Plants

26 pages, 3811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of Multi-Locus GWAS-Based KASP Markers for Maize Ustilago maydis Resistance

by Tao Shen, Huawei Gao, Chao Wang, Yunxiao Zheng, Weibin Song, Peng Hou, Liying Zhu, Yongfeng Zhao, Wei Song and Jinjie Guo

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2315; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152315 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Corn smut, caused by Ustilago maydis, significantly threatens maize production. This study evaluated 199 maize inbred lines at the seedling stage under greenhouse conditions for resistance to U. maydis, identifying 39 highly resistant lines. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the [...] Read more.

Corn smut, caused by Ustilago maydis, significantly threatens maize production. This study evaluated 199 maize inbred lines at the seedling stage under greenhouse conditions for resistance to U. maydis, identifying 39 highly resistant lines. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the mrMLM model detected 19 significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Based on a linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay distance of 260 kb, 226 candidate genes were identified. Utilizing the significant loci chr1_244281660 and chr5_220156746, two kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers were successfully developed. A PCR-based sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization technique applied to the 199 experimental lines and 60 validation lines confirmed polymorphism for both markers, with selection efficiencies of 48.12% and 43.33%, respectively. The tested materials were derived from foundational inbred lines of domestic and foreign origin. Analysis of 39 highly resistant lines showed that the advantageous alleles carrying thymine/cytosine (T/C) predominated at frequencies of 94.87% and 53.84%, respectively. The genotype TTCC conferred high resistance, while CCTT was highly susceptible. The resistance exhibited high heritability and significant gene-by-environment interaction. This work systematically dissects the genetic basis of common smut resistance in maize, identifies favorable alleles, and provides a novel KASP marker-based strategy for developing disease-resistant germplasm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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19 pages, 1230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Potential of Rheum cordatum Losinsk. Leaf Extracts: Phytochemical Insights from Supercritical CO₂, Subcritical Ethanol and Ultrasound-Assisted Extractions

by Madina Amangeldinova, Mehmet Ersatır, Pınar Küce Cevik, Mustafa Abdullah Yilmaz, Oguz Cakır, Nataliya Kudrina, Aizhan Mussayeva, Timur Kulmanov, Nina Terletskaya and Metin Yildirim

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152314 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Rheum cordatum Losinsk is a plant species distributed in Kazakhstan but remains relatively understudied despite its promising biological potential. The present study aimed to explore leaf extracts of R. cordatum by utilizing advanced green extraction technologies including supercritical CO₂ (ScCO₂), [...] Read more.

Rheum cordatum Losinsk is a plant species distributed in Kazakhstan but remains relatively understudied despite its promising biological potential. The present study aimed to explore leaf extracts of R. cordatum by utilizing advanced green extraction technologies including supercritical CO₂ (ScCO₂), subcritical ethanol (Sc) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to characterize their phytochemical composition and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. A total of 53 phytochemical compounds were identified, with gallic acid (30.71 µg/mg UAE-EtOH-4h), rutin (21.93 µg/mg ScCO₂-150) and hesperidin (14.98 µg/mg ScCO₂-150) being notably abundant. Among the tested extracts, ScCO₂ extraction at 150 bar (ScCO₂-150) demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, exhibiting IC₅₀ values of 0.0132 mg/mL (DPPH) and 0.0462 mg/mL (ABTS), coupled with the highest total phenolic content (140 mg GAE/g). Moreover, the ScCO₂-150 extract showed pronounced antimicrobial efficacy, particularly against Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 125 to 250 µg/mL. These findings highlight the considerable potential of R. cordatum leaves as a valuable, abundant and sustainable source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, with supercritical CO₂ extraction presenting substantial advantages in selectively obtaining bioactive phytochemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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17 pages, 1728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Colony Deployment Timing on Tetragonula carbonaria Crop Fidelity and Resource Use in Macadamia Orchards

by Claire E. Allison, James C. Makinson, Robert N. Spooner-Hart and James M. Cook

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2313; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152313 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Crop fidelity is a desirable trait for managed pollinators and is influenced by factors like competing forage sources and colony knowledge of the surrounding environment. In European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), colonies deployed when the crop is flowering display the highest [...] Read more.

Crop fidelity is a desirable trait for managed pollinators and is influenced by factors like competing forage sources and colony knowledge of the surrounding environment. In European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), colonies deployed when the crop is flowering display the highest fidelity. We tested for a similar outcome using a stingless bee species that is being increasingly used as a managed pollinator in Australian macadamia orchards. We observed Tetragonula carbonaria (Smith) colonies deployed in macadamia orchards at three time points: (1) before crop flowering (“permanent”), (2) early flowering (“early”), and (3) later in the flowering period (“later”). We captured returning pollen foragers weekly and estimated crop fidelity from the proportion of macadamia pollen they collected, using light microscopy. Pollen foraging activity was also assessed via weekly hive entrance filming. The early and later introduced colonies initially exhibited high fidelity, collecting more macadamia pollen than the permanent colonies. In most cases, the permanent colonies were already collecting diverse pollen species from the local environment and took longer to shift over to macadamia. Pollen diversity increased over time in all colonies, which was associated with an increase in the proportion of pollen foragers. Our results indicate that stingless bees can initially prioritize a mass-flowering crop, even when flowering levels are low, but that they subsequently reduce fidelity over time. Our findings will inform pollinator management strategies to help growers maximize returns from pollinator-dependent crops like macadamia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pollen Management and Assisted Pollination Techniques in Crop Plants)

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15 pages, 1714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of an Efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation System for Functional Analysis in Passion Fruit

by Jiayi Pan, Yiping Zheng, Tiancai Wang, Pengpeng Xiong, Kaibo Cui, Lihui Zeng and Ting Fang

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152312 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), belonging to the Passifloraceae family, is an economically important plant in tropical and subtropical regions. The advances in functional genomics research of passion fruit have been significantly hindered by its recalcitrance to regeneration and stable transformation. This [...] Read more.

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), belonging to the Passifloraceae family, is an economically important plant in tropical and subtropical regions. The advances in functional genomics research of passion fruit have been significantly hindered by its recalcitrance to regeneration and stable transformation. This study establishes the first efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation system for passion fruit. Utilizing the eGFP marker gene, transformation efficiencies of 11.3% were initially achieved with strains K599, MSU440, and C58C1, with K599 proving most effective. Key transformation parameters were systematically optimized to achieve the following: OD₆₀₀ = 0.6, infection duration 30 min, acetosyringone concentration 100 μM, and a dark co-cultivation period of 2 days. The system’s utility was further enhanced by incorporating the red visual marker RUBY, enabling direct, instrument-free identification of transgenic roots via betaxanthin accumulation. Finally, this system was applied for functional analysis using PeMYB123, which may be involved in proanthocyanidin accumulation. Overexpression of PeMYB123 produced a higher content of proanthocyanidin in hairy roots. Additionally, the PeANR gene involved in the proanthocyanidin pathway was strongly activated in the transgenic hairy roots. This rapid and efficient visually simplified hairy root transformation system provides a powerful tool for functional gene studies in passion fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Development and Ripening)

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19 pages, 867 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Genetic Diversity of Germplasm Resources, Origin and Evolution of Turnip Rape (Brassica rapa L.)

by Xiaoming Lu, Tianyu Zhang, Yuanqiang Ma, Chunyang Han, Wenxin Yang, Yuanyuan Pu, Li Ma, Junyan Wu, Gang Yang, Wangtian Wang, Tingting Fan, Lijun Liu and Wancang Sun

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2311; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152311 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

During a prolonged domestication and environmental selection, Brassica rapa has formed diverse morphological types during a cultivation process of up to 8000 years, such as root-type turnips (Brassica rapa var. rapa), leaf-type Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis), oil-type [...] Read more.

During a prolonged domestication and environmental selection, Brassica rapa has formed diverse morphological types during a cultivation process of up to 8000 years, such as root-type turnips (Brassica rapa var. rapa), leaf-type Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis), oil-type rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.), and other rich types. China is one of the origins of Brassica rapa L., which is spread all over the east, west, south, and north of China. Studying its origin and evolution holds significant importance for unraveling the cultivation history of Chinese oilseed crops, intraspecific evolutionary relationships, and the utilization value of genetic resources. This article summarizes the cultivation history, evolution, classification research progress, and germplasm resource diversity of Brassica rapa var. oleifera in China. Combining karyotype analysis, genomic information, and wild relatives of Brassica rapa var. oleifera discovered on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, it is proposed that Brassica rapa var. oleifera has the characteristic of polycentric origin, and Gansu Province in China is one of the earliest regions for its cultivation. Brassica rapa var. oleifera, originating from the Mediterranean region, was diffused to the East Asian continent through two independent transmission paths (one via the Turkish Plateau and the other via Central Asia and Siberia). Analyzing the genetic diversity characteristics and evolutionary trajectories of these two transmission paths lays a foundation for clarifying the origin and evolutionary process of Brassica rapa var. oleifera and accelerating the breeding of Brassica rapa var. oleifera in China. Despite existing research on the origin of Brassica rapa L., the domestication process of this species remains unresolved. Future studies will employ whole-genome resequencing to address this fundamental question. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Regulation and Molecular Mechanisms in Brassica Crop Improvement)

18 pages, 4218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Snow on Vegetation Green-Up on the Mongolian Plateau

by Xiang Zhang, Chula Sa, Fanhao Meng, Min Luo, Xulei Wang, Xin Tian and Endon Garmaev

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2310; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152310 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Snow serves as a crucial water source for vegetation growth on the Mongolian Plateau, and its temporal and spatial variations exert profound influences on terrestrial vegetation phenology. In recent years, global climate change has led to significant changes in snow and vegetation start [...] Read more.

Snow serves as a crucial water source for vegetation growth on the Mongolian Plateau, and its temporal and spatial variations exert profound influences on terrestrial vegetation phenology. In recent years, global climate change has led to significant changes in snow and vegetation start of growing season (SOS). Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of snow cover on vegetation growth and changes on the Mongolian Plateau. The study found that the spatial snow cover fraction (SCF) of the Mongolian Plateau ranged from 50% to 60%, and the snow melt date (SMD) ranged from day of the year (DOY) 88 to 220, mainly concentrated on the northwest Mongolian Plateau mountainous areas. Using different SOS methods to calculate the vegetation SOS distribution map. Vegetation SOS occurs earlier in the eastern part compared to the western part of the Mongolian Plateau. In this study, we assessed spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of snow on the Mongolian Plateau over the period from 2001 to 2023. The results showed that the SOS of the Mongolian Plateau was mainly concentrated on DOY 71-186. The Cox survival analysis model system established SCF and SMD on vegetation SOS. The SCF standard coefficient is 0.06, and the SMD standard coefficient is 0.02. The SOS_NDVI coefficient is −0.15, and the SOS_NDGI coefficient is −0.096. The results showed that the vegetation SOS process exhibited differential response characteristics to snow driving factors. These research results also highlight the important role of snow in vegetation phenology and emphasize the importance of incorporating the unique effects of vegetation SOS on the Mongolian Plateau. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Ecological Responses of Arctic and Alpine Plants to Climate Change)

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20 pages, 2181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabarcoding Analysis Reveals Microbial Diversity and Potential Soilborne Pathogens Associated with Almond Dieback and Decline

by André Albuquerque, Mariana Patanita, Joana Amaro Ribeiro, Maria Doroteia Campos, Filipa Santos, Tomás Monteiro, Margarida Basaloco and Maria do Rosário Félix

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2309; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152309 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Almond decline and dieback have become significant challenges in newly established orchards, with symptoms including internal necrosis, canker, and external gummosis. This work aims to explore the potential fungal and bacterial causative agents through metabarcoding and traditional culture plate isolation across six almond [...] Read more.

Almond decline and dieback have become significant challenges in newly established orchards, with symptoms including internal necrosis, canker, and external gummosis. This work aims to explore the potential fungal and bacterial causative agents through metabarcoding and traditional culture plate isolation across six almond cultivars. Our results emphasize the multifactorial nature of almond decline and dieback, with possible co-infections by opportunistic fungi and bacteria playing a central role. Classical isolation identified 47 fungal species or genera, including Diaporthe amygdali, Diplodia corticola, Phytophthora sp., and several Fusarium species. Almond metabarcoding revealed a more diverse microbial community, highlighting the prevalence of soilborne pathogens such as Neocosmospora rubicola, Dactylonectria estremocensis, and Plectosphaerella niemeijerarum. Soil metabarcoding suggested that these pathogens likely originate from nursery substrates or soils shared with other crops, such as olives and vineyards, that serve as a source of inoculum. ‘Soleta’ generally presented lower richness when compared to the other tested cultivars, suggesting a higher degree of biotic stress and decreased plant resilience. This study highlights the value of integrating NGS approaches to comprehensively study complex diseases and the need for further research on pathogen interactions and cultivar susceptibility for the future development of new sustainable, targeted management strategies in almond orchards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Functional Traits or Microbiomes Associated with Diseases, Pests, Human Activities and Climate Change)

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27 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Profiling Hydrophilic Cucurbita pepo Seed Extracts: A Study of European Cultivar Variability

by Adina-Elena Grasu, Roman Senn, Christiane Halbsguth, Alexander Schenk, Veronika Butterweck and Anca Miron

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2308; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152308 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Cucurbita pepo (CP) seeds are traditionally used to alleviate lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder. While these effects are often attributed to lipophilic constituents, recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of oil-free hydroethanolic extracts. However, their [...] Read more.

Cucurbita pepo (CP) seeds are traditionally used to alleviate lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder. While these effects are often attributed to lipophilic constituents, recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of oil-free hydroethanolic extracts. However, their composition remains insufficiently characterized, considering the species’ significant phenotypic and phytochemical variability. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of hydrophilic hydroethanolic seed extracts from ten CP cultivars originating from different European regions, with a focus on compositional variability. The elemental composition, along with primary and secondary metabolites, was analyzed using established spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. The extracts showed considerable variation in protein (45.39 to 114.58 mg/g dw) and free amino acid content (46.51 to 111.10 mg/g dw), as well as differences in elemental composition. Principal component analysis revealed distinct clustering patterns, with several samples displaying metabolite profiles comparable to the Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca variety currently recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). These findings open the possibility of using other CP varieties as alternative sources for extract preparation and offer novel insights into the composition of less explored hydrophilic extracts derived from CP seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

17 pages, 1332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Change in C, N, and P Characteristics of Hypericum kouytchense Organs in Response to Altitude Gradients in Karst Regions of SW China

by Yage Li, Chunyan Zhao, Jiajun Wu, Suyan Ba, Shuo Liu and Panfeng Dai

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2307; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152307 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

The environmental heterogeneity caused by altitude can lead to trade-offs in nutrient utilization and allocation strategies among plant organs; however, there is still a lack of research on the nutrient variation in the “flower–leaf–branch–fine root–soil” systems of native shrubs along altitude gradients in [...] Read more.

The environmental heterogeneity caused by altitude can lead to trade-offs in nutrient utilization and allocation strategies among plant organs; however, there is still a lack of research on the nutrient variation in the “flower–leaf–branch–fine root–soil” systems of native shrubs along altitude gradients in China’s unique karst regions. Therefore, we analyzed the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents and their ratios in flowers, leaves, branches, fine roots, and surface soil of Hypericum kouytchense shrubs across 2200–2700 m altitudinal range in southwestern China’s karst areas, where this species is widely distributed and grows well. The results show that H. kouytchense organs had higher N content than both global and Chinese plant averages. The order of C:N:P value across plant organs was branches > fine roots > flowers > leaves. Altitude significantly affected the nutrient dynamics in plant organs and soil. With increasing altitude, P content in plant organs exhibited a significant concave pattern, leading to unimodal trends in the C:P of plant organs, as well as the N:P of leaves and fine roots. Meanwhile, plant organs except branches displayed significant homeostasis coefficients in C:P and fine root P, indicating a shift in H. kouytchense’s P utilization strategy from acquisitive-type to conservative-type. Strong positive relationships between plant organs and soil P and available P revealed that P was the key driver of nutrient cycling in H. kouytchense shrubs, enhancing plant organ–soil coupling relationships. In conclusion, H. kouytchense demonstrates flexible adaptability, suggesting that future vegetation restoration and conservation management projects in karst ecosystems should consider the nutrient adaptation strategies of different species, paying particular attention to P utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Functional Diversity and Nutrient Cycling in Forest Ecosystems)

13 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Population Substructures of Castanopsis tribuloides in Northern Thailand Revealed Using Autosomal STR Variations

by Patcharawadee Thongkumkoon, Jatupol Kampuansai, Maneesawan Dansawan, Pimonrat Tiansawat, Nuttapol Noirungsee, Kittiyut Punchay, Nuttaluck Khamyong and Prasit Wangpakapattanawong

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152306 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the genetic diversity and population structure of Castanopsis tribuloides, a vital tree species in Asian forest ecosystems. Understanding the genetic patterns of keystone forest species provides critical insights into forest resilience and ecosystem function and informs conservation strategies. We [...] Read more.

This study investigates the genetic diversity and population structure of Castanopsis tribuloides, a vital tree species in Asian forest ecosystems. Understanding the genetic patterns of keystone forest species provides critical insights into forest resilience and ecosystem function and informs conservation strategies. We analyzed population samples collected from three distinct locations within Doi Suthep Mountain in northern Thailand using Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers to assess both intra- and inter-population genetic relationships. DNA was extracted from leaf samples and analyzed using a panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci specifically optimized for Castanopsis species. Statistical analyses included the assessment of forensic parameters (number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity, gene diversity, polymorphic information content), population differentiation metrics (G_ST), inbreeding coefficients (F_IS), and gene flow estimates (N_m). We further examined population history through bottleneck analysis using three models (IAM, SMM, and TPM) and visualized genetic relationships through principal coordinate analysis and cluster analysis. Our results revealed significant patterns of genetic structuring across the sampled populations, with genetic distance metrics showing statistically significant differentiation between certain population pairs. The PCA and cluster analyses confirmed distinct population groupings that correspond to geographic distribution patterns. These findings provide the first comprehensive assessment of C. tribuloides population genetics in this region, establishing baseline data for monitoring genetic diversity and informing conservation strategies. This research contributes to our understanding of how landscape features and ecological factors shape genetic diversity patterns in essential forest tree species, with implications for managing forest genetic resources in the face of environmental change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetic Resources)

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22 pages, 7937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Biological and Ecological Features of Four Rare and Endemic Plants from the Northern Tian Shan (Kazakhstan)

by Gulbanu Sadyrova, Aisha Taskuzhina, Alexandr Pozharskiy, Kuralai Orazbekova, Kirill Yanin, Nazym Kerimbek, Saule Zhamilova, Gulzhanat Kamiyeva, Ainur Tanybaeva and Dilyara Gritsenko

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152305 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study presents an integrative investigation of four rare and threatened plant species—Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin, Astragalus rubtzovii Boriss., Schmalhausenia nidulans (Regel) Petr., and Rheum wittrockii Lundstr.—native to the Ile Alatau and Ketmen ridges of the Northern Tian Shan in Kazakhstan. Combining [...] Read more.

This study presents an integrative investigation of four rare and threatened plant species—Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin, Astragalus rubtzovii Boriss., Schmalhausenia nidulans (Regel) Petr., and Rheum wittrockii Lundstr.—native to the Ile Alatau and Ketmen ridges of the Northern Tian Shan in Kazakhstan. Combining chloroplast genome sequencing, geobotanical surveys, and anatomical and population structure analyses, we aimed to assess the ecological adaptation, genetic distinctiveness, and conservation status of these species. Field surveys revealed that population structures varied across species, with T. kok-saghyz and S. nidulans dominated by mature vegetative and generative individuals, while A. rubtzovii and R. wittrockii exhibited stable age spectra marked by reproductive maturity and ongoing recruitment. Chloroplast genome assemblies revealed characteristic patterns of plastid evolution, including structural conservation in S. nidulans and R. wittrockii, and a reduced inverted repeat region in A. rubtzovii, consistent with its placement in the IR-lacking clade of Fabaceae. Morphological and anatomical traits reflected habitat-specific adaptations such as tomentose surfaces, thickened epidermis, and efficient vascular systems. Despite these adaptations, anthropogenic pressures including overgrazing and habitat degradation pose significant risks to population viability. Our findings underscore the need for targeted conservation measures, continuous monitoring, and habitat management to ensure the long-term survival of these ecologically and genetically valuable endemic species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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31 pages, 2080 KiB

Open AccessReview

Isatis tinctoria L.—From Botanical Description to Seed-Extracted Compounds and Their Applications: An Overview

by Justine Dupré, Nicolas Joly, Romain Vauquelin, Vincent Lequart, Élodie Choque, Nathalie Jullian and Patrick Martin

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152304 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), also known as woad or dyer’s woad, is an ancient plant with a rosy future ahead. Most of the knowledge about woad is related to indigo dye production and its medicinal applications, especially its leaves. The general interest in [...] Read more.

Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), also known as woad or dyer’s woad, is an ancient plant with a rosy future ahead. Most of the knowledge about woad is related to indigo dye production and its medicinal applications, especially its leaves. The general interest in woad has decreased with the rise of petroleum-based products. However, nowadays this plant is attracting interest again with industries reintroducing natural dyes. To meet the market demand in a sustainable manner, recent studies have focused specifically on woad seeds, leading to a valorization of the whole woad plant. This review provides an overview of the botanical, phytochemical composition, and properties of woad seeds, primarily supporting their cosmetic and pharmaceutical potential. From a chemical point of view, woad seeds mainly contain fatty acids, amino acids, phytosterols and glucosinolates. These compounds have been investigated through their extraction and analytical methods, as well as their properties and industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Compounds in Plants)

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20 pages, 7947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Key Antioxidant Mechanisms in Dendrobium huoshanense Under Combined Salt and Heat Stress

by Xingen Zhang, Guohui Li, Jun Dai, Peipei Wei, Binbin Du, Fang Li, Yulu Wang and Yujuan Wang

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2303; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152303 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Combined abiotic stresses often impose greater challenges to plant survival than individual stresses. In this study, we focused on elucidating the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Dendrobium huoshanense to combined salt and heat stress by integrating physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic [...] Read more.

Combined abiotic stresses often impose greater challenges to plant survival than individual stresses. In this study, we focused on elucidating the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Dendrobium huoshanense to combined salt and heat stress by integrating physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Our results demonstrated that high temperature plays a dominant role in the combined stress response. Physiological assays showed increased oxidative damage under combined stress, accompanied by significant activation of antioxidant enzyme systems (SOD, POD, CAT). Metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of glutathione metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, with key antioxidants such as glutathione and naringenin chalcone accumulating under combined stress. Transcriptomic data supported these findings, showing differential regulation of stress-related genes, including those involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging and secondary metabolism. These results highlight a coordinated defense strategy in D. huoshanense, involving both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to maintain redox homeostasis under combined stress. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying combined stress tolerance and lays the foundation for improving stress resilience in medicinal orchids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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18 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Historical Evolution of the Role of Vegetation in the Enhancement and Conservation of Archaeological Sites: A Landscape Architecture Perspective Focused Mainly on Cases from Italy and Greece

by Electra Kanellou and Maria Papafotiou

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152302 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Vegetation plays a multifaceted role in the enhancement and conservation of archaeological sites, functioning not only as an aesthetic element but also as a core component of landscape architecture practice. This review traces the historical evolution of vegetation management, though the lens of [...] Read more.

Vegetation plays a multifaceted role in the enhancement and conservation of archaeological sites, functioning not only as an aesthetic element but also as a core component of landscape architecture practice. This review traces the historical evolution of vegetation management, though the lens of landscape architecture, highlighting its potential as a design and planning tool for historical interpretation and sustainable integration of heritage sites into broader contexts. From Romantic landscaping ideals to modern interdisciplinary conservation frameworks, the review draws on key milestones such as the Athens and Venice Charters, and examines case studies like Rome’s Passeggiata Archeologica, the Acropolis slopes, Ruffenhofen Park, and Campo Lameiro. These examples illustrate how landscape architectural approaches can use vegetation to reconstruct lost architectural forms, enhance visitor engagement, and provide ecosystem functions. The article also addresses challenges related to historical authenticity, species selection, and ecological performance, arguing for future strategies that integrate archaeological sites into dynamic, living heritage systems, through collaborative, ecologically informed design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Floriculture and Landscape Architecture—2nd Edition)

22 pages, 3289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Sucrose Improves the Vigor of Aged Safflower Seeds by Mediating Fatty Acid Metabolism and Glycometabolism

by Tang Lv, Lin Zhong, Juan Li, Cuiping Chen, Bin Xian, Tao Zhou, Chaoxiang Ren, Jiang Chen, Jin Pei and Jie Yan

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152301 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds, rich in triacylglycerols, have poor fatty acid-to-sugar conversion during storage, affecting longevity and vigor. Previous experiments have shown that the aging of safflower seeds is mainly related to the impairment of energy metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, [...] Read more.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds, rich in triacylglycerols, have poor fatty acid-to-sugar conversion during storage, affecting longevity and vigor. Previous experiments have shown that the aging of safflower seeds is mainly related to the impairment of energy metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid degradation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The treatment with exogenous sucrose can partially promote the germination of aged seeds. However, the specific pathways through which exogenous sucrose promotes the germination of aged safflower seeds have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism by which exogenous sucrose enhances the vitality of aged seeds. Phenotypically, it promoted germination and seedling establishment in CDT-aged seeds but not in unaged ones. Biochemical analyses revealed increased soluble sugars and fatty acids in aged seeds with sucrose treatment. Enzyme activity and transcriptome sequencing showed up-regulation of key enzymes and genes in related metabolic pathways in aged seeds, not in unaged ones. qPCR confirmed up-regulation of genes for triacylglycerol and fatty acid-to-sugar conversion. Transmission electron microscopy showed a stronger connection between the glyoxylate recycler and oil bodies, accelerating oil body degradation. In conclusion, our research shows that exogenous sucrose promotes aged safflower seed germination by facilitating triacylglycerol hydrolysis, fatty acid conversion, and glycometabolism, rather than simply serving as a source of energy to supplement the energy deficiency of aged seeds. These findings offer practical insights for aged seeds, especially offering an effective solution to the aging problem of seeds with high oil content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Regulation of Seed Development and Germination)

17 pages, 1375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Metabolic Pathways of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Yellow Leaf Mutants via Metabolomics

by Fan Zhang, Kexin Chen, Dongyang Dai, Bing Liu, Yaokun Wu and Yunyan Sheng

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2300; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152300 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

A yellow leaf mutant named ‘ZT00091’ was discovered during the cultivation of the melon variety ‘ZT091’. An analysis of the leaf ultrastructure revealed that the chloroplasts of ‘ZT00091’ were significantly smaller than those of ‘ZT091’, with irregular shapes, blurred contours, and no starch [...] Read more.

A yellow leaf mutant named ‘ZT00091’ was discovered during the cultivation of the melon variety ‘ZT091’. An analysis of the leaf ultrastructure revealed that the chloroplasts of ‘ZT00091’ were significantly smaller than those of ‘ZT091’, with irregular shapes, blurred contours, and no starch granules. Metabolomic analysis revealed 792 differentially abundant metabolites between ‘ZT00091’ and ‘ZT091’, with 273 upregulated and 519 downregulated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results indicated that the differentially abundant metabolites were enriched mainly in the carotenoid pathway. qRT‒PCR was used to analyze key genes in the carotenoid pathway of melon. Compared with those in ‘ZT091’, the genes promoting carotenoids and lutein in ‘ZT00091’ were significantly upregulated, which may explain the yellow color of ‘ZT00091’ leaves. Significant differences in the chlorophyll contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll) and carotenoid contents were found between ‘ZT00091’ and ‘ZT091’, indicating that the yellowing of melon leaves is related to changes in the carotenoid and chlorophyll contents. This study provides a theoretical basis for research on the molecular mechanism of melon yellowing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

25 pages, 2588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Analysis and Therapeutic Potential of Tuberaria lignosa (Sweet) Samp. Aqueous Extract in Skin Injuries

by Manuel González-Vázquez, Ana Quílez Guerrero, Mónica Zuzarte, Lígia Salgueiro, Jorge Alves-Silva, María Luisa González-Rodríguez and Rocío De la Puerta

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2299; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152299 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Tuberaria lignosa (Sweet) Samp. (Cistaceae) is a herbaceous species native to southwestern Europe, traditionally used to treat wounds, ulcers, and inflammatory or infectious skin conditions. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of its aqueous leaf extract and evaluate its skin-related in [...] Read more.

Tuberaria lignosa (Sweet) Samp. (Cistaceae) is a herbaceous species native to southwestern Europe, traditionally used to treat wounds, ulcers, and inflammatory or infectious skin conditions. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of its aqueous leaf extract and evaluate its skin-related in vitro biological activities. The phenolic composition was determined using UHPLC-HRMS/MS, HPLC-DAD, and quantitative colorimetric assays. Antioxidant activity was assessed against synthetic free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, transition metals, and pro-oxidant enzymes. Enzymatic inhibition of tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and elastase were evaluated using in vitro assays. Cytocompatibility was tested on human keratinocytes and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts using MTT and resazurin assays, respectively, while wound healing was evaluated on NIH/3T3 fibroblasts using the scratch assay. Antifungal activity was investigated against several Candida and dermatophyte species, while antibiofilm activity was tested against Epidermophyton floccosum. The extract was found to be rich in phenolic compounds, accounting for nearly 45% of its dry weight. These included flavonoids, phenolic acids, and proanthocyanidins, with ellagitannins (punicalagin) being the predominant group. The extract demonstrated potent antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and antidermatophytic activities, including fungistatic, fungicidal, and antibiofilm effects. These findings highlight the potential of T. lignosa as a valuable and underexplored source of bioactive phenolic compounds with strong potential for the development of innovative approaches for skin care and therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracts from Medicinal Plant: A Promising Source of New Bioactive Substances)

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11 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Seed Oil Extraction from Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Using Response Surface Methodology

by Fatima Ezzahra Eddaoudi, Chakir El Guezzane, Hamza El Moudden, Ayoub Badi, Yousra El Idrissi, Hicham Harhar, Agnese Santanatoglia, Filippo Maggi, Giovanni Caprioli, Abdelhakim Bouyahya and Mohamed Tabyaoui

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2298; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152298 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Two solvents, n-hexane and ethyl acetate, were employed to extract oil from Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. seeds using the Soxhlet extraction technique. The process was optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). ANOVA and a second-order polynomial equation were [...] Read more.

Two solvents, n-hexane and ethyl acetate, were employed to extract oil from Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. seeds using the Soxhlet extraction technique. The process was optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). ANOVA and a second-order polynomial equation were applied to evaluate the effects of key operational factors, including extraction time (20–60 min) and solvent-to-solid ratio (0.2–0.6 g/mL), on oil yield. The physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and functional groups of the extracted oil were analyzed. While both solvents influenced oil yield and quality, the fatty acid composition remained consistent, with unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, identified as the main components. Under optimized conditions, the highest oil yields were 22% with n-hexane and 19.91% with ethyl acetate. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of ester groups, suggesting potential applications in biodiesel production. These findings offer valuable insights for producing oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids for food, cosmetic and renewable energy industries. These findings pave the way for further advancements in industrial applications by promoting the sustainable use of plant-derived oils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Extraction Techniques for Bioactive Compounds Derived from Plant Resources)

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24 pages, 5039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Estimation of Winter Wheat Leaf’s Relative Chlorophyll Content Across Growth Stages Using Satellite-Derived Texture Indices in a Region with Various Sowing Dates

by Jingyun Chen, Quan Yin, Jianjun Wang, Weilong Li, Zhi Ding, Pei Sun Loh, Guisheng Zhou and Zhongyang Huo

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152297 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurately estimating leaves’ relative chlorophyll contents (widely represented by Soil and Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values) across growth stages is crucial for assessing crop health, particularly in regions characterized by varying sowing dates. Unlike previous studies focusing on high-resolution UAV imagery or specific [...] Read more.

Accurately estimating leaves’ relative chlorophyll contents (widely represented by Soil and Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values) across growth stages is crucial for assessing crop health, particularly in regions characterized by varying sowing dates. Unlike previous studies focusing on high-resolution UAV imagery or specific growth stages, this research incorporates satellite-derived texture indices (TIs) into a SPAD value estimation model applicable across multiple growth stages (from tillering to grain-filling). Field experiments were conducted in Jiangsu Province, China, where winter wheat sowing dates varied significantly from field to field. Sentinel-2 imagery was employed to extract vegetation indices (VIs) and TIs. Following a two-step variable selection method, Random Forest (RF)-LassoCV, five machine learning algorithms were applied to develop estimation models. The newly developed model (SVR-RBF_VIs+TIs) exhibited robust estimation performance (R² = 0.8131, RMSE = 3.2333, RRMSE = 0.0710, and RPD = 2.3424) when validated against independent SPAD value datasets collected from fields with varying sowing dates. Moreover, this optimal model also exhibited a notable level of transferability at another location with different sowing times, wheat varieties, and soil types from the modeling area. In addition, this research revealed that despite the lower resolution of satellite imagery compared to UAV imagery, the incorporation of TIs significantly improved estimation accuracies compared to the sole use of VIs typical in previous studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Application in Augmenting Water and Fertilizer Utilization for Sustainable Agriculture)

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