Inorganics

19 pages, 3156 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Mn Rate on Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties in LiCo_1−xMn_xO₂ (x = 0.5; 0.7) Compounds

by Miftah Ali Bin Yazeed, Moufida Krimi, Abdulrahman Alsawi, Mohamed Houcine Dhaou, Abdelfattah Mahmoud and Abdallah Ben Rhaiem

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010019 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

The compounds LiCo_1−xMn_xO₂ (x = 0.5, 0.7) were synthesized via the solid-state method and exhibited crystallization in the cubic spinel structure (space group Fd-3m). UV–Vis spectroscopy reveals strong visible-light absorption and a reduction in the indirect optical band [...] Read more.

The compounds LiCo_1−xMn_xO₂ (x = 0.5, 0.7) were synthesized via the solid-state method and exhibited crystallization in the cubic spinel structure (space group Fd-3m). UV–Vis spectroscopy reveals strong visible-light absorption and a reduction in the indirect optical band gap from 1.85 eV (x = 0.5) to 1.60 eV (x = 0.7) with increasing Mn content, which is consistent with semiconducting behavior. This narrowing arises from Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ mixed valence, which introduces mid-gap states and enhances Co/Mn 3d–O 2p orbital hybridization within the spinel framework. In contrast, the Urbach energy increases from 0.55 eV to 0.65 eV, indicating greater structural and energetic disorder in the Mn-rich composition which is attributed to the Jahn–Teller distortions and valence heterogeneity associated with Mn³⁺. Impedance and dielectric modulus analyses confirm two distinct non-Debye relaxation processes related to grains and grain boundaries. AC conductivity is governed by the Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) model, with bipolaron hopping identified as the dominant conduction mechanism. The x = 0.7 sample displays significantly enhanced conductivity due to increased Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ mixed valence, lattice expansion, efficient 3D electronic connectivity of the spinel lattice, and reduced interfacial resistance. These findings highlight the potential of these two spinels compounds as narrow-gap semiconductors for optoelectronic applications including visible-light photodetectors, photocatalysts, and solar absorber layers extending their utility beyond conventional battery cathodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 4th Edition)

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16 pages, 9929 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Electrical Conductance Triggered by Partial Discharge of Fluorinated Carbon Nanotube Clusters and Its Applications in Field Grading

by Wei Zeng, Zhen Li, Yu Wang, Lei Cao, Lei Fu and Chao Wang

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010018 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Materials with nonlinear conductivity are promising for electric field grading in various electrical and electronic devices because of their self-adaptability. In this study, we reported a nonlinear mechanism in fluorinated multi-wall carbon nanotube (F-MWCNT) clusters based on partial discharge in their porous structure. [...] Read more.

Materials with nonlinear conductivity are promising for electric field grading in various electrical and electronic devices because of their self-adaptability. In this study, we reported a nonlinear mechanism in fluorinated multi-wall carbon nanotube (F-MWCNT) clusters based on partial discharge in their porous structure. Excellent nonlinear conductivity featuring a low threshold electric field of around 2 kV/mm and a wide range of switching fields was observed after loading an ultra-low F-MWCNT loading ratio of 0.5 wt% into the UV-cured resin. Both experimental and theoretical analyses were performed to explain the underlying nonlinear mechanism. The improved electric field mitigation effect of the composite with F-MWCNT compared with the conventional inorganic fillers like SiC was validated by a flashover test in compressed SF₆ gas. Simulations were also conducted to explain the flashover threshold improvement considering the generation of seed electrons for ionization, which was in agreement with the experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electron Emission and Related Phenomena from Inorganic Compound Surfaces)

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3 pages, 148 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Metal Complexes Diversity: Synthesis, Conformation, and Bioactivity

by Sunčica Roca and Monika Kovačević

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010017 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Metal complexes remain central to modern inorganic chemistry due to their structural diversity [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Diversity: Synthesis, Conformations, and Bioactivity)

10 pages, 3058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting the Solid-State Synthesis of Alkali–Tantalum(V) Oxyfluorides

by Benjamin D. E. Oreskovic, Nishani T. Manamperi and Federico A. Rabuffetti

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010016 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

The solid-state synthesis of alkali–tantalum(V) oxyfluorides KTa₂O₅F and CsTa₂O₅F was revisited with the aim of streamlining their preparation as single-phase polycrystalline solids. Alkali fluorides (KF, CsF) and trifluoroacetates (KH(CF₃COO)₂, CsH(CF₃ [...] Read more.

The solid-state synthesis of alkali–tantalum(V) oxyfluorides KTa₂O₅F and CsTa₂O₅F was revisited with the aim of streamlining their preparation as single-phase polycrystalline solids. Alkali fluorides (KF, CsF) and trifluoroacetates (KH(CF₃COO)₂, CsH(CF₃COO)₂) and tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) were used as precursors. Reaction temperatures were optimized by means of thermal analysis coupled with powder X-ray diffraction. Phase-pure KTa₂O₅F was obtained by heating stoichiometric mixtures of KF + Ta₂O₅ and KH(CF₃COO)₂ + Ta₂O₅ at 900–1000 °C in alumina crucibles under ambient atmosphere. Similar conditions were employed to synthesize phase-pure CsTa₂O₅F from a stoichiometric mixture of CsF + Ta₂O₅ heated to 800 °C. On the other hand, the preparation of CsTa₂O₅F from a mixture of CsH(CF₃COO)₂ + Ta₂O₅ required an excess of the trifluoroacetate precursor to obtain the targeted oxyfluoride as the sole crystalline phase. Results presented herein demonstrate that mixed-metal oxyfluorides previously thought to be synthetically challenging may be synthesized via facile solid-state reactions without the need for specialized containers and stringent conditions. In addition to streamlined synthetic routes to alkali– tantalum(V) oxyfluorides, a neutron powder diffraction study of the crystal structure of KTa₂O₅F is presented to fill a gap in crystallographic databases commonly accessed by materials and solid-state chemists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry 2025)

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30 pages, 12826 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Phase Formations in the Sr–Zn–Eu³⁺ Orthophosphate System: Crystallographic Analysis and Photoluminescent Properties

by Dina V. Deyneko, Ivan V. Nikiforov, Vladimir V. Titkov, Egor V. Latipov, Vadim E. Kireev, Darya A. Banaru, Sergey M. Aksenov and Bogdan I. Lazoryak

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010015 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates phase formation in the Sr–Zn–Eu³⁺ orthophosphate system, focusing on double- and triple-phosphates. The isomorphisms and phase formation in Sr_3–1.5xEu_1+x(PO₄)₃, Sr_9–1.5xZn_1.5Eu_x(PO₄) [...] Read more.

This study investigates phase formation in the Sr–Zn–Eu³⁺ orthophosphate system, focusing on double- and triple-phosphates. The isomorphisms and phase formation in Sr_3–1.5xEu_1+x(PO₄)₃, Sr_9–1.5xZn_1.5Eu_x(PO₄)₇, Sr_9.5–1.5xZnEu_x(PO₄)₇, Sr_3–xZn_xEu(PO₄)₃, and Sr_3–xZn_x(PO₄)₂ series were studied using powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. A ternary phase diagram was constructed, identifying concentration limits for pure phases and multi-phase regions as well as areas of stabilization of strontiowhitlockite-, palmierite-, eulytite-, and strontiohurlbutite-type phases. The combinatorial complexity of Sr-based phosphates is discussed. The β-Sr₃(PO₄)₂ isostructural to whitlockite was found to exhibit the highest isomorphic capacity for Eu³⁺ cations, which is advantageous for its application as a red-emitting phosphor. Photoluminescence properties were studied, and analyzed based on structural data. Photoluminescence studies confirmed intense red-emission dominated by the ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ transition of Eu³⁺, with the β-Sr₃(PO₄)₂-based phosphor showing the highest emission intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoluminescence and Scintillation Properties of Rare Earth-Doped Materials)

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11 pages, 1863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Structural Characterization of Ferrocenyl Bithiophene Thioketone-Based Iron Complexes

by Ibrahim Basma, Hassan Abul-Futouh, Alessia Cinci, Sara J. Abaalkhail, Abdulmajeed Abdullah Alayyaf, Phil Köhler and Wolfgang Weigand

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010014 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

The exceptional catalytic efficiency of [FeFe]-hydrogenases has driven intense efforts to reproduce their structure and function in synthetic models. A key structural feature governing the behavior of synthetic H-cluster analogs lies in the identity of the bridging dithiolato ligands that link the iron [...] Read more.

The exceptional catalytic efficiency of [FeFe]-hydrogenases has driven intense efforts to reproduce their structure and function in synthetic models. A key structural feature governing the behavior of synthetic H-cluster analogs lies in the identity of the bridging dithiolato ligands that link the iron centers. These ligands play a pivotal role in tuning the electron density of the metal core, thereby dictating the complex’s redox characteristics and catalytic reactivity. In this context, we herein describe the synthesis and application of ferrocenyl bithiophene-2,2′-yl thioketone (1) as a proligand for assembling biomimetic models of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site. The obtained complexes were thoroughly examined using a suite of analytical methods, including NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction, affording comprehensive structural and chemical characterization. Furthermore, their electrochemical behavior toward proton reduction and hydrogen evolution was evaluated via cyclic voltammetry, enabling direct comparison with structurally related analogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Complexes as Models of [FeFe] Hydrogenases)

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19 pages, 2050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Egg White Assisted Synthesis of Fe-Mn Spinel Oxides: Effects of Egg White Ratio, Oxygen Partial Pressure, and Life Cycle Impacts

by Ann-Katrin Emmerich, Vanessa Zeller, Xingmin Liu, Anke Weidenkaff and Marc Widenmeyer

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010013 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Egg white was chosen as a renewable, non-toxic agent for the synthesis of FeMn₂O₄ spinel pre-catalysts to avoid the use of critical transition metals such as Ni and Co. However, synthesizing phase-pure FeMn₂O₄ remains challenging due to [...] Read more.

Egg white was chosen as a renewable, non-toxic agent for the synthesis of FeMn₂O₄ spinel pre-catalysts to avoid the use of critical transition metals such as Ni and Co. However, synthesizing phase-pure FeMn₂O₄ remains challenging due to (i) the requirement of low oxygen partial pressures to counter rapid reoxidation of Mn₃O₄ in the presence of iron oxides, which can be achieved by the preferred oxidation of the egg white during the calcination, and (ii) the probable formation of Fe₃O₄ and Mn₃O₄ during intermediate steps in the reaction, leading to multiphase spinel formation caused by a miscibility gap between the spinels. In contrast, spinels with Ni, Co, Zn, or Al are phase-pure. Egg white has significant environmental impacts in the synthesis of all spinel manganites, as assessed from a life-cycle perspective, which can exceed those of petroleum-based agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in most impact categories. Therefore, our results show that the investigated synthesis route is not more sustainable, and we demonstrate that implementing quantitative evaluation of environmental impacts already at an early stage is essential to determine whether a synthesis is truly sustainable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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15 pages, 3205 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extending Hexagon-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks—Mn(II) and Gd(III) MOFs with Hexakis(4-(4-Carboxyphenyl)phenyl)benzene

by Henrik Björck, William Reinholdsson, Ocean Cheung, Guojon Zhou, Zhehao Huang, Francoise M. Amombo Noa and Lars Öhrström

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010012 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Hexakis(4-(4-carboxylphenyl)phenyl)benzene, H₆cbb, was used to prepare the rod-based metal–organic frameworks (rod-MOFs) [Mn₄(cbb)(dmf)₂(OAc)₂] CTH-50 and [Gd₃(cbb)(dmf)₂(H₂O)(OAc)₃] CTH-51 by solvothermal synthesis (dmf = N,N-dimethylformamide) with single crystal diffraction revealing [...] Read more.

Hexakis(4-(4-carboxylphenyl)phenyl)benzene, H₆cbb, was used to prepare the rod-based metal–organic frameworks (rod-MOFs) [Mn₄(cbb)(dmf)₂(OAc)₂] CTH-50 and [Gd₃(cbb)(dmf)₂(H₂O)(OAc)₃] CTH-51 by solvothermal synthesis (dmf = N,N-dimethylformamide) with single crystal diffraction revealing that CTH-50 (by X-ray) and CTH-51 (by electron diffraction) can be described as 5- and 6-connected yav-nets. Gas sorption analysis gave a BET surface area of 787 m²/g for CTH-50 and 187 m²/g for CTH-51, with CTH-50 having an Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) selectivity for SF₆ of 35 at 10 kPa, and thermogravimetry indicated the possible stability of CTH-50 to 300 °C and CTH-51 to 400 °C. Full article

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23 pages, 3557 KB

Open AccessArticle

Formation and Reversible Cleavage of an Unusual Trisulfide-Bridged Binuclear Pyridine Diimine Iridium Complex

by Max Völker, Thomas Marx and Peter Burger

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010011 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Iridium pyridine diimine (PDI) complexes provide a versatile platform for highly reactive Ir–nitrido species with pronounced multiple-bond character, capable of activating H–H, C–H, Si–H, and even C–C bonds. Building on this chemistry, we extended our studies to a system with a terminal Ir–S [...] Read more.

Iridium pyridine diimine (PDI) complexes provide a versatile platform for highly reactive Ir–nitrido species with pronounced multiple-bond character, capable of activating H–H, C–H, Si–H, and even C–C bonds. Building on this chemistry, we extended our studies to a system with a terminal Ir–S bond, starting from our recently reported PDI–Ir–SH complex, which exhibits partial multiple-bond character. Upon addition of the 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxy radical, the corresponding phenol and a tentative Ir–S• radical intermediate are formed at ambient temperature. DFT and LNO-CCSD(T) calculations consistently reveal a low barrier for this process, with the spin density localized primarily on sulfur, accounting for subsequent S–S coupling reactions. Instead of the anticipated dimeric disulfido Ir–S₂–Ir complex formed along a least-motion pathway, a trisulfido Ir–S₃–Ir species was obtained, and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry. The formation mechanism of the trisulfido complex was further elucidated by DFT calculations. Remarkably, the sulfur-bridge formation is thermally reversible, regenerating the monomeric sulfanido Ir–SH complex. The origin of the hydrogen atom was investigated using H₂, D₂, and deuterated solvents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

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42 pages, 1822 KB

Open AccessReview

Reversibility as a Design Principle in Inorganic, Organometallic and Organic Redox Mediators for Biosensors

by Angel A. J. Torriero

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010010 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Redox mediators are central to electrochemical biosensors, enabling electron transfer between deeply buried enzymatic cofactors and electrode surfaces when direct electron transfer is kinetically inaccessible. Among all design parameters, the reversibility of mediator redox cycling remains the most decisive yet under-examined factor governing [...] Read more.

Redox mediators are central to electrochemical biosensors, enabling electron transfer between deeply buried enzymatic cofactors and electrode surfaces when direct electron transfer is kinetically inaccessible. Among all design parameters, the reversibility of mediator redox cycling remains the most decisive yet under-examined factor governing biosensor stability, drift and long-term reproducibility. This review establishes reversibility as a unifying framework grounded in inorganic and organometallic redox chemistry, with particular emphasis on coordination environments, ligand-field effects and outer-sphere electron-transfer pathways. Recent advances (2010–2025) in ruthenium and osmium polypyridyl complexes, cobalt macrocycles, hexacyanoferrates and Prussian Blue analogues are examined alongside ferrocene derivatives and other organometallic mediators, which together define the upper limits of reversible behaviour. Organic mediator families, including quinones, phenazines, indophenols, aminophenols and viologens, are discussed as mechanistic contrasts that highlight the structural and thermodynamic constraints that limit long-term cycling in aqueous media. Mechanistic indicators of reversibility, including peak separation, current ratios and heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants, are linked to mediator architecture, coordination chemistry and immobilisation environment. By integrating molecular electrochemistry with applied sensor engineering, this review provides a mechanistically grounded basis for selecting or designing redox mediators that sustain efficient electron transfer, minimal fouling and calibration stability across diverse sensing platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinorganic Chemistry)

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10 pages, 1704 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Relations and Solid Solutions in the YbBO₃–ScBO₃ System

by Yerassyl Zholdas, Artem Kuznetsov, Asset Bolatov, Ammar Jamous, Valery Svetlichnyi and Konstantin Kokh

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010009 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

The YbBO₃–ScBO₃ system was studied across the selected compositional range by means of solid-state synthesis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. XRD of annealed samples at 1300–1400 °C revealed that the system reaches equilibrium and [...] Read more.

The YbBO₃–ScBO₃ system was studied across the selected compositional range by means of solid-state synthesis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. XRD of annealed samples at 1300–1400 °C revealed that the system reaches equilibrium and consists of two phases, YbBO₃ and ScBO₃, separated by a two-phase region. The lattice parameters show a limited solubility between Yb³⁺ and Sc³⁺ ions. DSC measurements display a broad endothermic feature at approximately 1480 °C, corresponding to the eutectic point. Near-infrared emission excited at 975–980 nm originates from Yb³⁺ ions and shows the highest intensity for pure YbBO₃ and for the Sc-rich composition, while intermediate samples exhibit weaker luminescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phosphors: Synthesis, Properties, and Structures)

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1 pages, 378 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Kaptanoglu, M. Green Manufacturing of Rutile (TiO₂) Welding Electrodes with Blast Furnace Slag. Inorganics 2025, 13, 361

by Mustafa Kaptanoglu

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010008 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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14 pages, 2997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cobalt Single-Atom Anchored Tubular Graphyne for Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Reaction

by Shannan Xu, Xiao Tang, Chen Long, Dongqiu Zhao and Lin Ju

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010007 - 24 Dec 2025

Abstract

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction through utilizing renewable electricity under mild conditions is a promising pathway toward achieving carbon neutrality. In this work, we designed a tubular graphyne functionalized with isolated Co single atom and lowered the activation energy barrier of its rate-determining [...] Read more.

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction through utilizing renewable electricity under mild conditions is a promising pathway toward achieving carbon neutrality. In this work, we designed a tubular graphyne functionalized with isolated Co single atom and lowered the activation energy barrier of its rate-determining step to as low as 0.46 eV. The catalytic performance was systematically evaluated through density functional theory calculations. Compared with the planar graphyne functionalized with isolated Co single atom, the tubular one not only significantly improves the utilization efficiency of Co single atoms by exposing them more thoroughly, but also increases the catalytic activity of Co single atom by enhancing electron density of states at the Fermi level, which causes a higher level of activation state for the adsorbed CO₂ molecules. Furthermore, it brought about the CO₂-to-CH₄ reduction reaction pathway, resulting in remarkable catalytic activity and high methane selectivity. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of curvature engineering in enhancing the intrinsic activity of single-atom catalysts, offering a novel strategy for designing advanced carbon cycle catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Single-Atom Catalysis: Advances in Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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24 pages, 7749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Aluminum-Based MOF and Cellulose-Modified Al-MOF for Enhanced Adsorption of Congo Red Dye

by Ceyda Duyar and Asgar Kayan

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010006 - 23 Dec 2025

Abstract

The synthesis of two novel materials, aluminum-based MOF (Al-MOF) and cellulose-modified MOF (Al-MOF@C), as adsorbents is presented. Al-MOF was synthesized from aluminum sec-butoxide and terephthalic acid in a 1:1 molar ratio using a solvothermal method. Al-MOF@C was synthesized under similar solvothermal conditions [...] Read more.

The synthesis of two novel materials, aluminum-based MOF (Al-MOF) and cellulose-modified MOF (Al-MOF@C), as adsorbents is presented. Al-MOF was synthesized from aluminum sec-butoxide and terephthalic acid in a 1:1 molar ratio using a solvothermal method. Al-MOF@C was synthesized under similar solvothermal conditions by reacting environmentally friendly starting materials such as aluminum sec-butoxide, terephthalic acid, and cellulose in a 1:1:1 molar ratio. The synthesized materials’ structural, morphological, and surface properties were thoroughly characterized using XRD, SEM, EDS, BET (with specific surface areas calculated as 563.9 m²/g for Al-MOF and 487.1 m²/g for Al-MOF@C), and FTIR analyses. Then they were utilized in the water treatment process to remove the highly toxic anionic Congo red (CR) dye. Dye adsorption studies were carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Batch adsorption experiments showed that Al-MOF and Al-MOF@C materials adsorbed CR dye with removal efficiencies of 95.06% and 91.79% in just 4 min, respectively. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm data for Al-MOF and Al-MOF@C were best fitted by the Langmuir model, and the calculated maximum adsorption capacities were 80.64 mg/g and 68.96 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics exhibited an excellent correlation with the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9975 for Al-MOF and R² = 0.9936 for Al-MOF@C). Measurements taken after the adsorption process showed that Al-MOFs synthesized using environmentally friendly chemicals retained their stable chemical structure in aqueous environments and thus did not create secondary pollution in the environment, highlighting the importance of this study. Chemically stable, thermodynamically favorable, and highly reusable Al-MOF adsorbents offer a promising solution for the advanced environmental remediation of hazardous dye contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Inorganic–Organic Composite Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications)

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15 pages, 2284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Fe₃O₄/P(U-AM-ChCl) Composite Hydrogel and Study on Its Mechanical and Adsorption Properties

by Yuzuo Liu, Jiawei Li, Bin Li, Zhigang Hu, Mengjing Zhou, Haoyu Lv and Ying Wang

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010005 - 23 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study employed urea (U), acrylamide (AM), and choline chloride (ChCl) as raw materials to synthesize a deep eutectic solvent (DES), incorporated dispersed Fe₃O₄ as a filler within the DES, and effectively fabricated Fe₃O₄/P(U-AM-ChCl) composite hydrogels [...] Read more.

This study employed urea (U), acrylamide (AM), and choline chloride (ChCl) as raw materials to synthesize a deep eutectic solvent (DES), incorporated dispersed Fe₃O₄ as a filler within the DES, and effectively fabricated Fe₃O₄/P(U-AM-ChCl) composite hydrogels through in situ polymerization (SP). The hydrogels were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of different Fe₃O₄ contents on the swelling behavior, anti-fatigue properties, and adsorption efficiency of the composite hydrogels was thoroughly examined. The results indicated that, in comparison to the hydrogel lacking Fe₃O₄, the hydrogel containing 1 wt% Fe₃O₄ demonstrated enhanced swelling and anti-fatigue characteristics, with its equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) increasing by 16.34%, the time to achieve swelling equilibrium decreasing by 60%, the maximum stress recovery rate rising by 7.8%, and the toughness recovery rate improving by 7.28%.The adsorption efficiency of the hydrogel was improved, and adsorption equilibrium was achieved more quickly, due to the supplementary adsorption sites introduced by Fe₃O₄. When the Fe₃O₄/P(U-AM-ChCl) composite hydrogel was immersed in a 120 mg/L Cu²⁺ so-lution for 48 h, the adsorption capacity reached 171.5 mg/g. This study introduces a novel, viable approach for synthesizing hydrogels with reduced pore sizes and enhanced functionality, while also illustrating their prospective utility in water purification applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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16 pages, 3357 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Optimization of Multiple Properties: Enhancement Mechanism of Thermoelectric and Mechanical Performances of Ta-Doped In₂O₃ Materials for Advanced Energy Harvesting Applications

by Jiang Zhu, Jie Zhang, Bo Feng, Yaoyang Zhang, Xiaoqiong Zuo, Zhiwen Yang, Tongqiang Xiong, Wenzheng Li, Tong Tang, Suoluoyan Yang and Ruolin Ruan

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010004 - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

To improve the comprehensive performance of indium oxide (In₂O₃) thermoelectric materials, this study systematically investigates the regulatory effects of tantalum (Ta) doping on their electrical transport characteristics, thermoelectric conversion efficiency, and mechanical properties. The results show that Ta doping [...] Read more.

To improve the comprehensive performance of indium oxide (In₂O₃) thermoelectric materials, this study systematically investigates the regulatory effects of tantalum (Ta) doping on their electrical transport characteristics, thermoelectric conversion efficiency, and mechanical properties. The results show that Ta doping achieves synchronous optimization of multiple properties through precise regulation of crystal structure, electronic structure, and microdefects. In terms of electrical transport, the electron doping effect of Ta⁵⁺ substituting In³⁺ and the introduction of impurity levels lead to a continuous increase in carrier concentration; lattice relaxation and impurity band formation at high doping concentrations promote mobility to first decrease and then increase, resulting in a significant growth in electrical conductivity. Although the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient slightly decreases, the growth rate of electrical conductivity far exceeds the attenuation rate of its square, increasing the power factor from 1.83 to 5.26 μWcm⁻¹K⁻² (973 K). The enhancement of density of states near the Fermi level not only optimizes carrier transport efficiency but also provides electronic structure support for synergistic performance improvement. For thermoelectric conversion efficiency, the substantial increase in power factor collaborates with thermal conductivity suppression induced by lattice distortion and impurity scattering, leading to a leapfrog increase in ZT value from 0.055 to 0.329 (973 K). In terms of mechanical properties, lattice distortion strengthening, formation of strong Ta-O covalent bonds, and dispersion strengthening effect significantly improve the Vickers hardness of the material. Ta doping breaks the bottleneck of mutual property constraints in traditional modification through an integrated mechanism of “electronic structure regulation-carrier transport optimization-multiple performance synergistic enhancement”, providing a key strategy for designing high-performance indium oxide-based thermoelectric materials and facilitating their practical application in the field of green energy conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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27 pages, 5433 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Structural, Electronic, and Biological Characterization of fac-[Re(CO)₃(5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline)Br]: X-Ray, Aromaticity, Electrochemistry, and HeLa Cell Viability

by Alexander Carreño, Vania Artigas, Evys Ancede-Gallardo, Rosaly Morales-Guevara, Roxana Arce, Luis Leyva-Parra, Angel A. Martí, Camila Videla, María Carolina Otero and Manuel Gacitúa

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010003 - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

The rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complex fac-[Re(CO)₃(5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline)Br] (ReL) has previously demonstrated promising luminescent properties, enabling its direct application as a probe for walled cells such as Candida albicans and Salmonella enterica. In this new study, we present a significantly expanded and [...] Read more.

The rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complex fac-[Re(CO)₃(5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline)Br] (ReL) has previously demonstrated promising luminescent properties, enabling its direct application as a probe for walled cells such as Candida albicans and Salmonella enterica. In this new study, we present a significantly expanded and comprehensive characterization of ReL, incorporating a wide range of experimental and computational techniques not previously reported. These include variable-temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, CH-COSY, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT calculations, Fukui functions, non-covalent interaction (NCI) indices, and electrochemical profiling. Structural analysis confirmed a pseudo-octahedral geometry with the bromide ligand positioned cis to the epoxy group. NMR data revealed the coexistence of cis and trans isomers in solution, with the trans form being slightly more stable. DFT calculations and aromaticity descriptors indicated minimal electronic differences between isomers, supporting their unified treatment in subsequent analyses. Electrochemical studies revealed two oxidation and two reduction events, consistent with ECE and EEC mechanisms, including a Re(I) → Re(0) transition at −1.50 V vs. SCE. Theoretical redox potentials showed strong agreement with experimental data. Biological assays revealed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells, contrasting with previously reported low toxicity in microbial systems. These findings, combined with ReL’s luminescent and antimicrobial properties, underscore its multifunctional nature and highlight its potential as a bioactive and imaging agent for advanced therapeutic and microbiological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activity of Metal Complexes)

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21 pages, 4466 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biogenic Fabrication of Ag-NPs@Hydroxyapatite from Goat Bone Waste: A Sustainable Route for Photocatalytic and Antioxidant Applications

by Ahmed Hamad Alanazi, Ali Atta, Hallouma Bilel, Riyadh F. Halawani, Fahed A. Aloufi, Amnah Salem Al Zbedy and Amr Mohammad Nassar

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010002 - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

In this study, we present a new, facile, and eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an aqueous extract obtained from wasted goat bone, which acted as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Hydroxyapatite (GHAP) derived from the same biogenic source was [...] Read more.

In this study, we present a new, facile, and eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an aqueous extract obtained from wasted goat bone, which acted as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Hydroxyapatite (GHAP) derived from the same biogenic source was then added to the Ag-NPs solution, resulting in the formation of a nanocomposite (Ag@GHAP). Biogenic GHAP and Ag@GHAP have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the formation of crystalline GHAP with well-dispersed silver nanoparticles. According to AFM studies, the Ag@GHAP composite exhibits a higher surface roughness alteration than GHAP. XRD revealed that the crystalline sizes of GHAP and Ag@GHAP are 10.2 and 15.6 nm, respectively. Zeta potential showed that GHAP and Ag@GHAP possessed values of −12.4 and −11.7 mV, respectively. Ag@GHAP showed a promising performance in photocatalysis and antioxidant applications as compared to GHAP. The energy band gap (Eg) values are 5.1 eV and 4.5 eV for GHAP and Ag@GHAP, respectively. Ag@GHAP showed photocatalytic activity during the degradation of methylene blue dye (5 ppm) under solar irradiation with a removal efficiency of 99.15% in 100 min at the optimum conditions. The antioxidant activity of GHAP and Ag@GHAP was determined using the DPPH method. The results showed enhanced antioxidant activity of a silver decorated sample with IC50 values of 36.83 and 2.95 mg/mL, respectively. As a result, the Ag@GHAP composite is a promising candidate in environmental treatment and scavenging of free radicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 3391 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Lithium Storage Properties of Spinel (Al_0.2Mn_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Zn_0.2)₃O₄ High-Entropy Oxide

by Changqing Jin, Mingyu Yuan, Dengyu Tian, Jiaying Jian, Yongxing Wei, Ruihua Nan, Zhong Yang and Qingping Ding

Inorganics 2026, 14(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14010001 - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have garnered significant interest as next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity and excellent structural stability. This study successfully synthesized spinel-structured (Al_0.2Mn_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Zn_0.2)₃ [...] Read more.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have garnered significant interest as next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity and excellent structural stability. This study successfully synthesized spinel-structured (Al_0.2Mn_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2Zn_0.2)₃O₄ HEO via a sol–gel method. The material was characterized by XRD, Raman and TEM, confirming a homogeneous single-phase spinel structure, with uniformly distributed elements-a hallmark of HEOs. Electrochemical tests demonstrated a stable cycling performance (438 mAh g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹ after 100 cycles and 350 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles) and rate capacity of 159 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 A g⁻¹, The remarkable long-term cyclability and good rate capability highlight the potential of this HEO for practical applications in durable, high-power lithium-ion batteries. This work underscores the advantage of incorporating structurally stabilizing elements in HEOs for advanced energy storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Electrode Chemistry for Next-Generation Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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