Inorganics

14 pages, 2662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Co₃-Based Secondary Building Units in Metal–Organic Frameworks via Pyridine-Derived Ligands: Crystal Structures, Magnetic Properties, and Electronic Spin States

by Kanami Matsubara, Natsumi Yano, Hiroshi Sakiyama, Makoto Handa and Yusuke Kataoka

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040104 - 4 Apr 2026

Abstract

Two trinuclear cobalt (Co₃)-based metal–organic frameworks, [Co₃(CHDC)₃(py)₄] (2; CHDC = trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, py = pyridine) and [Co₃(CHDC)₃(mpy)₂]· 2DMF (3; mpy = 4-methylpyridine, DMF = N [...] Read more.

Two trinuclear cobalt (Co₃)-based metal–organic frameworks, [Co₃(CHDC)₃(py)₄] (2; CHDC = trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, py = pyridine) and [Co₃(CHDC)₃(mpy)₂]· 2DMF (3; mpy = 4-methylpyridine, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), were successfully prepared via the solvothermal reactions of Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and py/mpy in DMF solution. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the Co₃-secondary building units (SBUs) in 2 and 3 adopt Co^octahedral···Co^octahedral···Co^octahedral and Co^tetrahedral···Co^octahedral···Co^tetrahedral coordination environments, respectively, and are connected by six CHDC linkers to form two-dimensional sheet structures with a triangular lattice. The structural differences of these Co₃-SBUs led to clear differences in the magnetic properties and electronic spin states of 2 and 3; temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that 2 and 3 exhibited antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions, respectively, within the Co₃-SBUs. These experimental magnetic results are consistent with the density-functional theory calculations of the model structures of Co₃-SBUs, which indicate that the most stable spin states are S = 3/2 for 2 and S = 9/2 for 3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3654 KB

Open AccessArticle

Boosting Photo-Fenton Activity of FeWO₄ via Mn Doping for Pollutant Degradation: Band Structure Engineering and Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation

by Sheng Wang, Han Li, Huagen Liang and Fu Chen

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040103 - 1 Apr 2026

Abstract

Photo-Fenton technology is considered an effective method for removing organic pollutants from water. In this work, a novel Mn-doped FeWO₄ (Mn-FeWO₄) photocatalyst was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method and applied for the photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline (TC). The optimal [...] Read more.

Photo-Fenton technology is considered an effective method for removing organic pollutants from water. In this work, a novel Mn-doped FeWO₄ (Mn-FeWO₄) photocatalyst was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method and applied for the photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline (TC). The optimal Mn-FeWO₄-0.05 achieved 100% removal of TC within 60 min under visible light irradiation with a degradation rate constant of 0.0793 min⁻¹, which is 4.5 times higher than that of pristine FeWO₄. Systematic characterization revealed that Mn²⁺ ions were successfully incorporated into the FeWO₄ lattice, inducing lattice expansion and narrowing the bandgap from 2.37 eV to 2.25 eV, while also adjusting the conduction and valence band positions. This modulation significantly enhanced visible light absorption and promoted the separation and migration of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. In addition, the Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺ and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ dual redox cycles ensure the continuous generation of reactive oxygen species. Radical trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy demonstrated that superoxide radicals (•O₂⁻) and photogenerated holes (h⁺) were the dominant reactive species, while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) played auxiliary roles. Moreover, Mn-FeWO₄-0.05 exhibited excellent stability, strong anti-interference ability against common anions, and high degradation efficiency toward various pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 10206 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural, Electronic, and Thermoelectric Insights into the Novel K₂OsCl₃Ag₃ and Rb₂OsCl₃Ag₃ Perovskites

by Nicholas O. Ongwen and Adel Bandar Alruqi

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040102 - 1 Apr 2026

Abstract

The field of perovskites continues to advance each day, with new materials being discovered in order to eliminate the toxic and less efficient ones. Some of the challenges currently facing the perovskite industry include coming up with materials with higher electrical conductivity and [...] Read more.

The field of perovskites continues to advance each day, with new materials being discovered in order to eliminate the toxic and less efficient ones. Some of the challenges currently facing the perovskite industry include coming up with materials with higher electrical conductivity and lower thermal conductivity, as well as p-type semiconductors. In an attempt to address these challenges, this study modeled two novel perovskites from potassium hexachloroosmate (VI) (K₂OsCl₆) by replacing some of the chlorine atoms with those of silver, then characterized their structural, electronic (using both conventional and hybrid functionals), and thermoelectric properties using Quantum Espresso and BoltzTrap2 codes. The calculations were performed within the framework of density functional theory. The results showed that the novel materials exhibited higher density, lower thermal conductivity, lower band gaps, and positive Hall coefficient, unlike the K₂OsCl₆ sample. These materials can thus be used in areas such as in p–n junctions, thermoelectric devices, and optoelectronic devices. However, since this study was purely computational, the properties need to be verified through an experimental study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 4th Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Diverse Synthesis Pathways for Copper- and Silica-Based Janus Nanoparticles

by Martha Claros, Yanio E. Milian, Svetlana Ushak and Stella Vallejos

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040101 - 31 Mar 2026

Abstract

Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) synthesis has caught the scientific community’s attention due to their amphiphilic properties and extensive areas of application. In this work, different new copper–silica-based and silica-based JNPs were synthesized using a novel masking methodology and a self-assembly method based on sol–gel [...] Read more.

Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) synthesis has caught the scientific community’s attention due to their amphiphilic properties and extensive areas of application. In this work, different new copper–silica-based and silica-based JNPs were synthesized using a novel masking methodology and a self-assembly method based on sol–gel procedures, respectively. Moreover, various techniques were used to characterize the developed nanomaterials, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two types of copper–silica-based Janus nanoparticles were synthesized with a 40 to 70 nm size, while SiO₂-based JNPs of around 135 nm were obtained. The duality of different JNPs was confirmed by SEM and by a simple and economical route based on an emulsion stabilization path: analyzing dispersion/aggregation and associated behavior at the immiscible solvent interface. JNPs exhibited an extended residence time over 20 days at an immiscible solvent interface, thereby enhancing the resulting emulsion interface stability. This behavior highlighted their amphiphilic characteristics in comparison to conventional nanoparticles. Consequently, a procedure to determine nanoparticle amphiphilicity could be further standardized. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 5265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Kinetic Impact of DMSO on Platinum(II) Coordination: An Experimental and Computational Study of Cisplatin and 2-Thiohydantoin Ligands

by Petar B. Stanić, Amina I. Nurović, Tanja V. Soldatović, Darko P. Ašanin, Marko V. Rodić, Biljana M. Šmit and Goran V. Janjić

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040100 - 30 Mar 2026

Abstract

This study presents a thorough investigation of chemical outcomes during the reaction of cisplatin and 2-thiohydantoin ligands in the presence of DMSO. Aided by NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations, the influence of DMSO substitution on the reaction factors is specified, and key [...] Read more.

This study presents a thorough investigation of chemical outcomes during the reaction of cisplatin and 2-thiohydantoin ligands in the presence of DMSO. Aided by NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations, the influence of DMSO substitution on the reaction factors is specified, and key intermediates and products in the reaction mechanism are identified and characterized. Coordination modes, reaction orders, and important thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs free energies, stabilization energies, and reaction rate constants, are determined. Molecular docking was utilized to propose the binding modes of the final products to DNA and predict their anticancer properties. The results of this study represent a unique kinetic and mechanistic outlook into the influence of DMSO on platinum(II) coordination, as ligand substitution with DMSO was previously found to alter the coordination environment in a biologically relevant manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Compounds: Relevance for the Biomedical Field, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2450 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metal Atoms Adsorbed on AlN Monolayer: Potential Application in Photodetectors

by Zhao Shao and Fengjiao Cheng

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040099 - 30 Mar 2026

Abstract

Two-dimensional materials have broad application prospects in the field of optoelectronic devices. As a next-generation power electronic device, AlN materials have obvious advantages in power processing, and their monolayer structure has excellent optoelectronic properties, which is of great significance for the study of [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional materials have broad application prospects in the field of optoelectronic devices. As a next-generation power electronic device, AlN materials have obvious advantages in power processing, and their monolayer structure has excellent optoelectronic properties, which is of great significance for the study of 2D AlN monolayers. Properties such as electronic and optical properties of metal-adsorbed AlN (M-AlN) systems have been systematically investigated using density functional theory from first principles. The results of the energy bands of the M-AlN system indicate that the adsorption of Al, Li, Ag, Au, Bi, Cr, Mn, Na, Pb, Sn, Ti, and K metals makes the monolayer AlN magnetic, the incorporation of two metals, Al and Li, is the transition of the monolayer AlN from a semiconductor to a semi-metal, and the introduction of K metal makes the monolayer AlN transition from a semiconductor to a metal. The work function of the M-AlN system shows that the introduction of the metal reduces the work function of the monolayer AlN, especially for K-AlN, which is reduced by 56.12% compared to the monolayer AlN. In addition, the results of the optical absorption spectra of the M-AlN system revealed that the introduction of the metals made the monolayer AlN exhibit high absorption peaks in the visible and near-infrared regions; in particular, the intensity of the absorption peaks of the Ti-AlN system at 557.8 nm reached 7.4 × 10⁴ cm⁻¹ and the intensity of the absorption peaks of the K-AlN system at 1109.3 nm reached 1.01 × 10⁵ cm⁻¹. This indicates that the introduction of Ti and K metal atoms enhances the absorption properties of monolayer AlN in the visible and near-infrared regions. Finally, the time-domain finite difference using spherical metal nanoparticles is used to excite the localized surface plasmon resonance, and the results show a small area of strong electric field around the electric field hotspot of Cr and Li particles, and a good concentration of the electric field strength in the x and y directions. In summary, the system of metal atoms adsorbed on AlN will be favorable for the design of spintronics, field-emitting devices and solar photovoltaic devices. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2 pages, 2454 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Elhory et al. Synthesis of MgO Doped with CoO/MgAl₂O₄, NiO/MgAl₂O₄, and CuO/MgAl₂O₄ in a Single Pot for Efficient Dye Adsorption. Inorganics 2026, 14, 44

by Salah H. Elhory, Tarig G. Ibrahim, Mohamed R. Elamin, Faisal K. Algethami, Mohamed S. Eltoum, Babiker Y. Abdulkhair and Mutaz Salih

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040098 - 30 Mar 2026

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 2406 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gold(III) Complexes with 18-Crown-6, 1-Aza-18-Crown-6, and Cryptands 22 and 222: Stability and Structure

by Daniil N. Yarullin, Olga I. Logacheva, Viktor V. Aleksandriiskii, Maksim N. Zavalishin and George A. Gamov

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040097 - 29 Mar 2026

Abstract

The growing demand for gold in various high-technology applications necessitates the development of efficient and selective methods for its recovery and analysis, which can be achieved using such macrocyclic ligands as crown esters and their aza-substituted derivatives. The present paper reports on the [...] Read more.

The growing demand for gold in various high-technology applications necessitates the development of efficient and selective methods for its recovery and analysis, which can be achieved using such macrocyclic ligands as crown esters and their aza-substituted derivatives. The present paper reports on the equilibrium constants for the formation of gold(III) complexes with 18-crown-6, 1-aza-18-crown-6, 1,10-diaza-18-crown-6, and the cryptand 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (Kryptofix 222) in aqueous solution at T = 298.2 K, p = 0.1 MPa, I → 0. The equilibrium constants (log β) for the substitution of chloride ions by macrocycles were determined to be 4.52 ± 0.04, 9.15 ± 0.03, 9.08 ± 0.07, and 11.51 ± 0.08, respectively. Equilibrium constants for protonated and polyligand species are also provided. The complexation mechanism was elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy confirm the substitution of chloride ligands by the nitrogen donor atoms of the aza-macrocycles within the tetrachloroaurate(III) ion. Furthermore, ¹H NMR analysis reveals that the diaza-substituted ligands can form both inclusion complexes, where the gold cation is encapsulated within the macrocyclic cavity, and exclusion complexes. These findings provide a quantitative foundation for the design of novel macrocycle-based extractants and sensors for gold(III). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Transition Metal Complexes in Biomedical and Chemical Fields)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1706 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Properties and Rate-Limiting Processes in Nd₂NiO_4+δ Cathode for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

by Sinuhe U. Costilla-Aguilar, M. J. Escudero-Berzal, J. F. López-Perales, Edén A. Rodríguez, Daniel Arturo Acuña Leal, A. Torres-Castro and R. F. Cienfuegos-Pelaes

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040096 - 29 Mar 2026

Abstract

Nd₂NiO_4+δ was investigated as a Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs), with particular emphasis on its electrochemical performance and oxygen reduction reaction mechanism. The material was synthesized via a polymeric sol–gel route derived from Pechini’s [...] Read more.

Nd₂NiO_4+δ was investigated as a Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs), with particular emphasis on its electrochemical performance and oxygen reduction reaction mechanism. The material was synthesized via a polymeric sol–gel route derived from Pechini’s method and evaluated in symmetric cells using Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_2−δ (GDC) as the electrolyte. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a single RP phase and good chemical compatibility with GDC after thermal treatments at 800 °C. Cathode layers with thicknesses of 8–12 µm were deposited by dip-coating. Electrical conductivity measurements revealed a thermally activated semiconducting behavior governed by Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ small-polaron hopping, with an activation energy of ~1.08 eV. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a strong temperature dependence of the area-specific resistance, decreasing from 9.18 Ω·cm² at 600 °C to 0.39 Ω·cm² at 800 °C. Distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis enabled the identification of the dominant electrochemical processes, indicating that oxygen surface exchange reactions are more favorable than charge transfer at the cathode–electrolyte interface, which remains the main limiting step. These results demonstrate that Nd₂NiO_4+δ is a promising cathode for IT-SOFC operation, while further optimization of the electrode–electrolyte interface is required to enhance its oxygen reduction kinetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Ceramics and Refractory Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3445 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Phosphorescent Iridium Complexes with Pyrone Auxiliary Ligands and ppy/dfppy/piq Cyclometalating Ligands

by Wen Jiang, Leyuan Wang, Xiangguang Li, Caixian Yan and Qiaowen Chang

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040095 - 27 Mar 2026

Abstract

To develop high-performance iridium phosphorescent complexes, we designed and synthesized a series of iridium phosphorescent complexes (G-1, G-2, B-1, B-2, R-1, R-2) using 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone (maltol, short for mal) and 3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone (ethyl maltol, short for emal) as auxiliary ligands, in combination with 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), [...] Read more.

To develop high-performance iridium phosphorescent complexes, we designed and synthesized a series of iridium phosphorescent complexes (G-1, G-2, B-1, B-2, R-1, R-2) using 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone (maltol, short for mal) and 3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone (ethyl maltol, short for emal) as auxiliary ligands, in combination with 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy), and 1-phenylisoquinoline (piq) as cyclometalating ligands. We systematically investigated their crystal structures, photophysical behavior, electrochemical properties, and electroluminescent performance. The results revealed that the combination of a pyranone auxiliary ligand with the highly conjugated piq ligand leads to the formation of R-1 and R-2, which possess high molecular symmetry and display favorable photophysical performance. These complexes exhibit solution-phase phosphorescence quantum yields of 64% and 55%, and electroluminescent devices incorporating them reach a maximum external quantum efficiency of 13.4%, with brightness exceeding 13,000 cd/m² and minimal efficiency roll-off. In contrast, complexes incorporating pyridine-based cyclometalating ligands (ppy, dfppy)—G-1, G-2, B-1, and B-2—display weak emission in solution but show enhanced solid-state emission through π–π stacking, with a maximum quantum yield of 25.8%. Density functional theory calculations and electrochemical analysis indicate that the presence of both the pyranone auxiliary ligand and the piq ligand results in optimized frontier orbital energy alignment, enhanced metal-to-ligand charge transfer, and reduced non-radiative transitions, thereby improving emission efficiency. This study provides a theoretical framework and molecular design strategy for the application of pyranone auxiliary ligands in high-performance iridium phosphorescent materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2802 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Solar-Activated Self-Cleaning Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Modified with Blast Furnace Slag and TiO₂

by Edith Luévano-Hipólito, Tomas Osvaldo Espinosa-Nieves, Lucio Guillermo López-Yepez, Edén Amaral Rodríguez-Castellanos and Francisco Javier Vázquez-Rodríguez

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040094 - 27 Mar 2026

Abstract

The development of cementitious materials with multifunctional performance is increasingly important to address environmental demands and durability requirements in modern infrastructure. This study investigates calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement partially substituted with blast furnace slag (BFS), fly ash (FA), and TiO₂ nanoparticles, aiming [...] Read more.

The development of cementitious materials with multifunctional performance is increasingly important to address environmental demands and durability requirements in modern infrastructure. This study investigates calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement partially substituted with blast furnace slag (BFS), fly ash (FA), and TiO₂ nanoparticles, aiming to combine sustainability with photocatalytic self-cleaning functionality. Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of characteristic CSA hydration products, including ettringite, ye’elimite, anhydrite, and calcite, indicating that partial substitution did not disrupt the primary hydration mechanisms. Microstructural observations revealed that the incorporation of BFS, FA, and TiO₂ induced noticeable morphological changes, with increased porosity and microstructural heterogeneity at higher replacement levels. Mechanical testing showed that moderate BFS contents of 5 to 10 wt% enhanced compressive strength in reference mixtures, while systems containing TiO₂ exhibited slightly lower strength values and increased dispersion, particularly at elevated slag contents. The photocatalytic performance, evaluated through Rhodamine B degradation under solar irradiation, demonstrated a marked improvement for TiO₂-containing samples, reaching degradation efficiencies of up to 80%, in contrast to negligible activity in unmodified systems. These results confirm that the combined use of industrial by-products and photocatalytic nanoparticles in CSA-based matrices represents a viable strategy for producing sustainable cementitious materials with added environmental functionality, without compromising fundamental structural performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Ceramics and Refractory Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 5629 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Applications of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in Multi-Field Detection

by Boyu Zhang, Ming Zhang, Siqi Huang, Weie Wang, Yuguang Lv, Fenghua Liu, Xi Cao and Kuilin Lv

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040093 - 27 Mar 2026

Abstract

As a novel organic–inorganic hybrid porous crystalline material, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal sensitive materials for detecting gases, antibiotics, and ions, owing to their ultra-high specific surface area, tunable pore structures, abundant active sites, and tailorable architectures. This review systematically summarizes the core [...] Read more.

As a novel organic–inorganic hybrid porous crystalline material, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal sensitive materials for detecting gases, antibiotics, and ions, owing to their ultra-high specific surface area, tunable pore structures, abundant active sites, and tailorable architectures. This review systematically summarizes the core structural features, preparation methods, and modification strategies of MOFs, elaborates on the adsorption and signal conversion mechanisms in target detection, and highlights typical applications, performance advantages, and practical scenarios of MOF-based sensors, clarifying their structure–activity relationships and performance differences from traditional semiconductor sensors. It further analyzes key challenges, including insufficient stability, poor conductivity, large-scale preparation difficulties, and real-sample interference, as well as industrialization bottlenecks such as batch-to-batch reproducibility, instrument integration, and high costs. Additionally, it supplements cross-field synergistic innovations and industrialization progress, and prospects future directions: function-oriented precise design, multifunctional composite optimization, portable intelligent devices, green large-scale synthesis, and standardization promotion. This review provides a comprehensive reference for advancing MOF-based detection research and applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, food safety, and healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue MOFs and MCOFs: Design, Synthesis and Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2883 KB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of High-Purity Nanostructured Hafnium Carbide via Pectin-Assisted Carbothermal Reduction: Structural Evolution and Morphological Insight

by Laura G. Ceballos-Mendívil, Eric Manzanarez-Salazar, Jonathan C. Luque-Ceballos, Rody Soto-Rojo, Francisco Baldenebro-López, Adriana Cruz-Enríquez and Jesús Baldenebro-López

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040092 - 26 Mar 2026

Abstract

Hafnium carbide (HfC) ceramics are of growing interest due to their exceptional mechanical properties and ultra-high melting points, making them ideal for extreme environmental applications. In this study, we present a synthesis route for HfC nanoparticles via carbothermal reduction of an organic–inorganic hybrid [...] Read more.

Hafnium carbide (HfC) ceramics are of growing interest due to their exceptional mechanical properties and ultra-high melting points, making them ideal for extreme environmental applications. In this study, we present a synthesis route for HfC nanoparticles via carbothermal reduction of an organic–inorganic hybrid precursor derived from hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl₄) and pectin, followed by thermal treatment at 1500 °C for 1.5 h under an argon atmosphere. According to TGA/DSC analysis of the hybrid precursor, hafnia phases initially formed during pyrolysis and were subsequently converted into HfC at 1500 °C, with the endothermic carbothermal reduction reaction initiating near 1200 °C. Comprehensive characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the synthesis of hafnium carbide (HfC) exhibiting predominantly cubic morphology. XRD analysis determined a lattice parameter of a = 4.63 Å and an interplanar spacing of d = 2.68 Å. Rietveld refinement revealed a phase composition of 98.08% HfC and 1.92% monoclinic hafnium dioxide (m-HfO₂). Debye–Scherrer analysis indicated an average crystallite size of 67.6 nm. SEM and TEM images showed uniformly distributed nanoparticles with an average particle size of approximately 65–70 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Ceramics and Refractory Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3955 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Synthesis, and Investigation of the Photoelectric Properties of Glaucine Derivatives in Sensitized Solar Cells

by Anatolii S. Burlov, Anastasia A. Shiryaeva, Valery G. Vlasenko, Yurii V. Koshchienko, Alexander A. Zubenko, Oleg P. Demidov, Bogdan V. Chaltsev, Alexandra A. Polyanskaya, Alexey N. Gusev, Elena V. Braga and Wolfgang Linert

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040091 - 25 Mar 2026

Abstract

Two Zn(II) coordination compounds based on glaucine-derived Schiff bases were synthesized and investigated as potential materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The structures of all compounds were established by X-ray diffraction analysis and quantum chemical modeling (DFT/TD-DFT). Their photophysical properties (absorption and luminescence [...] Read more.

Two Zn(II) coordination compounds based on glaucine-derived Schiff bases were synthesized and investigated as potential materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The structures of all compounds were established by X-ray diffraction analysis and quantum chemical modeling (DFT/TD-DFT). Their photophysical properties (absorption and luminescence spectra in solution and the solid state), electrochemical characteristics, and photovoltaic parameters in DSSC devices were studied. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE ~5.18%) was demonstrated by the free ligands, which is attributed to their favorable absorption spectrum and optimal alignment of energy levels relative to the conduction band of TiO₂ and the redox couple of the electrolyte. The Zn(II) coordination compounds exhibited significantly lower efficiency (~2.1%). Impedance spectroscopy results indicated more efficient charge transfer at the TiO₂/dye/electrolyte interface for the organic derivatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2575 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Doping Inorganic Acid Radical Ions on Electrochemical Properties of Polyaniline/Graphite Carbon Paper Electrodes

by Chong Ma, Chen Yao, Jing Xu and Yibing Xie

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040090 - 24 Mar 2026

Abstract

The inorganic proton acid-doped polyaniline (H-PANI-X) is synthesized directly on a graphite carbon paper electrode. The polyaniline doped with hydrochloric acid (yielding H-PANI-Cl), sulfuric acid (yielding H-PANI-HSO₄), and nitric acid (yielding H-PANI-NO₃) is employed to construct both finite molecule [...] Read more.

The inorganic proton acid-doped polyaniline (H-PANI-X) is synthesized directly on a graphite carbon paper electrode. The polyaniline doped with hydrochloric acid (yielding H-PANI-Cl), sulfuric acid (yielding H-PANI-HSO₄), and nitric acid (yielding H-PANI-NO₃) is employed to construct both finite molecule and periodic molecule computational models. Theoretical calculation and experimental measurement of a polyaniline/graphite carbon paper electrode are adopted to reveal the doping effect of inorganic acid radical ions (Cl⁻, HSO₄⁻, NO₃⁻) on electrical and electrochemical properties of H-PANI-X. H-PANI-X shows a lower electronic band gap structure, indicating more feasible electron transfer than PANI. H-PANI-X shows a lower HOMO-LUMO orbital energy gap, indicating lower excitation energy than PANI. H-PANI-X also shows a higher electronic density of states level, indicating higher electrical conductivity than PANI. The charge density difference of H-PANI-X reveals a more delocalized electrostatic potential distribution, indicating an enhanced electrostatic interaction between protonated PANI and charge-balancing anions. Furthermore, H-PANI-HSO₄ and H-PANI-NO₃ exhibit hydrogen bonding between the protonated PANI and charge-balancing anions, resulting in reduced electronic band gaps and enhanced electronic density of states compared with H-PANI-Cl. H-PANI-NO₃ with higher electronic states at the Fermi level and higher anionic electronegativity exhibits higher electrical conductivity than H-PANI-Cl and H-PANI-HSO₄. The experimental measurement is conducted to investigate the electrochemical properties of H-PANI-X. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement indicates H-PANI-NO₃ maintains lower charge transfer resistance (0.357 Ω) than H-PANI-HSO₄ (3.003 Ω) and H-PANI-Cl (10.571 Ω). The cyclic voltammetry measurement indicates that H-PANI-NO₃ has much higher redox current and mean current density responses, accordingly exhibiting superior capacitance (208.0 mF cm⁻²) performance in comparison with H-PANI-Cl (129.5 mF cm⁻²) and H-PANI-HSO₄ (157.9 mF cm⁻²). Theoretical calculation and experimental investigation confirm H-PANI-NO₃ presents superior electroactivity to H-PANI-Cl and H-PANI-HSO₄ for promoting its electrochemical capacitance performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Component-Designed Functional Materials for Electrochemical Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 1251 KB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Determination of Oxyanions: Measurands, Signal Attribution, and the Limits of Analytical Translation

by Angel A. J. Torriero

Inorganics 2026, 14(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14030089 - 22 Mar 2026

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors for oxyanion detection are widely reported across environmental, industrial, and biological contexts, with recent literature often emphasising material innovation and increasingly low detection limits. Despite this activity, translation beyond laboratory demonstrations remains limited, raising questions about how electrochemical signals are interpreted [...] Read more.

Electrochemical sensors for oxyanion detection are widely reported across environmental, industrial, and biological contexts, with recent literature often emphasising material innovation and increasingly low detection limits. Despite this activity, translation beyond laboratory demonstrations remains limited, raising questions about how electrochemical signals are interpreted and validated. In this review, recent electrochemical oxyanion sensors are examined from a measurement-centred perspective, focusing on how signals are generated, conditioned, and calibrated across major sensing strategies, including direct faradaic detection, modified-electrode and electrocatalytic systems, accumulation-based approaches, and enzyme- or mediator-assisted architectures. Rather than cataloguing sensor materials or device configurations, the analysis examines the assumptions underlying commonly reported performance metrics. Across sensing strategies, signal behaviour is frequently governed by interfacial chemistry, surface history, and experimental constraints rather than by invariant properties of the target oxyanion. Consequently, sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits often reflect context-dependent behaviour within narrowly defined laboratory regimes. By synthesising these patterns, the review identifies recurring interpretive limitations in how electrochemical responses are linked to analyte determination. The resulting framework clarifies the analytical basis of the existing literature and highlights design-relevant constraints and validation practices that must be addressed for electrochemical oxyanion sensors to progress from feasibility demonstrations to robust analytical tools. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 6410 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Fe-CDs/Mn-CeO₂ and Its Colorimetric Sensing Studies of H₂O₂, Glu, and GSH

by Naifeng Chen, Yi Li, Chenxia Gao, Chao Xue, Shuang Liu, Jinghang Li, Xi Cao, Kuilin Lv and Yuguang Lv

Inorganics 2026, 14(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14030088 - 21 Mar 2026

Abstract

This study systematically investigated the characterization of 2Fe-CDs/12Mn-CeO₂ composites and the colorimetric sensing properties of H₂O₂, glucose (Glu), and glutathione (GSH). The morphology, structure, and optical properties of the 2Fe-CDs/12Mn-CeO₂ composite were analyzed in detail by XRD, [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigated the characterization of 2Fe-CDs/12Mn-CeO₂ composites and the colorimetric sensing properties of H₂O₂, glucose (Glu), and glutathione (GSH). The morphology, structure, and optical properties of the 2Fe-CDs/12Mn-CeO₂ composite were analyzed in detail by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy, and its formation was supported by multiple complementary characterization techniques. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the nanozyme is 152-fold higher than natural HRP under optimal conditions and remains 59-fold higher even after temperature normalization to 25 °C. In the colorimetric sensing experiments, the detection limits of Fe-CDs/Mn-CeO₂ were 0.21 μM, 2.7 μM, and 0.63 μM for H₂O₂, Glu, and GSH, respectively. Rapid and accurate determination of the concentrations of these biomolecules can be achieved by observing the color changes after Fe-CDs/Mn-CeO₂ reaction with the objects to be measured. The experimental results show that Fe-CDs/Mn-CeO₂ have high sensitivity and selectivity for H₂O₂, Glu, and GSH, which provides a solid theoretical and experimental basis for the application of Fe-CDs/Mn-CeO₂ in the field of biosensing and medical diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites and Hybrid Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1456 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Functional Materials in Drug Degradation, Adsorption and Integrated Diagnosis and Treatment

by Yuxin Wang, Xiaoxue Tang, Siqi Huang, Weie Wang, Xi Cao, Yuguang Lv and Xiaoyi Chen

Inorganics 2026, 14(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14030087 - 21 Mar 2026

Abstract

With the deep integration of pharmacy and materials science, functional materials are increasingly applied in drug development, environmental remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants, and clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article focuses on multiple application scenarios of functional materials, including drug degradation, drug adsorption, drug [...] Read more.

With the deep integration of pharmacy and materials science, functional materials are increasingly applied in drug development, environmental remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants, and clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article focuses on multiple application scenarios of functional materials, including drug degradation, drug adsorption, drug analysis and detection, electrochemical detection, and bioimaging. It systematically reviews the structural characteristics, modification strategies, and latest research progress of typical functional materials such as metal–organic framework materials, nanocomposites and bio-based materials in various application fields. The article also analyzes key challenges faced by functional materials in multi-scenario applications, such as biocompatibility, stability, and large-scale preparation. In light of the trends in precision medicine, it outlines future directions for the application of functional materials in the field of pharmacy, aiming to provide references for the design and development of multifunctional materials and innovative applications in pharmaceuticals. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4682 KB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of Modified Single-Crystal NCM811 Cathode Materials and the Electrochemical Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Zixiang Wang, Binhao Li, Jing Wang, Kemeng Nong and Shuhui Liu

Inorganics 2026, 14(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14030086 - 20 Mar 2026

Abstract

To address the capacity decay of NCM811 caused by microcracks and cation disorder during cycling, La, Al, and F tri-doped micron-sized single-crystal NCM811 material with a LiNbO₃ coating was synthesized via a facile co-solvent method. Using a mixed glucose–urea thermal solution as [...] Read more.

To address the capacity decay of NCM811 caused by microcracks and cation disorder during cycling, La, Al, and F tri-doped micron-sized single-crystal NCM811 material with a LiNbO₃ coating was synthesized via a facile co-solvent method. Using a mixed glucose–urea thermal solution as the reaction medium, metal salts were incorporated, followed by step-wise sintering, ball-milling, heat treatment, and wet-chemical coating. This approach enables atomic-level precursor mixing and ensures homogeneous element distribution. La³⁺ enlarges the lithium layer spacing to enhance ion diffusion and Al³⁺ suppresses Ni³⁺ reduction to Ni²⁺, mitigating cation mixing and improving conductivity, while F⁻ stabilizes the crystal structure via its strong electronegativity. The LiNbO₃ coating protects the interface from electrolyte attack, and the single-crystal morphology effectively suppresses microcracking. Compared to unmodified single-crystal NCM811 prepared identically, the modified material exhibits reduced cation disorder, improved crystallinity, and superior thermal stability. Electrochemical tests in half-cells with 1 M LiPF₆/(EC/EMC/DMC) electrolyte (2.8–4.3 V) show an initial discharge capacity of 208.32 mAh/g at 0.1 C and 194.05 mAh/g at 1 C. After 200 cycles at 1 C, the capacity retention remains at 92.21%, exceeding the market average. Rate performance is also notably enhanced, with the 5 C discharge capacity increasing from 141.12 mAh/g (unmodified) to 166.81 mAh/g, demonstrating improved kinetics and structural stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Inorganics

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI