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Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof....
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Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof. Jan-Åke Gustafsson

A special issue of Receptors (ISSN 2813-2564).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 14651

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Anders Strom

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Interests: nuclear receptors; estrogen receptor signaling; estrogen receptor beta; cancer stem cells; prostate cancer; breast cancer

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, we passed 25-year mark since the discovery of the two important nuclear receptors LXRβ and Erβ. The publication of Professor Gustafsson’s paper (PNAS 14;92 (6) 2096-2100, 1995) where he described the cloning of the nuclear receptor OR-1, later renamed to LXRβ, was fundamental to understanding cholesterol homeostasis and its regulation, and has resulted in many publications from Professor Gustafsson and others. One year later, another nuclear receptor was cloned (PNAS 93 (12) 5925-5930, 1996). This was a second estrogen receptor and was named Erβ; it was a fundamental paradigm shift since all effects until then had been attributed to the only known estrogen receptor which was then renamed to ERα. The cloning of ERβ initiated much activity from individual researchers as well as from companies because of the potential new drug target for the treatment of diseases. Evaluation of ERβ as a drug target is still ongoing. In addition, Gustafsson has been involved in revealing the 3D structure of nuclear receptors, the binding of nuclear receptors to DNA, and the discovery of the steroid response element.

This Special Issue is focused on the role of nuclear receptors in health and disease. The Special Issue begins with a short review of Professor Gustafsson’s contribution to the field of nuclear receptors followed by original research articles and reviews on all aspects of nuclear receptors in health and disease.

Dr. Anders Strom
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • estrogen receptor beta
  • liver X receptor beta
  • nuclear receptors
  • steroid hormones

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 4021 KiB  
Article
Estrogen Receptor β Isoforms Regulate Chemotherapy Resistance and the Cancer Stem Cell Population in Prostate Cancer Cells
by Jessica H. Stevens, Ayesha Bano, Lamia Bensaoula, Anders M. Strom and Jan-Åke Gustafsson
Receptors 2023, 2(3), 176-190; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2030012 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1684
Abstract
Estrogen receptor beta 1 (ERβ1) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, which has been shown to maintain tissue differentiation in the normal prostate, and regulate androgen response and increase expression of tumor suppressors in prostate cancer cell lines. There are three shorter isoforms of [...] Read more.
Estrogen receptor beta 1 (ERβ1) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, which has been shown to maintain tissue differentiation in the normal prostate, and regulate androgen response and increase expression of tumor suppressors in prostate cancer cell lines. There are three shorter isoforms of ERβ expressed in the human prostate, ERβ2, ERβ4, and ERβ5, which have already been implicated in chemotherapy resistance and disease progression, suggesting a possible oncogenic role. Their ligand-binding domain (LBD) is truncated, so they are unable to activate canonical ERβ1 signaling pathways; however, they were shown to participate in hypoxic signaling and to induce a gene expression signature associated with stemness and hypoxia. To elucidate the role of the truncated ERβ isoforms in prostate cancer, we created a knockout of all isoforms, as well as a truncation of the LBD, to remove the function of ERβ1. We showed that the removal of all isoforms leads to a decrease in the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC)-associated genes, decreased chemotherapy resistance, and a decrease in the CSC population, based on sphere formation ability and SORE6 (CSC reporter) activity, while removing the LBD function only had the opposite effect. Our results suggest a more aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer cell lines expressing ERβ variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof. Jan-Åke Gustafsson)
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13 pages, 3012 KiB  
Article
A Novel Liver X Receptor Inverse Agonist Impairs Cholesterol and Phospholipid Metabolism and Induces Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells
by Scott Widmann, Shivangi Srivastava and Chin-Yo Lin
Receptors 2023, 2(1), 34-46; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2010003 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2870
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a high mortality rate and few effective treatments. A growing area of cancer therapeutics seeks to exploit the metabolic dysregulation of cancer cells, such as glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, to selectively [...] Read more.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a high mortality rate and few effective treatments. A growing area of cancer therapeutics seeks to exploit the metabolic dysregulation of cancer cells, such as glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, to selectively target malignant cells. As ligand-dependent transcription factors and critical regulators of metabolism, liver X receptors (LXRs) are amenable to small-molecule targeting for such purposes. We have profiled the transcriptomic, metabolomic, and cytotoxic effects of a newly discovered small-molecule LXR modulator, GAC0003A4 (3A4), in PDAC cell lines. On the transcriptomic level, marked changes in gene expression were observed, including downregulation of LXR target genes and pathways. Gene set enrichment analysis determined downregulation of several metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, while upregulated pathways involved TNFα/NF-κB and other stress-induced processes. Metabolomic analyses revealed altered metabolites in several pathways, the most enriched categories being lipids and amino acid metabolites, while phospholipids and sphingolipids, including ceramides, were also found to be significantly altered. Insights from transcriptomic and metabolomic studies helped guide the determination of alterations in cholesterol and ceramides as integral to the antiproliferative mechanisms of 3A4. Additionally, a concurrent programmed cell death mechanism involving apoptosis and necroptosis was shown to be activated. These studies provide novel insights into the effects of LXR modulation on gene expression, metabolism, and cell death induction in PDAC cells. The metabolic and cytotoxic effects of LXR modulation on the PDAC cell lines used in this study could also aid in the design and application of drugs to target other refractory cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof. Jan-Åke Gustafsson)
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Review

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19 pages, 1581 KiB  
Review
Estrogen Signals through ERβ in Breast Cancer; What We Have Learned since the Discovery of the Receptor
by Harika Nagandla and Christoforos Thomas
Receptors 2024, 3(2), 182-200; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors3020010 - 3 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2421
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) β (ERβ) is the second ER subtype that mediates the effects of estrogen in target tissues along with ERα that represents a validated biomarker and target for endocrine therapy in breast cancer. ERα was the only known ER subtype until [...] Read more.
Estrogen receptor (ER) β (ERβ) is the second ER subtype that mediates the effects of estrogen in target tissues along with ERα that represents a validated biomarker and target for endocrine therapy in breast cancer. ERα was the only known ER subtype until 1996 when the discovery of ERβ opened a new chapter in endocrinology and prompted a thorough reevaluation of the estrogen signaling paradigm. Unlike the oncogenic ERα, ERβ has been proposed to function as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, and extensive research is underway to uncover the full spectrum of ERβ activities and elucidate its mechanism of action. Recent studies have relied on new transgenic models to capture effects in normal and malignant breast that were not previously detected. They have also benefited from the development of highly specific synthetic ligands that are used to demonstrate distinct mechanisms of gene regulation in cancer. As a result, significant new information about the biology and clinical importance of ERβ is now available, which is the focus of discussion in the present article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof. Jan-Åke Gustafsson)
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11 pages, 524 KiB  
Review
Estrogen Receptor Knockout Mice and Their Effects on Fertility
by Ivan Nalvarte and Per Antonson
Receptors 2023, 2(1), 116-126; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2010007 - 7 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3887
Abstract
Estrogens play a crucial role in sexual development and fertility as well as many other physiological processes, and it is estrogen receptors that mediate the physiological responses. To study the role of the estrogen receptors in these processes, several genetic mouse models have [...] Read more.
Estrogens play a crucial role in sexual development and fertility as well as many other physiological processes, and it is estrogen receptors that mediate the physiological responses. To study the role of the estrogen receptors in these processes, several genetic mouse models have been developed using different strategies, which also in some cases yield different results. Here, we summarize the models that have been made and their impact on fertility in relation to known cases of human estrogen receptor mutations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof. Jan-Åke Gustafsson)
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Other

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9 pages, 481 KiB  
Perspective
The Glucocorticoid Receptor’s tau1c Activation Domain 35 Years on—Making Order out of Disorder
by Anthony P. H. Wright
Receptors 2024, 3(1), 27-35; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors3010003 - 5 Feb 2024
Viewed by 928
Abstract
Almost exactly 35 years after starting to work with the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR), it is interesting for me to re-evaluate the data and results obtained in the 1980s–1990s with the benefit of current knowledge. What was understood then and how can modern [...] Read more.
Almost exactly 35 years after starting to work with the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR), it is interesting for me to re-evaluate the data and results obtained in the 1980s–1990s with the benefit of current knowledge. What was understood then and how can modern perspectives increase that understanding? The hGR’s tau1c activation domain that we delineated was an enigmatic protein domain. It was apparently devoid of secondary and tertiary protein structures but nonetheless maintained gene activation activity in the absence of other hGR domains, not only in human cells but also in yeast, which is evolutionarily very divergent from humans and which does not contain hGR or other nuclear receptors. We now know that the basic machinery of cells is much more conserved across evolution than was previously thought, so the hGR’s tau1c domain was able to utilise transcription machinery components that were conserved between humans and yeast. Further, we can now see that structure–function aspects of the tau1c domain conform to a general mechanistic framework, such as the acidic exposure model, that has been proposed for many activation domains. As for many transcription factor activation domains, it is now clear that tau1c activity requires regions of transient secondary structure. We now know that there is a tendency for positive Darwinian selection to target intrinsically disordered protein domains. It will be interesting to study the distribution and nature of the many single nucleotide variants of the hGR in this respect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof. Jan-Åke Gustafsson)
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10 pages, 1323 KiB  
Opinion
From Antibodies to Crystals: Understanding the Structure of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Related Proteins
by Iain J. McEwan
Receptors 2023, 2(3), 166-175; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2030011 - 3 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1686
Abstract
The steroid/thyroid hormone or nuclear receptor superfamily is quickly approaching its 40th anniversary. During this period, we have seen tremendous progress being made in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of these physiologically important proteins in the field of health and disease. [...] Read more.
The steroid/thyroid hormone or nuclear receptor superfamily is quickly approaching its 40th anniversary. During this period, we have seen tremendous progress being made in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of these physiologically important proteins in the field of health and disease. Critical to this has been the insight provided by ever more detailed structural examination of nuclear receptor proteins and the complexes they are responsible for assembling on DNA. In this article, I will focus on the contributions made by Jan-Åke Gustafsson and colleagues at the Karolinska Institute (Sweden) and, more recently, the University of Houston (USA), to this area of nuclear receptor research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Receptors: Honorary Special Issue Commemorating the Work of Prof. Jan-Åke Gustafsson)
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