Nanomaterials

16 pages, 3931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Wear-Resistant Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Fluorocarbon-Graphene Hybrids

by Ke Zhang, Liang Zhang, Jinlong Ren, Yubin Li, Zaibang Wu, Kaihan Shan, Lin Zhang, Lingyu Wan and Tao Lin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100763 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are pivotal for powering small electronic devices by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. However, the wear resistance of TENG friction layers remains a critical barrier to their long-term performance. This study introduces a hybrid material combining fluorinated ethylene vinyl [...] Read more.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are pivotal for powering small electronic devices by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. However, the wear resistance of TENG friction layers remains a critical barrier to their long-term performance. This study introduces a hybrid material combining fluorinated ethylene vinyl ether (FEVE) and three-dimensional hierarchical porous graphene (3D HPG) to address these challenges. FEVE was selected for its low friction coefficient and excellent wear resistance, while 3D HPG enhances charge generation and transfer efficiency. The incorporation of 3D HPG into FEVE significantly improves both triboelectric output and durability, achieving a charge density of 140 μC/m², surpassing conventional copper-based TENGs (50–120 μC/m²). The hybrid material demonstrates minimal performance degradation over 10⁵ sliding cycles, highlighting its potential for durable, low-cost, and high-efficiency TENGs in wearable and portable electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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16 pages, 4092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observation of Thickness-Modulated Out-of-Plane Spin–Orbit Torque in Polycrystalline Few-Layer Td-WTe₂ Film

by Mingkun Zheng, Wancheng Zhang, You Lv, Yong Liu, Rui Xiong, Zhenhua Zhang and Zhihong Lu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100762 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The low-symmetry Weyl semimetallic Td-phase WTe₂ exhibits both a distinct out-of-plane damping torque (

τ_{DL}

) and exceptional charge–spin interconversion efficiency enabled by strong spin-orbit coupling, positioning it as a prime candidate for spin–orbit torque (SOT) applications in two-dimensional transition metal [...] Read more.

The low-symmetry Weyl semimetallic Td-phase WTe₂ exhibits both a distinct out-of-plane damping torque (

τ_{DL}

) and exceptional charge–spin interconversion efficiency enabled by strong spin-orbit coupling, positioning it as a prime candidate for spin–orbit torque (SOT) applications in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Herein, we report on thickness-dependent unconventional out-of-plane

τ_{DL}

in chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) polycrystalline Td-WTe₂ (t)/Ni₈₀Fe₂₀/MgO/Ti (Td-WTN-t) heterostructures. Angle-resolved spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements on the Td-WTN-12 structure showed significant spin Hall conductivities of σ_SH,y = 4.93 × 10³ (ℏ/2e) Ω⁻¹m⁻¹ and σ_SH,z = 0.81 × 10³ (ℏ/2e) Ω⁻¹m⁻¹, highlighting its potential for wafer-scale spin–orbit torque device applications. Additionally, a detailed examination of magnetotransport properties in polycrystalline few-layer Td-WTe₂ films as a function of thickness revealed a marked amplification of the out-of-plane magnetoresistance, which can be ascribed to the anisotropic nature of charge carrier scattering mechanisms within the material. Spin pumping measurements in Td-WTN-t heterostructures further revealed thickness-dependent spin transport properties of Td-WTe₂, with damping analysis yielding an out-of-plane spin diffusion length of λ_SD ≈ 14 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Two-Dimensional Materials and Applications for Electronic Devices)

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16 pages, 4346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Calculations of Plasmon-Induced Hot Carrier Properties of μ-Ag₃Al

by Zihan Zhao, Hai Ren, Yucheng Wang, Xiangchao Ma, Jiali Jiang, Linfang Wei and Delian Liu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100761 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Non-radiative decay of surface plasmon (SP) offers a novel paradigm for efficient conversion of photons into carriers. However, the narrow bandwidth of SP has been a significant obstacle to the widespread applications. Previously, research and applications mainly focused on noble metals such as [...] Read more.

Non-radiative decay of surface plasmon (SP) offers a novel paradigm for efficient conversion of photons into carriers. However, the narrow bandwidth of SP has been a significant obstacle to the widespread applications. Previously, research and applications mainly focused on noble metals such as Au, Ag, and Cu. In this article, we report an Ag-Al alloy material, μ-Ag₃Al, in which the surface plasmon operating bandwidth is 1.7 times that of Ag and hot carrier transport properties are comparable with those of AuAl. The results show that μ-Ag₃Al allows efficient direct interband electronic transitions from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared range. Spherical nanoparticles of μ-Ag₃Al exhibit the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the ultraviolet region. Its surface plasmon polariton (SPP) shows strong non-radiative decay at 3.36 eV, which is favorable for the generation of high-energy hot carriers. In addition, the penetration depth of SPP in μ-Ag₃Al remains high across the UV to the near-infrared range. Moreover, the transport properties of hot carriers in μ-Ag₃Al are comparable with those in Al, borophene and Au-Al intermetallic compounds. These properties can provide guidance for the design of plasmon-based photodetectors, solar cells, and photocatalytic reactors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Plasmonics and Nanoscale Optoelectronics: From Theory to Experiments)

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16 pages, 3340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stripe-Patterned Al/PDMS Triboelectric Nanogenerator for a High-Sensitive Pressure Sensor and a Novel Two-Digit Switch with Surface-Edge Enhanced Charge Transfer Behavior

by Chung-Yu Yu, Chia-Chun Hsu, Chin-An Ku and Chen-Kuei Chung

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100760 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) holds significant potential as a self-powered pressure sensor due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output voltage of a TENG is directly correlated with the applied pressure, making it highly suitable for pressure sensing [...] Read more.

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) holds significant potential as a self-powered pressure sensor due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output voltage of a TENG is directly correlated with the applied pressure, making it highly suitable for pressure sensing applications. Among the key factors influencing TENG performance, the microstructure on the surface plays a crucial role. However, the effect of surface microstructure on charge transfer behavior remains relatively underexplored. Here, a stripe-patterned rough TENG (SR-TENG) fabricated by laser ablation and molding is proposed. The stripe-patterned rough surface exhibits excellent deformation properties, allowing for more effective contact area between the tribolayers. Additionally, the localized surface-edge enhanced electric field at the stripe boundaries improves surface charge transfer, thereby enhancing overall output performance. The SR-TENG achieved an open-circuit voltage of 97 V, a short-circuit current of 59.6 μA, an instantaneous power of 3.55 mW, and a power density of 1.54 W/m². As an energy harvester, the SR-TENG successfully powered 150 LEDs. A linear relationship between applied pressure and output voltage was established with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.94, demonstrating a high sensitivity of 14.14 V/kPa. For practical application, a novel self-powered two-digit pressure switch was developed based on the SR-TENG. This system enables the control of two different LEDs using a single TENG device, triggered by applying a light or hard press. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research for Food Contact Materials and Sensors Based on Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 3796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoarchitectonics and Theoretical Evaluation on Electronic Transport Mechanism of Spin-Filtering Devices Based on Bridging Molecules

by Haiyan Wang, Shuaiqi Liu, Chao Wu, Fang Xie, Zhiqiang Fan and Xiaobo Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100759 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

By combining density functional theory with the non-equilibrium Green’s function method, we conducted a first-principles investigation of spin-dependent transport properties in a molecular device featuring a dynamic covalent chemical bridge connected to zigzag graphene nanoribbon electrodes. The effects of spin-filtering and spin-rectifying on [...] Read more.

By combining density functional theory with the non-equilibrium Green’s function method, we conducted a first-principles investigation of spin-dependent transport properties in a molecular device featuring a dynamic covalent chemical bridge connected to zigzag graphene nanoribbon electrodes. The effects of spin-filtering and spin-rectifying on the I–V characteristics are revealed and explained for the proposed molecular device. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that all three devices exhibit significant single-spin-filtering behavior in parallel (P) magnetization and dual-spin-filtering effects in antiparallel (AP) configurations, achieving nearly 100% spin-filtering efficiency. At the same time, from the I–V curves, we find that there is a weak negative differential resistance effect. Moreover, a high rectifying ratio is found for spin-up electron transport in AP magnetization, which is explained by the transmission spectrum and local density of state. The fundamental mechanisms governing these phenomena have been elucidated through a systematic analysis of spin-resolved transmission spectra and spin-polarized electron transport pathways. These results extend the design principles of spin-controlled molecular electronics beyond graphene-based systems, offering a universal strategy for manipulating spin-polarized currents through dynamic covalent interfaces. The nearly ideal spin-filtering efficiency and tunable rectification suggest potential applications in energy-efficient spintronic logic gates and non-volatile memory devices, while the methodology provides a framework for optimizing spin-dependent transport in hybrid organic–inorganic nanoarchitectures. Our findings suggest that such systems are promising candidates for future spintronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)

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14 pages, 3772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Dinitrates: Electrolyte Additives That Increase the Energy Densities of Lithium/Graphite Fluoride Batteries

by Junwei Xiao, Lingchen Kong, Yong Wang, Ziyue Zhao, Yu Li and Wei Feng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100758 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Li/graphite fluoride (Li/CF_x) batteries display the highest energy densities among those of commercially available primary Li batteries but fail to satisfy the high-performance requirements of advanced applications. To address this drawback, two liquid organic dinitrates, namely, 1,4-butanediol dinitrate (BDE) and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1,4-butanediol [...] Read more.

Li/graphite fluoride (Li/CF_x) batteries display the highest energy densities among those of commercially available primary Li batteries but fail to satisfy the high-performance requirements of advanced applications. To address this drawback, two liquid organic dinitrates, namely, 1,4-butanediol dinitrate (BDE) and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1,4-butanediol dinitrate (TBD), were employed as high-energy energetic materials, and they were highly compatible with the electrolytes of Li/CF_x batteries. The use of Super P electrodes confirmed that the reduction reaction mechanisms of both nitrate ester-based compounds delivered considerable specific capacities, associated with discharge potentials matching that of the Li/CF_x battery. When considering the combined mass of the electrolyte and cathode as the active material, the overall energy densities of the Li/CF_x batteries increased by 25.3% (TBD) and 20.8% (BDE), reaching 1005.50 and 969.1 Wh/kg, respectively. The superior performance of TBD was due to the synergistic effects of the high electronegativities and levels of steric hindrance of the F atoms. Moreover, the nanocrystal LiF particles generated by TBD induced crack formation within the fluorinated graphite, increasing the lithium-ion accessible surface area and enhancing its utilization efficiency. These combined factors enhanced the reactivity of TBD and facilitated its involvement in electrochemical reactions, thus improving the capacity of the battery. The developed strategy enables the facile, cost-effective enhancement of the capacities of Li/CF_x batteries, paving the way for their practical use in energy-demanding devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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45 pages, 9513 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mathematical and Physical Description of Transport Phenomena in Heat Pipes Based on Nanofluids: A Review

by Marina S. Astanina, Nikita S. Gibanov, Igor V. Miroshnichenko, Egor A. Tarasov and Mikhail A. Sheremet

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100757 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Heat pipes are highly efficient heat transfer devices relying on phase-change mechanisms, with performance heavily influenced by working fluids and operational dynamics. This review article comprehensively examines hydrodynamics and heat transfer in heat pipes, contrasting conventional working fluids with nanofluid-enhanced systems. In the [...] Read more.

Heat pipes are highly efficient heat transfer devices relying on phase-change mechanisms, with performance heavily influenced by working fluids and operational dynamics. This review article comprehensively examines hydrodynamics and heat transfer in heat pipes, contrasting conventional working fluids with nanofluid-enhanced systems. In the present work we discuss mathematical models governing fluid flow and heat transfer, emphasizing continuum and porous media approaches for wick structures. Functional dependencies of thermophysical properties (e.g., viscosity, surface tension, thermal conductivity) are reviewed, highlighting temperature-driven correlations and nanofluid modifications. Transport mechanisms within wicks are analyzed, addressing capillary-driven flow, permeability, and challenges posed by nanoparticle integration. Fourth, interfacial phase-change conditions—evaporation and condensation—are modeled, focusing on kinetic theory and empirical correlations. Also, numerical and experimental results are synthesized to quantify performance enhancements from nanofluids, including thermal resistance reduction and capillary limit extension, while addressing inconsistencies in stability and pressure drop trade-offs. Finally, applications spanning electronics cooling, aero-space, and renewable energy systems are evaluated, underscoring nanofluids’ potential to expand heat pipe usability in extreme environments. The review identifies critical gaps, such as long-term nanoparticle stability and scalability of lab-scale models, while advocating for unified frameworks to optimize nanofluid selection and wick design. This work serves as a foundational reference for researchers and engineers aiming to advance heat pipe technology through nanofluid integration, balancing theoretical rigor with practical feasibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

19 pages, 4619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural and Elemental Characterization of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers

by Mateusz Radwanski, Ireneusz Piwonski, Tomasz Szmechtyk, Salvatore Sauro and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100756 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Calcium silicate-based sealers (CSBS) vary in chemical composition, which can influence treatment outcomes. Therefore, the study aimed at comparing several commercially available CSBS regarding microstructure and elemental characterization. Four CSBS (AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer, BioRoot RCS, BioRoot Flow, TotalFill BC Sealer) and a [...] Read more.

Calcium silicate-based sealers (CSBS) vary in chemical composition, which can influence treatment outcomes. Therefore, the study aimed at comparing several commercially available CSBS regarding microstructure and elemental characterization. Four CSBS (AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer, BioRoot RCS, BioRoot Flow, TotalFill BC Sealer) and a control resin-based sealer (AH Plus) were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD). The specimens were analyzed after setting (SEM, EDX, XRD), as well as after 7 (SEM) and 28 days (SEM, EDX) of incubation in Hank’s balanced salt solution. AH Plus exhibited a uniform matrix and small amounts of calcium (Ca), significantly decreasing after incubation. In contrast, CSBSs exhibited crystalline forms on the surface and increased Ca content, significantly increasing after 28 days of incubation. The main crystalline phase for all tested CSBS was zirconium oxide, while for ERBS it was calcium tungstate. In conclusion, the amount of calcium increased on the surface of CSBSs after incubation, which alkalinized the pH, promoting mineralization, apatite formation, and antibacterial potential. Despite this, the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer was not demonstrated, possibly due to the high dissolution potential of CSBSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Chemical Engineering (3rd Edition))

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11 pages, 4255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gold Nanocages with a Long Surface Plasmon Resonance Peak Wavelength as Contrast Agents for Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging at 1060 nm

by Yongping Chen, Jiefeng Xi, Vinh Nguyen Du Le, Jessica Ramella-Roman and Xingde Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100755 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2025

Abstract

There is growing interest in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging at a wavelength of 1060 nm. However, potential contrast agents for OCT imaging at this specific wavelength has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we present the synthesis and optical characterization of [...] Read more.

There is growing interest in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging at a wavelength of 1060 nm. However, potential contrast agents for OCT imaging at this specific wavelength has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we present the synthesis and optical characterization of gold nanocages with a small edge length (~65 nm) and a surface plasmon resonance peak around 1060 nm. These nanocages represent a class of potential contrast agents for OCT at 1060 nm. OCT imaging experiments were conducted on phantoms and in vivo mouse tissues using a 1060 nm swept-source OCT system, demonstrating significant enhancement in imaging contrast due to the presence of the gold nanocages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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47 pages, 4051 KiB

Open AccessReview

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Modern Science and Technology: Multifunctional Roles in Healthcare, Environmental Remediation, and Industry

by Veeranjaneya Reddy Lebaka, Perugu Ravi, Madhava C. Reddy, Chandrasekhar Thummala and Tapas Kumar Mandal

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100754 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered significant attention across various scientific and technological domains due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, photostability, biocompatibility, and potent antimicrobial activity. These attributes make ZnO NPs highly versatile, enabling their application in biomedicine, [...] Read more.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered significant attention across various scientific and technological domains due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, photostability, biocompatibility, and potent antimicrobial activity. These attributes make ZnO NPs highly versatile, enabling their application in biomedicine, environmental science, industry, and agriculture. They serve as effective antimicrobial agents in medical treatments and as catalysts in environmental purification processes, owing to their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibit photocatalytic activity under UV light. Moreover, ZnO NPs are being increasingly employed in advanced drug delivery systems and cancer therapies, highlighting their potential in modern medicine. Their growing popularity is further supported by their ease of synthesis, cost-effectiveness, and capacity for diverse functionalization, which expand their utility across multiple sectors. This review focuses on research from the past five years (2020–2025) on the practical uses of ZnO nanoparticles in the biomedical, environmental, industrial, and agricultural fields. It also highlights current trends, existing challenges, and future perspectives. By examining these aspects, the article provides a comprehensive understanding of the versatile roles of ZnO NPs and their emerging significance in science and technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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11 pages, 2839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Nitrate Reduction Performance of Cu-Doped Nanoporous Co₂P Electrocatalyst

by Yunduo Huang, Xiechen Zhang, Yanqin Liang, Hui Jiang, Shuilin Wu, Zhaoyang Li, Zhenduo Cui, Shengli Zhu, Zhonghui Gao and Wence Xu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100753 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025

Abstract

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NO₃RR) is a promising approach to recycle nitrogen from nitrate pollutants, yet it remains challenged by low Faradaic efficiency and insufficient NH₃ production. Herein, Cu-doped nanoporous Co₂P (np-Co_2−xCu_xP) is [...] Read more.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NO₃RR) is a promising approach to recycle nitrogen from nitrate pollutants, yet it remains challenged by low Faradaic efficiency and insufficient NH₃ production. Herein, Cu-doped nanoporous Co₂P (np-Co_2−xCu_xP) is reported as electrocatalyst for NO₃RR, achieving an ammonia yield rate of 30.6 mg h⁻¹ cm⁻² with a Faradaic efficiency of 93.4% at −0.3 V vs. RHE. In-situ spectroscopic analyses indicate that Cu incorporation modifies the surface electronic structure, resulting in the promotion of *H adsorption and *NO₂⁻ hydrogenation, thereby facilitating efficient ammonia generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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13 pages, 6299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of g-C₃N₄/Co₃O₄/NS-CQDs Composite Materials and Their Application in the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose

by Chang Feng, Yufeng Chen, Weie Wang, Yanan Niu, Xi Cao and Yuguang Lv

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100752 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2025

Abstract

g-C₃N₄, a biocompatible material, has prominent applications in biology and is ideal for nano-enzyme studies. Though reported as a peroxidase mimic, its activity remains low. This group combined N,S-doped carbon quantum dots (NS-CQDs) with g-C₃N₄ (7NSC-g), [...] Read more.

g-C₃N₄, a biocompatible material, has prominent applications in biology and is ideal for nano-enzyme studies. Though reported as a peroxidase mimic, its activity remains low. This group combined N,S-doped carbon quantum dots (NS-CQDs) with g-C₃N₄ (7NSC-g), verifying its peroxidase-like activity. Based on this, a ternary composite of Co₃O₄ in different forms and 7NSC-g was developed to enhance peroxidase activity, to design a g-C₃N₄-based composite enzyme. Characterizations determined the composition and morphology. Colorimetry evaluated peroxidase activity, where the simulated enzyme catalyzes blue product formation from the TMB substrate in the presence of H₂O₂. UV-Vis spectrophotometry measured absorbance changes to determine target concentrations. The results show Co₃O₄ doping improves catalytic activity, with larger specific surface area providing more activation sites. The highest activity of g-C₃N₄/NS-CQDs/Co₃O₄ was at 5% floral Co₃O₄, being efficient due to Co₃O₄’s electron-transfer acceleration and hydroxyl-radical mechanism. Under optimal conditions, the composite detected H₂O₂ (10.0–230.0 μM, detection limit of 0.031 μM) and glucose (10.0–650.0 μM, detection limit of 1.024 μM). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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12 pages, 1808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Cellulose Biomass to Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Modified HZSM-5 Zeolite

by Jian Li, Laizhi Sun, Derun Hua, Xinning Lu, Dandan Yang and Zhiying Wu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100751 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

Gallium-modified Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) zeolites were synthesized using wetness impregnation and hydrothermal synthesis methods. The structural and acidic properties of the zeolites were characterized through an analytical instrument, which demonstrated that Gallium-modified HZSM-5 zeolites retain the Mobil five instructure (MFI) framework structure, [...] Read more.

Gallium-modified Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) zeolites were synthesized using wetness impregnation and hydrothermal synthesis methods. The structural and acidic properties of the zeolites were characterized through an analytical instrument, which demonstrated that Gallium-modified HZSM-5 zeolites retain the Mobil five instructure (MFI) framework structure, but exhibit a reduction in Brønsted acid sites and a decrease in micropore size. The catalytic performance of these zeolites in the pyrolysis of cellulose biomass and polyethylene was tested. Compared with HZSM-5, Ga-modified HZSM-5 zeolites considerably increased monoaromatic yields while reducing alkanes production. In particular, gallium-impregnated HZSM-5 increased the monoaromatic yield from 37.6% for ZSM-5 to 43.2%, while hydrothermal synthesized Ga-HMFI reduced polyaromatic and alkane yields from 6.6% and 24.6% for HZSM-5 to 2.9% and 11.4%, respectively. These results indicated that Ga-modified HZSM-5 zeolites can improve the synergy between cellulose-derived oxygenates and polyethylene-derived olefins, enhancing the yield of petrochemical hydrocarbons compared to that predicted by theoretical calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects of Nanocomposites in CO₂ Emission Reduction and Conversion)

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19 pages, 4494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spacer Loss upon 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Halide Perovskite Annealing Raises Film Properties and Solar Cell Performances

by Tao Zhu, Min Liu, Marie Cresp, Daming Zheng, Karol Vegso, Peter Siffalovic and Thierry Pauporté

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100750 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

Using reduced-dimensional halide perovskites is emerging as a promising strategy for enhancing the stability of optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, even if their performances remain a step below those of the 3D halide perovskites. Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (2D-RP) structures are characterized by the [...] Read more.

Using reduced-dimensional halide perovskites is emerging as a promising strategy for enhancing the stability of optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, even if their performances remain a step below those of the 3D halide perovskites. Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (2D-RP) structures are characterized by the n parameter that represents the number of PbI₆ layers in the spacer-separated perovskite slabs. The present study focuses on formamidinium (FA)-based 2D-RP type perovskites denoted as PMA₂FA_n−1Pb_nI_3n+1 (PMA = Phenylmethylammonium or benzylammonium). We investigate the effect of n on the one step growth mechanism and the film morphology, microstructure, phase purity, and optoelectronic properties. Our findings demonstrate that the average n is not only determined by the initial spacer content in the precursor solution but also by the thermal annealing process that leads to a partial spacer loss. Depending on n, perovskite solar cells achieving a power conversion efficiency up to 21%, coupled with enhanced film stability compared to 3D perovskites have been prepared. By using MACl additive and an excess of PbI₂ in the perovskite precursor solution, we have been able to achieve high efficiency and to stabilize the n = 5 perovskite solar cells. This research represents a significant stride in comprehending the formation of FA-based layered perovskites through one-step sequential deposition, enabling control over their phase distribution, composition, and orientation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Optoelectronics: Second Edition)

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22 pages, 2259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamical Characteristics of Isolated Donors, Acceptors, and Complex Defect Centers in Novel ZnO

by Devki N. Talwar and Piotr Becla

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100749 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

Novel wide-bandgap ZnO, BeO, and ZnBeO materials have recently gained considerable interest due to their stellar optoelectronic properties. These semiconductors are being used in developing high-resolution, flexible, transparent nanoelectronics/photonics and achieving high-power radio frequency modules for sensors/biosensors, photodetectors/solar cells, and resistive random-access memory [...] Read more.

Novel wide-bandgap ZnO, BeO, and ZnBeO materials have recently gained considerable interest due to their stellar optoelectronic properties. These semiconductors are being used in developing high-resolution, flexible, transparent nanoelectronics/photonics and achieving high-power radio frequency modules for sensors/biosensors, photodetectors/solar cells, and resistive random-access memory applications. Despite earlier evidence of attaining p-type wz ZnO with N doping, the problem persists in achieving reproducible p-type conductivity. This issue is linked to charging compensation by intrinsic donors and/or background impurities. In ZnO: Al (Li), the vibrational features by infrared and Raman spectroscopy have been ascribed to the presence of isolated

{A l}_{Z n} {(L i}_{Z n})

defects, nearest-neighbor (NN)

{[A l}_{Z n} {- N}_{O}

] pairs, and second NN

{[A l}_{Z n} {- O - L i}_{Z n}; V_{Z n} - O {- L i}_{Z n}]

complexes. However, no firm identification has been established. By integrating accurate perturbation models in a realistic Green’s function method, we have meticulously simulated the impurity vibrational modes of

{A l}_{Z n}

{(L i}_{Z n})

and their bonding to form complexes with dopants as well as intrinsic defects. We strongly feel that these phonon features in doped ZnO will encourage spectroscopists to perform similar measurements to check our theoretical conjectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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16 pages, 4155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of CeO₂ Through Silver Decoration: A Study on Ag@CeO₂ Nanocomposites

by Chen Yang, Jingjing He, Siying Chen, Qiuping Li and Xuexia Lin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100748 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

In this study, silver-decorated cerium oxide (Ag@CeO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized through a simple mixing and pyrolysis process to enhance their antioxidant and antitumor properties. The synthesis methods for Ag@CeO₂ were optimized, resulting in nanoparticles with varying antioxidant activities. Notably, the [...] Read more.

In this study, silver-decorated cerium oxide (Ag@CeO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized through a simple mixing and pyrolysis process to enhance their antioxidant and antitumor properties. The synthesis methods for Ag@CeO₂ were optimized, resulting in nanoparticles with varying antioxidant activities. Notably, the embedding of Ag nanoparticles within CeO₂ during pyrolysis significantly improved the antioxidant activity and stability of the nanoparticles, leading to enhanced antitumor effects. The Ag@CeO₂ nanoparticles exhibited strong cytotoxicity against tumor cells (MCF-7) while maintaining low toxicity toward normal cells (HUVECs). These properties, combined with their ability to modulate mitochondrial membrane potential, position Ag@CeO₂ as a promising candidate for electrochemical therapy (ECT). This study highlights the antioxidant potential and the potential of Ag@CeO₂ nanoparticles in tumor treatment and provides new insights into the application of nanomaterials in ECT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)

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21 pages, 16960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Characterization of Microscopic Pore Structure in Medium–High Permeability Sandstones During Waterflooding

by Jiayi Wu, Wenbo Gong, Qingyu Wang, Yuhang He, Junhui Guo, Yi Bao, Shuai Shao and Rubin Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100747 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Understanding the microscopic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of pore structures during high-PV waterflooding is critical for improving the accuracy and efficiency of oil field development. While previous studies have primarily emphasized the geometric and morphological features of overall pore structures, they often overlook [...] Read more.

Understanding the microscopic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of pore structures during high-PV waterflooding is critical for improving the accuracy and efficiency of oil field development. While previous studies have primarily emphasized the geometric and morphological features of overall pore structures, they often overlook local pore-scale properties and their relationship with fluid transport capacity. This study proposes a novel classification method for microscopic pore structures that integrates both pore size and local flow conductivity, enabling a more physically grounded and quantitatively robust evaluation of pore systems across rocks with varying permeabilities. The classification scheme divides microscopic pores into six distinct types based on key parameters such as pore diameter and flow flux area. To validate this approach, high-PV waterflooding experiments were performed on six sandstone samples with different permeabilities. High-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging was employed to capture the internal pore structures before and after flooding. The results reveal that while low-connectivity small pores dominate numerically across all samples, high-connectivity small pores account for the largest volumetric share in medium-permeability rocks. Although overall pore size distributions remain relatively stable during high-PV waterflooding, transitions between pore types occur, driven by localized structural changes. Notably, in medium-permeability rocks, the number of low-connectivity small pores increases, whereas high-connectivity small pores decline. These findings deepen our understanding of microscopic heterogeneity and provide a theoretical foundation for evaluating the occurrence of residual oil. Moreover, the proposed classification framework offers valuable guidance for optimizing enhanced oil recovery strategies in the late stages of ultra-high water cut development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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13 pages, 3626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lithiophilic Modification of Self-Supporting Carbon-Based Hosts and Lithium Metal Plating/Stripping Behaviors

by Zipeng Jiang, Shoudong Xie, Guijun Yang, Huiyuan Chen, Jiahang Lv, Ang Li, Chengwei Fan and Huaihe Song

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100746 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Metallic lithium anodes possess the lowest redox potential (−3.04 V vs. SHE) and an ultra-high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g⁻¹, 2061 mAh cm⁻³). However, during electrochemical cycling, lithium metal tends to plate unevenly, leading to the formation of lithium [...] Read more.

Metallic lithium anodes possess the lowest redox potential (−3.04 V vs. SHE) and an ultra-high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g⁻¹, 2061 mAh cm⁻³). However, during electrochemical cycling, lithium metal tends to plate unevenly, leading to the formation of lithium dendrites. Moreover, severe electrochemical corrosion occurs at the interface between metallic lithium and traditional copper foil current collectors. To address these issues, we selected corrosion-resistant carbon paper as a lithium metal host and modified a uniform distribution of silver nanoparticles and a F-doped amorphous carbon structure as a highly lithiophilic F-CP@Ag host to enhance lithium-ion transport kinetics and achieve improved affinity with lithium metal. The silver nanoparticles reduced the lithium nucleation energy barrier, while F doping resulted in a LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase that better accommodated volume changes in lithium metal. These two strategies worked together to ensure uniform and stable lithium metal plating/stripping on the F-CP@Ag host. Consequently, under the conditions of 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻², the symmetric cell exhibited stable cycling with a polarization voltage of 8 mV for up to 1400 h. This work highlights the corrosion problem of lithium metal on traditional copper foil current collectors and provides guidance for the long-term cycling stability of lithium metal anodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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28 pages, 7536 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress on High-Efficiency Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells

by Kelei Wang, Jiana Zheng, Runnan Yu and Zhan’ao Tan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100745 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Perovskite/organic tandem solar cells, as a next-generation high-efficiency photovoltaic technology, integrate the tunable bandgap characteristics of perovskite materials with the broad spectral absorption advantages of organic semiconductors, demonstrating remarkable potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limits of single-junction cells, enhance device stability, and [...] Read more.

Perovskite/organic tandem solar cells, as a next-generation high-efficiency photovoltaic technology, integrate the tunable bandgap characteristics of perovskite materials with the broad spectral absorption advantages of organic semiconductors, demonstrating remarkable potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limits of single-junction cells, enhance device stability, and expand application scenarios. This architecture supports low-temperature solution processing and offers tunable bandgaps, lightweight flexibility, and ecofriendly advantages. This review systematically summarizes research progress in this field, with a primary focus on analyzing the working principles, performance optimization strategies, and key challenges of the technology. Firstly, the article discusses strategies such as defect passivation, crystallization control, and suppression of phase separation in wide-bandgap perovskite sub-cells, offering insights into mitigating open-circuit voltage losses. Secondly, for the narrow-bandgap organic sub-cells, this paper highlights the optimization strategies for both the active layer and interfacial layers, aiming to improve spectral utilization and enhance power conversion efficiency. Additionally, this paper emphasizes the optimization of optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and energy level alignment in the recombination layer, providing theoretical guidance for efficient current matching and carrier transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic/Perovskite Solar Cell)

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