–74.6%), though current economic viability is hindered by high processing costs and emerging supply chains. Conversely, ABPs and agro-industrial by-products effectively embody circular economy principles, enhancing local system resilience. Ultimately, replacing SBM requires a multi-objective approach through a functional hybridisation model, carefully balancing metabolic efficiency with environmental sustainability. While microalgae, insects, and seaweeds demonstrate promising nutritional and mitigation potential, addressing economic barriers and ensuring biosecurity seems essential. Future LCA frameworks should prioritise bioavailable nutrient metrics to optimise the environmental impact of ruminant production. Full article
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