Estrogen Receptor Knockout Mice and Their Effects on Fertility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Estrogen Receptors
2.1. Overview
2.2. Genes
2.3. Expression Patterns of Esr1 and Esr2
3. Animal Models
3.1. Esr1 Mouse Models
Mouse Line | Mutation | Cell Type/Effect | Fertility | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
ERKO | Neo insertion into | Global KO | F: infertile | [28] |
Esr1 exon 3 | M: reduced | |||
ERαKO, Ex3αERKO | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | Global KO | F: infertile | [29,30,31,32] |
ERα−/− | M: infertile | |||
ERαfl/fl;CamKIIα-Cre | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | Neurons | F: infertile | [37] |
aP2-CreERαfl/fl | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | Adipocytes and | F: infertile | [38] |
hypothalamus | M: fertile | |||
ERαflox/flox αGSUcre | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | pituitary gonadotroph | F: infertile | [39] |
UtEpiαERKO | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | uterine epithelial cells | F: infertile | [40] |
WEd/d(Wnt7a-Cre) | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | uterine cells | F: infertile | [41] |
Amhr2Cre/+;Esr1f/− | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | uterine stromal cells | F: reduced | [42] |
NERKI+/− | E207A/G208A in ERα | no DNA binding, DN | F: infertile | [43] |
M: fertile | ||||
ERα(EAAE) | Y201E/K210A/K214A/R215E | no DNA binding | F: infertile | [44] |
in ERα | M: infertile | |||
ENERKI | G525L in ERα | no E2 binding | F: infertile | [45] |
M: sub-fertile | ||||
AF2ERKI | L543A/L544A in ERα | no E2 binding | F: infertile | [46] |
M: fertile | ||||
ERα C451A, NOER | C451A in ERα | no membrane ERα | F: infertile | [47,48,49] |
M: sub-fertile | ||||
ESR1Y541S/βActin-Cre | Y541S, inducible | constitutively active | F: infertile | [50] |
M: infertile | ||||
ERβ−/− | Neo insertion into | Global | F: reduced | [51] |
Esr2 exon 3 | M: fertile | |||
ErβKO | Replacement of Esr2 exon 3 | Global | F: reduced | [29] |
with Neo | M: fertile | |||
ERβSTL−/L−, Ex3βERKO | Deletion of Esr1 exon 3 | Global | F: reduced * | [52,53,54,55] |
ERβ-Δex3, CERβKO | M: fertile * | |||
Esr2ΔE1-10 | Deletion of Esr2 exon 1–10 | Global | F: sub-fertile | [24] |
M: fertile | ||||
Esr2Y55F/Y55F | Y55F in ERβ | reduced activity | F: reduced | [56] |
αβERKO | Esr1/Esr2 double knockout | Global | F: infertile | [57] |
ERKO × ERβ−/− | M: infertile | |||
ERαβKO | Esr1/Esr2 double knockout | Global | F: infertile | [29] |
ERαKO × ERβKO | M: infertile |
3.2. Esr2 Mouse Models
3.3. Esr1/Esr2 Double Knockouts
3.4. Rat Esr1 and Esr2 Knockout Models
4. Human Mutations in ESR1 and ESR2
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nalvarte, I.; Antonson, P. Estrogen Receptor Knockout Mice and Their Effects on Fertility. Receptors 2023, 2, 116-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2010007
Nalvarte I, Antonson P. Estrogen Receptor Knockout Mice and Their Effects on Fertility. Receptors. 2023; 2(1):116-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleNalvarte, Ivan, and Per Antonson. 2023. "Estrogen Receptor Knockout Mice and Their Effects on Fertility" Receptors 2, no. 1: 116-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2010007