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Textiles, Volume 5, Issue 3 (September 2025) – 13 articles

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20 pages, 2178 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress on Green-Derived Tin Oxide (SnO2) for the Degradation of Textile Dyes: A Review
by L. M. Mahlaule-Glory and N. C. Hintsho-Mbita
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030036 - 19 Aug 2025
Viewed by 200
Abstract
Water contamination from textile dyes is a major environmental hazard. This is due to the textile industry serving among the biggest manufacturers, thus the extensive usage of these dyes. Several methods for the treatment of these pollutants have been used; however, they have [...] Read more.
Water contamination from textile dyes is a major environmental hazard. This is due to the textile industry serving among the biggest manufacturers, thus the extensive usage of these dyes. Several methods for the treatment of these pollutants have been used; however, they have limitations in terms of cost, forming secondary pollution, and effectiveness. Metal oxides such as tin oxide (SnO2) have been identified as potential photocatalysts for the degradation of these dyes. The potential of SnO2-based photocatalysts, especially those made using green techniques, has been at the forefront of current research. The physical and optical properties, green synthesis techniques, and photocatalytic uses of SnO2 NPs are examined. Furthermore, methods to improve photocatalytic effectiveness through the formation of heterostructures are also explored. Lastly, the conclusion and future perspectives of these materials as suitable candidates for water treatment are highlighted. Full article
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38 pages, 10163 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Structure, Performance, Fabrication, and Impacts of Application Conditions on Wearable Textile GNSS Antennas
by Ruihua Wang, Cong Zheng, Qingyun Tao and Jiyong Hu
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030035 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
The advancement of wearable technologies has resulted in significant interest in GNSS-integrated textile antenna development. Although existing literature surveys predominantly concentrate on flexible non-textile antenna systems operating within UHF and 5G frequency spectra, systematic investigations of textile-based antenna configurations in the 1–2 GHz [...] Read more.
The advancement of wearable technologies has resulted in significant interest in GNSS-integrated textile antenna development. Although existing literature surveys predominantly concentrate on flexible non-textile antenna systems operating within UHF and 5G frequency spectra, systematic investigations of textile-based antenna configurations in the 1–2 GHz GNSS band have been relatively scarce. Contemporary GNSS textile antenna architectures primarily target GPS frequency coverage, while the global proliferation of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) infrastructure necessitates urgent development of BDS-compatible textile antenna solutions. This review methodically examines the structural configurations and radiation characteristics of 1–2 GHz textile antennas, bandwidth enhancement techniques, miniaturization methodologies, and gain optimization approaches, along with material selection criteria and manufacturing processes. Technical challenges persist in simultaneously achieving broadband operation, compact dimensions, and elevated gain performance. Primary manufacturing approaches encompassing laminated fabric assemblies, printed electronics, and embroidered conductive patterns are analyzed, while existing methodologies exhibit limited capacity for seamless garment integration. Despite remarkable progress in conductive material engineering, dielectric property modification studies demonstrate insufficient theoretical depth. Comprehensive mitigation strategies for multifaceted operational environments involving human proximity effects, mechanical deformation, and variable meteorological conditions remain notably underdeveloped. This comprehensive analysis aims to establish a foundational framework for next-generation BDS-oriented textile antenna development. Full article
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16 pages, 3316 KiB  
Article
Intelligent and Precise Textile Drop-Off: A New Strategy for Integrating Soft Fingers and Machine Vision Technology
by Jinzhu Shen, Álvaro Ramírez-Gómez, Jianping Wang, Fan Zhang and Yitong Li
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030034 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
This study presents a novel drop-off strategy for automated fabric handling in intelligent apparel manufacturing, addressing the critical challenge of drift-free placement of lightweight, flexible textiles. A pneumatically driven retractable plate is introduced as an auxiliary device, along with machine vision technology, to [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel drop-off strategy for automated fabric handling in intelligent apparel manufacturing, addressing the critical challenge of drift-free placement of lightweight, flexible textiles. A pneumatically driven retractable plate is introduced as an auxiliary device, along with machine vision technology, to eliminate drop-off deviations inherent in traditional soft grippers. By synchronizing the retraction motion of the plate with soft gripper release, the fabric is transferred onto the target surface without free-fall drift, achieving sub-0.5 mm alignment accuracy across 15 fabric types. Machine vision-based inspection validates drop-off quality in real time. This work offers a low-cost, drift-free drop-off solution for pre-sewing automation. Full article
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14 pages, 9585 KiB  
Article
Ultraviolet-Protective Textiles: Exploring the Potential of Cotton Knits Dyed with Natural Dyes
by Diana Santiago, Joana Cunha, Paulo Mendes and Isabel Cabral
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030033 - 11 Aug 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) represents significant risks to both textile durability and human health. Natural dyes are gaining attention as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic UV-blocking agents, offering aesthetic and functional benefits. This study explores the UV-protective properties of 100% cotton knit fabrics dyed with [...] Read more.
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) represents significant risks to both textile durability and human health. Natural dyes are gaining attention as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic UV-blocking agents, offering aesthetic and functional benefits. This study explores the UV-protective properties of 100% cotton knit fabrics dyed with natural dyes—indigo, weld, and madder—using different mordanting processes, including materials with mordant abilities such as alum, pomegranate peel, and tannin extracted from quebracho. Twenty samples were evaluated, including undyed, individually treated, and combined dye-mordant formulations. UV protection was assessed through spectral transmittance and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) measurements before and after washing. The results showed that natural dyes significantly improved the UV resistance of cotton fabrics, particularly when combined with products like pomegranate and the tannin–alum mixture. Notably, some samples demonstrated improved UPF and became darker after washing, such as mordant combinations like tannin with alum. These findings suggest that natural dye, when combined with appropriate mordants, offers a sustainable and effective approach to producing UV-protective textiles. This is particularly valuable in children’s clothing, where chemical safety and sun protection are crucial. Future research should investigate the influence of pH on dye stability and UV-blocking performance to optimise formulations for industrial use and long-term functionality. Full article
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13 pages, 1436 KiB  
Article
Basalt Fiber Mechanical Properties After Low-Temperature Treatment
by Sergey I. Gutnikov, Evgeniya S. Zhukovskaya, Sergey S. Popov and Bogdan I. Lazoryak
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030032 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
This study investigates the production and characterization of basalt continuous fibers (BCFs) with varying oxide contents (including Na2O, SiO2, CaO, TiO2, and Al2O3), derived from modified basalt bulk glasses. The fibers were created [...] Read more.
This study investigates the production and characterization of basalt continuous fibers (BCFs) with varying oxide contents (including Na2O, SiO2, CaO, TiO2, and Al2O3), derived from modified basalt bulk glasses. The fibers were created through a two-stage process that included the preparation of basalt glasses followed by fiber drawing. A key focus of the research was on evaluating the mechanical properties of BCF after low-temperature treatments. Tensile testing revealed that the maximum tensile strength of the fibers was 1915 MPa at room temperature, which decreased to 1714 MPa at −196 °C, representing a shift of −10.5%. The addition of sodium oxide not only broadened the fiber-forming temperature range but also increased the strength to 2351 MPa. However, significant reductions in strength were observed at cryogenic temperatures, particularly for the Na-rich sample, which experienced a decrease of 32.8%. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing oxide content and minimizing hydroxyl (OH) groups to enhance the performance of basalt fibers in low-temperature applications, positioning them as viable materials for use in extreme environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technical Textiles)
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18 pages, 10811 KiB  
Article
Multimodal Feature Inputs Enable Improved Automated Textile Identification
by Magken George Enow Gnoupa, Andy T. Augousti, Olga Duran, Olena Lanets and Solomiia Liaskovska
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030031 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
This study presents an advanced framework for fabric texture classification by leveraging macro- and micro-texture extraction techniques integrated with deep learning architectures. Co-occurrence histograms, local binary patterns (LBPs), and albedo-dependent feature maps were employed to comprehensively capture the surface properties of fabrics. A [...] Read more.
This study presents an advanced framework for fabric texture classification by leveraging macro- and micro-texture extraction techniques integrated with deep learning architectures. Co-occurrence histograms, local binary patterns (LBPs), and albedo-dependent feature maps were employed to comprehensively capture the surface properties of fabrics. A late fusion approach was applied using four state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks (CNNs): InceptionV3, ResNet50_V2, DenseNet, and VGG-19. Excellent results were obtained, with the ResNet50_V2 achieving a precision of 0.929, recall of 0.914, and F1 score of 0.913. Notably, the integration of multimodal inputs allowed the models to effectively distinguish challenging fabric types, such as cotton–polyester and satin–silk pairs, which exhibit overlapping texture characteristics. This research not only enhances the accuracy of textile classification but also provides a robust methodology for material analysis, with significant implications for industrial applications in fashion, quality control, and robotics. Full article
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15 pages, 1226 KiB  
Article
Functional Textile Socks in Rheumatoid Arthritis or Psoriatic Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Study
by Kirkke Reisberg, Kristiine Hõrrak, Aile Tamm, Margarita Kõrver, Liina Animägi and Jonete Visnapuu
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030030 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
There is limited knowledge about the benefits of functional textile in arthritis management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of wearing functional socks in patients with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. Patients were randomized into an experimental group (n = 23) and [...] Read more.
There is limited knowledge about the benefits of functional textile in arthritis management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of wearing functional socks in patients with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. Patients were randomized into an experimental group (n = 23) and control group (n = 18). The intervention involved wearing functional textile socks for 12 weeks. Sock composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Outcome measures included the Numeric Rating Scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire–Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and RAND-36 (Estonian version). At week 12, the experimental group showed significantly lower metatarsophalangeal and toe joint pain (p = 0.001), stiffness (p = 0.005), and ankle stiffness (p = 0.017) scores than the control group. Improvements were also observed in HAQ-DI reaching (p = 0.035) and activity (p = 0.028) scores. RAND-36 scores were higher in physical functioning (p = 0.013), social functioning (p = 0.024), and bodily pain (p = 0.006). Role limitations due to physical problems improved in the experimental group but worsened in the control group (p = 0.029). In conclusion, wearing functional socks led to some statistically significant improvements in foot and ankle pain and stiffness, physical function, and health-related quality of life. However, the effect sizes were small, and the clinical relevance of these findings should be interpreted with caution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Medical Textiles: 2nd Edition)
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29 pages, 5215 KiB  
Article
Supply Chain Cost Analysis for Interior Lighting Systems Based on Polymer Optical Fibres Compared to Optical Injection Moulding
by Jan Kallweit, Fabian Köntges and Thomas Gries
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030029 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 341
Abstract
Car interior design should evoke emotions, offer comfort, convey safety and at the same time project the brand identity of the car manufacturer. Lighting is used to address these functions. Modules required for automotive interior lighting often feature injection-moulded (IM) light guides, whereas [...] Read more.
Car interior design should evoke emotions, offer comfort, convey safety and at the same time project the brand identity of the car manufacturer. Lighting is used to address these functions. Modules required for automotive interior lighting often feature injection-moulded (IM) light guides, whereas woven fabrics with polymer optical fibres (POFs) offer certain technological advantages and show first-series applications in cars. In the future, car interior illumination will become even more important in the wake of megatrends such as autonomous driving. Since the increase in deployment of these technologies facilitates a need for an economical comparison, this paper aims to deliver a cost-driven approach to fulfil the aforementioned objective. Therefore, the cost structures of the supply chains for an IM-based and a POF-based illumination module are analysed. The employed research methodologies include an activity-based costing approach for which the data is collected via document analysis and guideline-based expert interviews. To account for data uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulations are conducted. POF-based lighting modules have lower initial costs due to continuous fibre production and weaving processes, but are associated with higher unit costs. This is caused by the discontinuous assembly of the rolled woven fabric which allows postponement strategies. The development costs of the mould generate high initial costs for IM light guides, which makes them beneficial only for high quantities of produced light guides. For the selected scenario, the POF-based module’s self-costs are 11.05 EUR/unit whereas the IM module’s self-costs are 14,19 EUR/unit. While the cost structures are relatively independent from the selected scenario, the actual self-costs are highly dependent on boundary conditions such as production volume. Full article
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39 pages, 7688 KiB  
Review
Advances and Applications of Graphene-Enhanced Textiles: A 10-Year Review of Functionalization Strategies and Smart Fabric Technologies
by Patricia Rocio Durañona Aznar and Heitor Luiz Ornaghi Junior
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030028 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 855
Abstract
Graphene has emerged as a promising material for transforming conventional textiles into smart, multi-functional platforms due to its exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in graphene-enhanced fabrics over the past ten [...] Read more.
Graphene has emerged as a promising material for transforming conventional textiles into smart, multi-functional platforms due to its exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in graphene-enhanced fabrics over the past ten years, focusing on their functional properties and real-world applications. This article examines the main strategies used to incorporate graphene and its derivatives—such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide—into textile substrates through coating, printing, or composite formation. The structural, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of these fabrics are discussed based on characterization techniques including microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Functional evaluations in wearable strain sensors, biosignal acquisition, electrothermal systems, and energy storage devices are highlighted to demonstrate the versatility of these materials. Although challenges remain in scalability, durability, and washability, recent developments in fabrication and encapsulation methods show significant potential to overcome these limitations. This review concludes by outlining the major opportunities and future directions for graphene-based textiles in areas such as personalized health monitoring, active thermal wear, and integrated wearable electronics. Full article
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41 pages, 6695 KiB  
Review
Design Innovation and Thermal Management Applications of Low-Dimensional Carbon-Based Smart Textiles
by Yating Pan, Shuyuan Lin, Yang Xue, Bingxian Ou, Zhen Li, Junhua Zhao and Ning Wei
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030027 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 617
Abstract
With the rapid development of wearable electronics, traditional rigid thermal management materials face limitations in flexibility, conformability, and multi-physics adaptability. Low-dimensional carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes combine ultrahigh thermal conductivity with outstanding mechanical compliance, making them promising building blocks for [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of wearable electronics, traditional rigid thermal management materials face limitations in flexibility, conformability, and multi-physics adaptability. Low-dimensional carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes combine ultrahigh thermal conductivity with outstanding mechanical compliance, making them promising building blocks for flexible thermal regulation. This review summarizes recent advances in integrating these materials into textile architectures, mapping the evolution of this emerging field. Key topics include phonon-dominated heat transfer mechanisms, strategies for modulating interfacial thermal resistance, and dimensional effects across scales; beyond these intrinsic factors, hierarchical textile configurations further tailor macroscopic performance. We highlight how one-dimensional fiber bundles, two-dimensional woven fabrics, and three-dimensional porous networks construct multi-directional thermal pathways while enhancing porosity and stress tolerance. As for practical applications, the performance of carbon-based textiles in wearable systems, flexible electronic packaging, and thermal coatings is also critically assessed. Current obstacles—namely limited manufacturing scalability, interfacial mismatches, and thermal performance degradation under repeated deformation—are analyzed. To overcome these challenges, future studies should prioritize the co-design of structural and thermo-mechanical properties, the integration of multiple functionalities, and optimization guided by data-driven approaches. This review thus lays a solid foundation for advancing carbon-based smart textiles toward next-generation flexible thermal management technologies. Full article
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16 pages, 22005 KiB  
Article
High-Impact Resistance of Textile/Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites: Experiment and Theory Analysis
by Zongcai Deng and Dongyue Liu
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030026 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 327
Abstract
To develop cement-based composite materials with exceptional impact resistance, this study investigates the impact resistance performance of steel fiber- and glass fiber-reinforced specimens, as well as steel fiber and glass fiber textile-reinforced specimens, through drop weight impact tests. The results showed that the [...] Read more.
To develop cement-based composite materials with exceptional impact resistance, this study investigates the impact resistance performance of steel fiber- and glass fiber-reinforced specimens, as well as steel fiber and glass fiber textile-reinforced specimens, through drop weight impact tests. The results showed that the impact resistance of specimens increases with the number of glass fiber textile layers, glass fiber volume fractions, and glass fiber lengths, with 36GF1.5SF1.0 exhibitinh ultra-high impact resistance with a failure impact energy of 114 kJ. Compared to the specimens reinforced with glass textiles, the specimens with glass fiber showed better impact resistance at the same volume fraction. The failure mode of unreinforced specimens is divided into several pieces, while fiber-reinforced specimens have local punching shear failure at the impact site, maintaining better integrity. An impact damage evolution equation and life prediction model based on a two-parameter Weibull distribution are developed. The research results will provide a reference for the selection of fibers for engineering applications. Full article
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14 pages, 2778 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Orientation Angle of Center Facing Arm on Elongation of 3D-Printed Auxetic-Structure Textiles
by Shahbaj Kabir, Yu Li and Young-A Lee
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030025 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 403
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of the orientation angle of center facing arms on the elongation and strength of 3D-printed textiles with two different re-entrant cellular auxetic structures. An experimental research design, consisting of 6 (auxetic-structure textiles) × 3 (repetition), was [...] Read more.
This study aimed to examine the effect of the orientation angle of center facing arms on the elongation and strength of 3D-printed textiles with two different re-entrant cellular auxetic structures. An experimental research design, consisting of 6 (auxetic-structure textiles) × 3 (repetition), was employed. Star-shaped re-entrant auxetic structures (star re-entrant) with orientation angles of 25°, 30°, and 35° and floral-based star-shaped re-entrant auxetic structures (floral re-entrant) with orientation angles of 55°, 60°, and 65° were developed using the fused deposition modeling 3D-printing method through identifying commonly used auxetic structures in the 3D-printed textiles’ development. A statistically significant relationship was found between load and elongation of both star re-entrant and floral re-entrant. The findings indicated that 3D-printed textiles with both star re-entrant and floral re-entrant structures exhibited an enhanced elongation with the increase in orientation angle, making the textile products more flexible and potentially providing better wear comfort. However, the strength of both star re-entrant and floral re-entrant textiles was not significantly affected by the orientation angle of center facing arms. The findings demonstrated the potential to enhance the elongation of 3D-printed auxetic-structure textiles without compromising their strength for ensuing comfort by adjusting the orientation angle of center facing arms. Full article
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24 pages, 7913 KiB  
Review
From Waste to Value: Advances in Recycling Textile-Based PET Fabrics
by Fatemeh Mohtaram and Peter Fojan
Textiles 2025, 5(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5030024 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1523
Abstract
The environmental burden of textile waste has become a critical challenge for sustainable development. This review explores recent developments in the recycling of textiles, especially polyethylene tereph-2 thalate (PET)-based fabrics, with a focus on fiber-to-fiber regeneration as a pathway toward circular textile production. [...] Read more.
The environmental burden of textile waste has become a critical challenge for sustainable development. This review explores recent developments in the recycling of textiles, especially polyethylene tereph-2 thalate (PET)-based fabrics, with a focus on fiber-to-fiber regeneration as a pathway toward circular textile production. Recent developments in PET recycling, such as mechanical and chemical recycling methods, are critically examined, highlighting the potential of chemical depolymerization for recovering high-purity monomers suitable for textile-grade PET synthesis. Special attention is given to electrospinning as an emerging technology for converting recycled PET into high-value nanofibers, offering functional properties suitable for advanced applications in filtration, medical textiles, and smart fabrics. The integration of these innovations, alongside improved sorting technologies and circular design strategies, is essential for overcoming current limitations and enabling scalable, high-quality recycling systems. This review aims to support the development of a more resource efficient textile industry by outlining key challenges, technologies, and future directions in PET recycling. Full article
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