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10 January 2026

Turbulence After a Time-Periodic Change of Observer

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Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Fluids2026, 11(1), 19;https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11010019 
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This article belongs to the Section Turbulence

Abstract

Objectivity or material frame indifference is the indifference of material behavior to a Euclidean transformation (a general change of observer). This paper considers the objectivity of turbulent fields under a time-periodic change of the observer. At a given phase, the fluctuating velocity and Reynolds stress tensor fields are shown to be objective. This is further illustrated by presenting one-point statistics of two canonical flows: homogeneous isotropic turbulence and turbulent channel flow. The results also highlight that statistical symmetries such as homogeneity and stationarity found in the objective fields are carried over after a change of observer. The paper concludes with some final thoughts on objectivity and its usefulness for the advancement of turbulent theory.

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