Fluopsin C: A Review of the Antimicrobial Activity against Phytopathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fluopsin C
3. Fluopsin C-Producing Microorganisms
Molecular Insights on Fluopsin C Biosynthesis
4. Fluopsin C In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibitory Effects on Phytopathogens
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacteria | Reference |
---|---|
Pseudomonas MCRL 10107 | [7] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | [20] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens KY 4032 | [21] |
Pseudomonas reptilivora | [18] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3120 | [25] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa LV | [26] |
Pseudomonas sp. AV 246 (DSM 15085) | [11] |
Pseudomonas sp. AV 249 (DSM 15086) | [11] |
Pseudomonas jinanesis | [17] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 | [34] |
Streptomyces 4601 | [16] |
Fluopsin | Complexed Ion | Morphology | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P (μg·mL−1) | Bacillus subtilis PCI-219 (μg·mL−1) | ||||
C | Cu2+ | Dark-green needles | 0.09 | 0.09 | [7] |
CA | Ca2+ | Colorless needles | 0.39 | 0.78 | [22] |
F | Fe3+ | Black needles | 0.39 | 3.12 | |
NI | Ni2+ | Dark red needles | 0.39 | 0.39 | |
Z | Zn2+ | Colorless prisms | 0.78 | 1.56 | |
S | Sn2+ | Pale brown powder | 0.78 | 1.56 | |
N | Na2+ | Colorless needles | 0.39 | 0.78 | |
S. aureus FDA 209P (μM) | Escherichia coli NIHJ (μM) | [24,35] | |||
PD | Pd2+ | Red crystals | 0.50 | 5.00 | |
PT | Pt2+ | Yellow slurry | NE * at 150.00 | NE at 150.00 | |
CO | Co3+ | Brown crystals | 5.00 | 75.00 | |
CR | Cr3+ | Green solids | 25.00 | 75.00 | |
RH | Rh3+ | - | 150.00 | NE at 250.00 |
Microorganisms | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (μg·mL−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|
Gram-negative | ||
Pseudomonas syringae var. syringae | 2.00–3.00 | [11] |
Xanthomonas citri pv. citri | 19.53 (F3) | [12] |
Xanthomonas axonopodis BSC475a | 100.00 (F3) | [28] |
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni | 50.00 (F3) | [13] |
Xanthomonas citri pv. citri | 0.12; 6.25 (F3d) | [14] |
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum | 7.81 (F4A) | [15] |
Fungi | ||
Bipolaris sorokiniana | 0.40–0.60 | [11] |
Fusarium culmorum | 5.00–6.00 | |
Fusarium oxysporum | 4.00–5.00 | |
Heterobasidion annosum | 0.10–0.20 | |
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | 6.00–7.00 | |
Oomycete | ||
Pythium ultimum | 0.10–0.20 | [11] |
Bacterial Model * | Ultrastructural Effects | |
---|---|---|
SEM | TEM | |
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri 306 | Disruption of cytoplasmatic membrane; shrunken and rough cells. | Modified cellular morphology; elongated cells; indistinction between the cytoplasmatic membrane and cell wall. |
Klebsiella pneumoniae KPC19 | Cell wall and membranes disrupted. | Alterations in the cell wall, cytoplasmatic membrane, and cytoplasm. |
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 6569 | Absence of marked differences; reduction in the number of cells. | Absence of marked differences. |
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA N315 | Alterations in the cell wall and cytoplasmatic membrane. | Cell wall loss; heterogeneous and electron-dense cytoplasm. |
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Afonso, L.; Andreata, M.F.d.L.; Chryssafidis, A.L.; Alarcon, S.F.; das Neves, A.P.; da Silva, J.V.F.R.; Gonçalves, G.d.S.; Abussafi, L.D.d.S.; Simionato, A.S.; Cely, M.V.T.; et al. Fluopsin C: A Review of the Antimicrobial Activity against Phytopathogens. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122997
Afonso L, Andreata MFdL, Chryssafidis AL, Alarcon SF, das Neves AP, da Silva JVFR, Gonçalves GdS, Abussafi LDdS, Simionato AS, Cely MVT, et al. Fluopsin C: A Review of the Antimicrobial Activity against Phytopathogens. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122997
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfonso, Leandro, Matheus Felipe de Lima Andreata, Andreas Lazaros Chryssafidis, Stefani Fabiola Alarcon, Ana Paula das Neves, João Vittor Frossard Rodrigues da Silva, Gilmar da Silva Gonçalves, Leonardo Dib de Sousa Abussafi, Ane Stefano Simionato, Martha Viviana Torres Cely, and et al. 2022. "Fluopsin C: A Review of the Antimicrobial Activity against Phytopathogens" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122997