Assessment of Starters of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Killer Yeasts: Selected Strains in Lab-Scale Fermentations of Table Olives (Olea europaea L.) cv. Leccino
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Olive Samples
2.2. Microbial Strains and Starter Production
2.3. Experimental Set Up
2.4. Microbiological Analysis
2.5. Physico-Chemical Analysis
2.5.1. Sugars and Alcohols
2.5.2. Organic Acids
2.5.3. pH
2.5.4. Phenolic Compounds
2.6. Rheological Properties of Olive
2.6.1. Texture Profile Analysis (TPA)
- Hardness: Maximum force of the first compression.
- Springiness: Ratio between the distance traveled during the first compression cycle and the distance during the second cycle. It is the rate at which a deformed sample returns to its original size.
- Cohesiveness: Ratio between the area (work) during the second compression and the area (work) during the first compression. It is the degree to which a product can be deformed before it breaks.
- Gumminess: Hardness × cohesiveness. It is the energy required to disintegrate the product to the state ready for swallowing.
- Chewiness: Hardness × cohesiveness × springiness. It is the number of chews needed to masticate the product until it is ready for swallowing.
2.6.2. Puncture Test
2.7. Chemicals
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Microbial Analysis
3.2. Physico-Chemical Analysis
3.2.1. Sugars and Alcohols
3.2.2. Organic Acids
3.2.3. pH
3.2.4. Phenolic Compounds
3.3. Textural Proprieties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sugars and Alcohols | ppm |
---|---|
Sucrose | 703.93 ± 125.43 |
Glucose | 9477.74 ± 203.12 |
Fructose | 615.80 ± 26.43 |
Mannitol | 3619.97 ± 570.04 |
Sorbitol | 92.41 ± 66.39 |
Phenolic Compounds | ppm |
Oleuropein | 682.09 ± 230.58 |
Hydroxytyrosol | 1632.23 ± 675.70 |
Tyrosol | 1816.50 ± 545.35 |
Day | 23 | 40 | 105 | 140 | 188 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Sucrose (ppm) | |||||
SP | 305.49 ± 4.85 e | 52.76 ± 3.88 b | 2.16 ± 0.25 a | 80.71 ± 1.73 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | |
LP | 426.14 ± 6.52 ab | 124.19 ± 7.67 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 103.55 ± 6.64 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | |
WA | 410.69 ± 14.47 abc | 141.17 ± 17.57 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 94.39 ± 3.51 a | 11.78 ± 8.98 cd | |
MIX1 | 386.85 ± 19.64 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 93.32 ± 3.03 a | 133.98 ± 12.17 a | |
LY1 | 397.47 ± 5.29 bc | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 31.69 ± 2.33 c | 40.14 ± 2.31 b | |
MIX2 | 340.79 ± 7.95 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 72.33 ± 6.96 ab | 23.25 ± 8.05 bc | |
LY2 | 439.57 ± 11.71 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 34.10 ± 9.14 bc | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | |
Glucose (ppm) | ||||||
SP | 1336.53 ± 30.22 f | 264.96 ± 5.08 c | 5.14 ± 4.06 ab | 225.35 ± 64.80 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
LP | 2678.28 ± 89.35 ab | 589.65 ± 138.75 b | 0.73 ± 0.73 b | 20.60 ± 1.27 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
WA | 2370.15 ± 74.86 cd | 886.36 ± 209.44 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 18.90 ± 3.25 b | 17.17 ± 7.52 a | |
MIX1 | 2091.05 ± 104.84 e | 231.74 ± 17.91 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 12.64 ± 0.94 b | 9.27 ± 2.12 ab | |
LY1 | 2730.10 ± 38.10 a | 172.82 ± 7.96 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 4.93 ± 0.72 b | 3.80 ± 0.55 b | |
MIX2 | 2472. 06 ± 34.42 bc | 217.64 ± 18.48 c | 1.38 ± 0.20 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
LY2 | 2204.15 ± 108.27 de | 212.25 ± 3.30 c | 10.17 ± 4.36 a | 2.54 ± 0.37 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
Fructose (ppm) | ||||||
SP | 425.31 ± 11.99 ab | 234.09 ± 3.06 a | 1.05 ± 0.87 b | 37.69 ± 14.64 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | |
LP | 366. 63 ± 33.94 ab | 377.97 ± 52.56 a | 5.62 ± 0.87 b | 1.92 ± 0.56 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | |
WA | 379.57 ± 13.07 ab | 248.65 ± 114.49 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 17.52 ± 2.73 b | |
MIX1 | 468.63 ± 59.45 a | 60.56 ± 7.77 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 3.29 ± 0.73 b | 44.27 ± 3.28 a | |
LY1 | 374.99 ± 7.21 ab | 83.75 ± 9.93 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 2.91 ± 0.69 b | 6.24 ± 2.15 c | |
MIX2 | 359.85 ± 12.16 ab | 42.41 ± 20.16 b | 21.93 ± 6.53 b | 12.01 ± 4.14 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | |
LY2 | 287.43 ± 118.51 b | 53.84 ± 8.28 b | 63.09 ± 19.98 a | 20.09 ± 10.27 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 c |
Day | 23 | 40 | 105 | 140 | 188 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Mannitol (ppm) | |||||
SP | 2841.82 ± 184.23 bc | 330. 47 ± 15.47 b | 1.03 ± 0.52 a | 107.09 ± 13.69 b | 66.47 ± 20.02 b | |
LP | 2721.22 ± 443.95 c | 881.01 ± 406.13 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 666.53 ± 20.87 a | |
WA | 4248.15 ± 117.43 a | 533.65 ± 12.23 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 608.07 ± 111.80 a | |
MIX1 | 4205.16 ± 192.19 a | 613.97 ± 89.47 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 99.60 ± 10.39 b | 123.15 ± 16.39 b | |
LY1 | 3505.10 ± 184.46 ab | 460.93 ± 31.92 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 66.89 ± 5.74 c | 103.76 ± 19.62 b | |
MIX2 | 3146.29 ± 29.75 bc | 445.93 ± 51.91 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 166.02 ± 6.45 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
LY2 | 2539.49 ± 361.20 c | 466.11 ± 72.69 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 183.03 ± 9.68 a | 43.10 ± 7.92 b | |
Sorbitol (ppm) | ||||||
SP | 37.29 ± 13.06 ab | 125.09 ± 3.96 bcd | 0.13 ± 0.08 a | 808.75 ± 39.18 a | 90.20 ± 9.68 c | |
LP | 27.99 ± 5.01 ab | 97.59 ± 0.44 cd | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 321.37 ± 41.25 bc | 46.20 ± 5.41 d | |
WA | 36.42 ± 5.99 ab | 59.67 ± 27.49 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 402.61 ± 54.24 bc | 113.06 ± 0.20 b | |
MIX1 | 66.90 ± 16.76 a | 211.87 ± 39.55 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 235.62 ± 75.17 c | 198.39 ± 8.32 a | |
LY1 | 18.58 ± 7.61 b | 201.85 ± 10.38 bc | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 432.52 ± 46.01 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 e | |
MIX2 | 16.25 ± 2.69 b | 337.44 ± 84.51 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 290.22 ± 88.32 bc | 16.42 ± 4.77 e | |
LY2 | 41.03 ± 26.42 ab | 177.08 ± 8.37 bc | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 479.53 ± 86.09 b | 10.22 ± 4.86 e | |
Ethanol (ppm) | ||||||
SP | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 467.75 ± 132.03 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
LP | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 822.96 ± 32.33 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
WA | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 851.71 ± 78.11 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
MIX1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 598.26 ± 50.76 bcd | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
LY1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 773.19 ± 40.86 abc | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
MIX2 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 576.26 ± 23.88 cd | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 41.49 ± 5.33 a | |
LY2 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 535.13 ± 102.12 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | |
Glycerol (ppm) | ||||||
SP | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1342.62 ± 287.81 a | 2362.26 ± 496.59 a | |
LP | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1331.19 ± 52.87 a | 1487.78 ± 150.80 bc | |
WA | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 470.96 ± 156.54 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1353.50 ± 156.54 a | 950.54 ± 137.67 cd | |
MIX1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 740.64 ± 228.03 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1726.35 ± 49.04 a | 1792.01 ± 77.12 ab | |
LY1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 880.76 ± 74.01 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1681.73 ± 207.55 a | 450.85 ± 32.96 de | |
MIX2 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1221.38 ± 274.93 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1345.29 ± 137.99 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 e | |
LY2 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 858.80 ± 73.42 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1368.59 ± 205.04 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 e |
Day | 23 | 40 | 105 | 140 | 188 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Oleuropein (ppm) | |||||
SP | 2368.83 ± 1194.84 bc | 555.58 ± 502.88 a | 258.69 ± 26.71 a | 724.3 ± 680.23 a | 435.61 ± 63.41 a | |
LP | 4709.37 ± 455.77 a | 342.6 ± 37.11 a | 228.39 ± 51.85 a | 313.01 ± 198.86 a | 456.20 ± 159.71 a | |
WA | 4281.64 ± 647.67 a | 1887.59 ± 2613.48 a | 242.86 ± 53.21 a | 421.81 ± 144.07 a | 328.18 ± 53.63 a | |
MIX1 | 3821.5 ± 159.55 ab | 398.43 ± 146.34 a | 379.31 ± 173.46 a | 410.80 ± 108.86 a | 545.42 ± 368.49 a | |
LY1 | 3969.62 ± 1211.10 a | 374.93 ± 32.43 a | 283.02 ± 97.63 a | 415.54 ± 81.80 a | 337.83 ± 193.36 a | |
MIX2 | 2470.98 ± 1182.53 bc | 358.59 ± 30.75 a | 270.93 ± 49.17 a | 450.19 ± 117.43 a | 318.80 ± 98.89 a | |
LY2 | 1367.09 ± 394.85 c | 384.06 ± 61.36 a | 230.36 ± 63.59 a | 466.44 ± 77.55 a | 290.03 ± 21.01 a | |
Hydroxytyrosol (ppm) | ||||||
SP | 2009.22 ± 1752.86 a | 2130.88 ± 823.28 b | 2428.56 ± 174.15 a | 1940.845 ± 860.32 a | 1917.57 ± 879.92 ab | |
LP | 2881.68 ± 78.045 a | 3567.21 ± 257.33 a | 2381.63 ± 399.71 a | 1675.35 ± 397.48 a | 1725.02 ± 865.91 ab | |
WA | 3574.43 ± 251.95 a | 4034.87 ± 90.911 a | 2494.15 ± 357.76 a | 1506.91 ± 995.07 a | 1877.16 ± 184.35 ab | |
MIX1 | 1991.57 ± 1059.90 a | 3878.65 ± 398.48 a | 2379.66 ± 932.88 a | 2143.85 ± 315.19 a | 1015.06 ± 105.44 b | |
LY1 | 2292.77 ± 852.84 a | 3531.42 ± 544.91 a | 1768.14 ± 1134.18 ab | 1813.44 ± 582.48 a | 1258.71 ± 666.4 ab | |
MIX2 | 3397.36 ± 479.51 a | 3741.07 ± 214.48 a | 1131.05 ± 1794.00 b | 2407.07 ± 1195.88 a | 1275.51 ± 239.39 ab | |
LY2 | 2822.89 ± 828.89 a | 3033.28 ± 1070.70 ab | 1411.71 ± 897.04 b | 2276.69 ± 573.87 a | 2254.53 ± 439.46 a | |
Tyrosol (ppm) | ||||||
SP | 719.41 ± 221.50 b | 379.89 ± 260.59 a | 163.25 ± 6.44 ab | 413.38 ± 103.69 a | 277.7 ± 40.36 a | |
LP | 767.18 ± 55.87 b | 192.77 ± 9.35 b | 150.4 ± 13.28 b | 357.33 ± 21.34 a | 304.11 ± 32.64 a | |
WA | 1069.78 ± 170.11 ab | 219.16 ± 5.20 ab | 161.03 ± 29.77 ab | 365.74 ± 80.85 a | 255.81 ± 24.90 a | |
MIX1 | 913.75 ± 65.43 ab | 211.62 ± 13.81 ab | 219.47 ± 56.96 a | 359.77 ± 36.99 a | 310.21 ± 75.51 a | |
LY1 | 978.33 ± 345.91 ab | 205.96 ± 20.49 ab | 190.66 ± 58.56 ab | 398.12 ± 37.70 a | 244.64 ± 75.15 a | |
MIX2 | 1187.25 ± 379.71 a | 216.53 ± 21.95 ab | 188.65 ± 25.85 ab | 391.93 ± 71.35 a | 284.12 ± 55.74 a | |
LY2 | 759.83 ± 99.78 b | 200.88 ± 21.34 b | 192.52 ± 36.58 ab | 323.54 ± 84.63 a | 261.95 ± 35.40 a |
Treatments | Firmness (g) | Area (g × mm) | Rigidity Index (g/mm) |
---|---|---|---|
SP | 37.59 ± 1.01 a | 30.73 ± 1.24 a | 20.68 ± 0.56 ab |
LP | 36.21 ± 0.91 ab | 28.46 ± 1.01 a | 21.01 ± 0.71 ab |
WA | 36.05 ± 0.83 ab | 29.30 ± 1.03 a | 19.36 ± 0.36 ab |
MIX1 | 36.44 ± 0.90 ab | 28.26 ± 0.89 a | 20.69 ± 0.55 ab |
LY1 | 33.28 ± 0.96 b | 26.68 ± 1.16 a | 18.90 ± 0.48 b |
MIX2 | 38.23 ± 1.27 a | 30.05 ± 1.27 a | 21.75 ± 0.63 a |
LY2 | 36.81 ± 1.04 b | 28.04 ± 1.14 a | 22.00 ± 0.78 a |
Treatments | Hardness (g) | Springiness (mm) | Cohesiveness | Gumminess (g) | Chewiness (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP | 286.35 ± 11.47 ab | 0.66 ± 0.01 ab | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 142.46 ± 5.45 abc | 96.79 ± 4.79 bc |
LP | 315.20 ± 17.71 ab | 0.67 ± 0.01 ab | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 155.40 ± 8.30 ab | 126.90 ± 6.43 a |
WA | 334.29 ± 12.26 ab | 0.66 ± 0.01 ab | 0.48 ± 0.01 a | 158.83 ± 5.65 ab | 107.31 ± 4.31 abc |
MIX1 | 337.11 ± 10.55 a | 0.69 ± 0.01 a | 0.48 ± 0.01 a | 162.80 ± 5.14 a | 116.23 ± 3.90 ab |
LY1 | 321.51 ± 13.74 ab | 0.69 ± 0.01 a | 0.48 ± 0.01 a | 155.81 ± 6.29 abc | 115.08 ± 4.54 ab |
MIX2 | 277.62 ± 11.61 b | 0.61 ± 0.01 c | 0.48 ± 0.01 a | 130.37 ± 5.39 c | 81.52 ± 4.04 c |
LY2 | 314.41 ± 23.30 ab | 0.65 ± 0.01 cb | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 134.42 ± 5.75 bc | 101.06 ± 6.45 abc |
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Bencresciuto, G.F.; Mandalà, C.; Migliori, C.A.; Cortellino, G.; Vanoli, M.; Bardi, L. Assessment of Starters of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Killer Yeasts: Selected Strains in Lab-Scale Fermentations of Table Olives (Olea europaea L.) cv. Leccino. Fermentation 2023, 9, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020182
Bencresciuto GF, Mandalà C, Migliori CA, Cortellino G, Vanoli M, Bardi L. Assessment of Starters of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Killer Yeasts: Selected Strains in Lab-Scale Fermentations of Table Olives (Olea europaea L.) cv. Leccino. Fermentation. 2023; 9(2):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020182
Chicago/Turabian StyleBencresciuto, Grazia Federica, Claudio Mandalà, Carmela Anna Migliori, Giovanna Cortellino, Maristella Vanoli, and Laura Bardi. 2023. "Assessment of Starters of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Killer Yeasts: Selected Strains in Lab-Scale Fermentations of Table Olives (Olea europaea L.) cv. Leccino" Fermentation 9, no. 2: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020182