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Adv. Respir. Med., Volume 92, Issue 6 (December 2024) – 6 articles

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22 pages, 378 KiB  
Review
Prospects for Treatment of Lung Cancer Using Activated Lymphocytes Combined with Other Anti-Cancer Modalities
by Anastasia Ganina, Manarbek Askarov, Larissa Kozina, Madina Karimova, Yerzhan Shayakhmetov, Perizat Mukhamedzhanova, Aigul Brimova, Daulet Berikbol, Elmira Chuvakova, Lina Zaripova and Abay Baigenzhin
Adv. Respir. Med. 2024, 92(6), 504-525; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm92060045 - 6 Dec 2024
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Abstract
This review explores the significance and prospects of using diverse T-cell variants in the context of combined therapy for lung cancer treatment. Recently, there has been an increase in research focused on understanding the critical role of tumor-specific T lymphocytes and the potential [...] Read more.
This review explores the significance and prospects of using diverse T-cell variants in the context of combined therapy for lung cancer treatment. Recently, there has been an increase in research focused on understanding the critical role of tumor-specific T lymphocytes and the potential benefits of autologous T-cell-based treatments for individuals with lung cancer. One promising approach involves intravenous administration of ex vivo-activated autologous lymphocytes to improve the immune status of patients with cancer. Investigations are also exploring the factors that influence the success of T-cell therapy and the methods used to stimulate them. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of activated lymphocytes and deciphering the mechanisms underlying their activation of innate anti-tumor immunity will pave the way for numerous clinical trials and the development of innovative strategies for cancer therapy like combined immunotherapy and radiation therapy. Full article
19 pages, 1867 KiB  
Review
Molecular Pathophysiology of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Clinical Update from a Basic Research Perspective
by Leslie Marisol Gonzalez-Hermosillo, Guillermo Cueto-Robledo, Dulce Iliana Navarro-Vergara, Maria Berenice Torres-Rojas, Marisol García-Cesar, Oscar Pérez-Méndez and Galileo Escobedo
Adv. Respir. Med. 2024, 92(6), 485-503; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm92060044 - 27 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare but severe condition characterized by persistent obstruction and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arteries following an acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Although APE is a significant risk factor, up to 25% of CTEPH cases occur without [...] Read more.
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare but severe condition characterized by persistent obstruction and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arteries following an acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Although APE is a significant risk factor, up to 25% of CTEPH cases occur without a history of APE or deep vein thrombosis, complicating the understanding of its pathogenesis. Herein, we carried out a narrative review discussing the mechanisms involved in CTEPH development, including fibrotic thrombus formation, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and abnormal angiogenesis, leading to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. We also outlined how the disease’s pathophysiology reveals both proximal and distal pulmonary artery obstruction, contributing to the development of pulmonary hypertension. We depicted the risk factors predicting CTEPH, including thrombotic history, hemostatic disorders, and certain medical conditions. We finally looked at the molecular mechanisms behind the role of endothelial dysfunction, gene expression alterations, and inflammatory processes in CTEPH progression and detection. Despite these insights, there is still a need for improved diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies to enhance early detection and management of CTEPH, ultimately aiming to reduce diagnostic delay and improve patient outcomes. Full article
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13 pages, 1087 KiB  
Article
Association Between Weight-Adjusted Waist Index and Emphysema in Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study Involving 44,949 Participants
by Hui Cheng, Ziheng Yang, Jiateng Guo, Yukun Zu, Fan Li and Bo Zhao
Adv. Respir. Med. 2024, 92(6), 472-484; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm92060043 - 21 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Background: The relationship between obesity and respiratory diseases has been widely explored. In this context, the Weight-Adjusted Waist Index (WWI) has emerged as a novel metric for assessing visceral fat. This study aims to evaluate the association between WWI and the risk [...] Read more.
Background: The relationship between obesity and respiratory diseases has been widely explored. In this context, the Weight-Adjusted Waist Index (WWI) has emerged as a novel metric for assessing visceral fat. This study aims to evaluate the association between WWI and the risk of emphysema in the U.S. population, by utilizing data from the 2001–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using NHANES data from 2001 to 2018. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the relationship between WWI and emphysema risk. Interaction and subgroup analyses were performed to explore effect modifiers. Results: Our study included a total of 44,949 American adults. The results of the multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed an association between WWI and the incidence of emphysema. In the fully adjusted model, the probability of developing emphysema was 1.5 times higher in the group with WWI > 10.46 compared to those with WWI ≤ 10.46, with an odds ratio of [1.5 (1.1, 1.9), p = 0.003]. Subgroup analysis showed stronger associations among males, non-Hispanic Whites, and individuals with hypertension. Furthermore, we used a two-piece linear regression model and found a nonlinear association between WWI and emphysema, with a breakpoint at 12.5. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a significant association between WWI levels and emphysema. Larger-scale prospective studies are needed to further explore the role of WWI in emphysema. Full article
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6 pages, 484 KiB  
Brief Report
Beneficial Impact of Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 on the Mental Health of IPF Patients
by Ioannis Tomos, Andriana I. Papaioannou, Zoe I. Daniil, Ilias E. Dimeas, Paraskevi Kirgou, Athena Gogali, Konstantinos Tatsis, Ilias Papanikolaou, Vasilios Tzilas, Argyrios Tzouvelekis, Panayiota Tsiri, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Pachalis Ntolios, Areti Xyfteri, Katerina Antoniou, Emmanouil Symvoulakis, Aggeliki Haritou, Maria Maniati, Lykourgos Kolilekas, Elvira-Markella Antonogiannaki, Vasiliki Apollonatou, Maria Kallieri, Kostas Samaras, Stylianos Loukides, Anna Karakatsani, Demosthenes Bouros, Effrosyni Manali and Spyros Papirisadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Adv. Respir. Med. 2024, 92(6), 466-471; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm92060042 - 6 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Background: Depression and anxiety represent significant comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients, affecting their quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an uneven impact on global mental health. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) constitutes a validated tool to [...] Read more.
Background: Depression and anxiety represent significant comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients, affecting their quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an uneven impact on global mental health. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) constitutes a validated tool to identify anxiety disorders and depression. The aim of this multicentre study was to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on depression and anxiety in IPF patients. Methods: Consecutive IPF patients (median 73.5 years) who are regularly followed-up with were included in the study. Demographics, functional, and clinical were recorded. The HADS score was calculated before and one month after vaccination against COVID-19 in all participants. A Wilcoxon signed ranks test was conducted. Results: A total of 180 IPF patients (median 73.5 years) were included in the study. Among them, 145 patients (81%) received antifibrotic treatment. A significant reduction in HADS, both in anxiety and depression scales, was observed one month after vaccination against SARS-COV-2), independent of age, smoking, lung function impairment, and prior history of depression (p < 0.01). Conclusions: A higher Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score was detected before vaccination against COVID-19. It seems that vaccination also offered a beneficial effect on depression and anxiety in IPF patients, independent of age, smoking, lung function impairment, and prior history of depression. Full article
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14 pages, 805 KiB  
Guidelines
2024 Update on Position Statement by Experts from the Polish Society of Allergology and the Polish Respiratory Society on the Evaluation of Efficacy and Effectiveness of Single Inhaler Triple Therapies in Asthma Treatment
by Paweł Śliwiński, Adam Antczak, Adam Barczyk, Adam J. Białas, Małgorzata Czajkowska-Malinowska, Karina Jahnz-Różyk, Marek Kulus, Piotr Kuna and Maciej Kupczyk
Adv. Respir. Med. 2024, 92(6), 452-465; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm92060041 - 31 Oct 2024
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Abstract
Medication non-adherence remains a substantial obstacle in asthma care, prompting the exploration of novel therapeutic modalities that prioritize rapid symptom relief, anti-inflammatory activity, and facilitate patients’ compliance. This task is well-served by the following new form of therapy: inhaled triple-combination medications ICS/LABA/LAMA (inhaled [...] Read more.
Medication non-adherence remains a substantial obstacle in asthma care, prompting the exploration of novel therapeutic modalities that prioritize rapid symptom relief, anti-inflammatory activity, and facilitate patients’ compliance. This task is well-served by the following new form of therapy: inhaled triple-combination medications ICS/LABA/LAMA (inhaled glucocorticosteroid/long-acting beta2-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist). The integration of three medications within a singular inhalation device culminates in the reduction of the effective dose of the principal therapeutic agent for asthma management, namely ICS. This consolidation yields a dual benefit of minimizing the likelihood of adverse effects typically linked with ICS while concurrently optimizing bronchodilator efficacy. The accumulated evidence suggests that adding LAMA to a medium- or high-dose ICS/LABA results in a decrease of asthma exacerbations compared to medium- or high-dose ICS/LABA alone, accompanied by sustained enhancements in lung function parameters. In adult patients experiencing suboptimal asthma control despite medium/high-dose ICS/LABA treatment—regardless of adherence to GINA-recommended strategies, such as MART therapy as a first-line approach, or alternative second-line strategies—we propose that the preferred course for intensifying asthma therapy involves the addition of a LAMA, ideally in the form of SITT. Full article
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8 pages, 709 KiB  
Article
Application of Forced Oscillation Technique in Assessing Pulmonary Fibrosis in Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome
by Wilfredo De Jesús-Rojas, Luis Reyes-Peña, José Muñiz-Hernandez, Rolando Mena-Ventura, Gabriel Camareno-Soto, Gabriel Rosario-Ortiz, Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez, Monica Egozcue-Dionisi, Enid Rivera-Jimenez and Rosa Román-Carlo
Adv. Respir. Med. 2024, 92(6), 444-451; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm92060040 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 770
Abstract
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defects in lysosome-related organelles. Given the high mortality rate associated with HPS pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and the significant risks tied to lung transplantation, it is essential to explore new tools for the [...] Read more.
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defects in lysosome-related organelles. Given the high mortality rate associated with HPS pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and the significant risks tied to lung transplantation, it is essential to explore new tools for the early surveillance of PF to monitor its progression before clinical symptoms become apparent. This study evaluates the forced oscillation technique (FOT) for assessing PF in five adult patients with HPS, all homozygous for the HPS-1 (c.1472_1487dup p.His497Glnfs*90) founder mutation. Using the Resmon™ Pro V3 device, the FOT measured resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) at 5, 11, and 19 Hertz (Hz). High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans of the chest were reviewed for radiographic findings. The cohort (n = 5) had a median age of 43 years. All patients exhibited HPS clinical features, including oculocutaneous albinism and respiratory symptoms such as dry cough and dyspnea. Radiographic analysis revealed PF in four patients (80%), with traction bronchiectasis, reticular patterns, honeycombing, and ground-glass opacities. The FOT detected progressive changes in pulmonary resistance and reactance correlating with fibrosis severity. These findings suggest that the FOT is a valuable non-invasive tool for monitoring PF in patients with HPS-1, potentially improving early diagnosis and management. Full article
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