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Journal of Fungi
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14 January 2025

Five New Species of Pezizales from Northeastern China

and
1
College of Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
2
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi2025, 11(1), 60;https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010060
This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Ascomycota
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Abstract

Species belonging to the Pezizales are mainly saprobes in nature. They are most commonly observed in woodlands and humid environments. As a result of recent research conducted on the distribution of species in sandy areas and some National Forests Parks, five new species belonging to three genera were identified. A total of five species of disk fungi from Northeast China were identified and described based on morphological classification and molecular phylogenetics. These included Pulvinula (Pulvinula elsenensis, Pulvinula sublaeterubra), Microstoma (Microstoma jilinense, Microstoma changchunense), and Sarcoscypha (Sarcoscypha hongshiensis). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were performed using a combined nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA (nrLSU) dataset for the construction of phylogenetic trees. Morphological descriptions, line illustrations, and photographs of the ascocarps of these new species are provided, along with lists of the salient attributes exhibited by the species in the three genera under consideration.

1. Introduction

In 1885, Boundier discovered a novel genus, Pulvinula Boundier, within the family Humaries. It was characterized by a smooth hymenium, spherical ascospores, and paraphyses that were branched and curved at the apex. The genus initially included Peziza convexella Karst., Peziza sanguinaria Cooke, and Peziza constellatio (Berk. and Br.) [1]. Boundier (1907) later revised the diagnosis of the genus and the nomenclature of two of these species [2]. Pulvinula is composed of five species: Pulvimila cinnabarina (Fuck.) Bond., P. carhonaria (Fuck.) Bond., P. constellatio (Berk. and Br.) Bond., P. hacmastigma (Iledw. ex Fr.) Bond, and P. snhanrantia (Bounn. and Rouss.) Bond. However, this genus was not recognized until 1953, when it was discovered by Le Gal, who used Peziza convexella as the species type [3]. Species of this genus are distributed among Barlaea Sacc., Barlaeina Sacc., Crouania Fuckel, Detonia Sacc., and Lamprospora De Not. [4]. Dennis (1968) stated that one of the characteristics of the species within the genus Pulvinula is that the base of the ascus is forked [5]. Pfister (1976) challenged the conclusions of Boudier and Le Gal regarding the synonymy of Pulvinula haemastigma (Hedw.) Boud. and Pulvinula convexella. This was because no specimens of Pulvinula haemastigma then existed and the microscopic structure of the species was not sufficiently characterized to allow a definitive determination of synonymy based on a limited number of key features in its line drawing. Furthermore, the dimensions of the ascus and ascospores had not been documented. Concurrently, Pfister examined five varieties and one subspecies from five distinct genera and determined that they all belonged to Pulvinula convexella, representing the diversity within a complex species. Pfister elucidated the rationale behind this categorization, citing the color and dimensions of the ascocarp, the size of the asci and ascospores, and the presence or absence of croziers as determining factors [4]. In 1984, Krof and Zhuang Wenying proposed that the ascospores of species within Pulvinula should be classified as either spherical or elliptical and suggested the establishment of a new genus to address this discrepancy [6]. Yao Yijian and Spooner posited that, although Pulvinula and Boubovia Svrček, are characterized by shared taxonomic traits, including apically curved lateral filaments and forked asci at the base of most species, Pulvinula is distinguished by its spherical ascospores and thin-walled asci throughout development, whereas the asci of Boubovia species are thick-walled at a specific stage of development [7,8]. Hansen (2013) corroborated the paraphyletic status of the family Pyronemataceae Corda by constructing a phylogenetic tree using multigene fragments. Additionally, he posited that Boubovia, Geopyxis (Pers.) Sacc., Pseudombrophila Boud.m and Pulvinula are closely related to the Ascodesmidaceae J. Schröt., and Glaziellaceae J.L. Gibson families. It has been proposed that these four genera can be divided into two or more families [9,10,11]. Subsequently, Ekanayaka et al. (2018) conducted further research and classified three genera (Pulvinula, Lazuardia Rifai, and Pseudoboubovia: U. Lindem., M. Vega, B. Perić and R. Tena) that formed a monophyletic and independent branch on the phylogenetic tree as part of Pezizales J. Schröt. incertae sedis with Pyronemataceae. As a result, the family Pulvinulaceae was established, and Pulvinula was designated as the genus type [12,13].
Sarcoscyphaceae Le Gal ex Eckblad is a type of saprophytic fungus that grows on plant matter, including branches, stumps, fallen trees, and twigs. These fungi are distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions. Their main characteristic features are as follows: ascocarps consist of apothecia, which are solitary, scattered, or aggregated. These include disks, cups, goblet shapes, and auricles. Some species within this family have hair on the excipulum, either with or without stipes. They are mostly fleshy or corky in texture, with variable colors ranging from white to orange and to gray [14]. One of the common characteristics of this family is that the asci have thick walls and a suboperculum [15].
The ascus apex structure of the family Sarcoscyphaceae exhibits characteristics that are intermediate between those of the operculum and the inoperculum. In 1946, Le Gal designated this operculum type as a suboperculum and, based on this feature, introduced the name of Sarcoscyphacea for the first time. They further subdivided the species into two tribes, although no Latin diagnosis of the family name was provided at that time [16]. In 1953, Krof identified that this family warranted a special taxonomic status within the order Peziales based on his findings regarding morphological and cytological characteristics [17]. Eckblad (1968) provided a Latin diagnosis of Le Gal’s terminology, conferring legitimacy to the nomenclature [18]. In the same year, Rifai (1968) postulated that the ascospores and subascospores in Pezizales should be in the same position, thus establishing Sarcoscyphineae. At that time, Sarcoscyphineae was only thought to comprise Sarcoscyphaceae, which was further divided into two tribes: Sarcoscypheae, with brightly colred apothecia, and Urnuleae, with dark apothecia [19]. Following a detailed examination of cytology, pigment composition, ultrastructure, asci, and ascospore development (Korf, 1970, 1972, 1973), it was concluded that the classification proposed by Rifai (1968) was valid. This classification elevated the two previously identified tribes to the family level (Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae Kobayasi) and provided a clear delineation of the characteristics associated with these two families [20,21,22]. Subsequent scholars concurred with Korf’s classification [23,24,25]. Cabello (1988) employed a numerical classification method to analyze 22 genera and 34 species of Sarcoscyphineae to investigate the genus relationships within the family Sarcoscyphaceae. His findings supported the view that Sarcoscyphaceae can be distinguished from Sarcosomataceae [24]. Phylogenetic trees of Pezizales and Sarcoscyphaceae were established using molecular techniques, including the analysis of the ITS, SSU, and LSU, as well as other genetic data. These results demonstrate that Sarcoscyphaceae is a monophyletic group [26,27]. In their respective studies, researchers concluded that the family comprises 13 genera and approximately 83 species [12,28].
Microstoma Bernstein is mainly characterized by deeply cup-shaped or triangular cup-shaped ascocarps, solitary white hairs on the excipulum, gelatinous ectal excipulum, and smooth ascospores. The most marked classification characteristics of the species within this genus are the presence or absence of a connection between the base of the stipe, the presence or absence of rhizomes, and the shape of the top of the hairs, which may be blunt or sharp [29]. The macroscopic morphology of the species in this genus is similar to that of Cookeina Kuntze. Consequently, many researchers have concluded that the two genera are closely related. However, the distinguishing characteristic between the two is that the hairs of Cookeina are composed of bundles of hyphae that are typically needle-shaped [30,31]. To date, nine species have been identified in this genus. The species type is Microstoma protractum (Fr.) Kanouse (https://indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp, accessed on 20 November 2024).
The species of Sarcoscypha (Fr.) Boud. are characterized by a disk- or cup-shaped apothecium, with hymenia that may be dirty white, yellow, or scarlet, and ascospores that are elliptical to oblong in shape. The notable features of the ascospores include blunt ends, which may be flat or dented, and surface textures, which range from smooth to nearly smooth, or are at times irregularly wrinkled. The number of guttulates within ascospores is an important diagnostic characteristic for species identification within this genus [32,33,34]. Currently, 35 species are known in this genus. The species type is Sarcoscypha coccinea (Jacq.) Lambotte (https://indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp, accessed on 20 November 2024).
In 1991, Wenying Zhuang collected 14 species from the genus Sarcoscypha in Jiaohe City, which were classified into three distinct taxa: Sarcoscypha occidentalis f. occidentalis (Schwein.) Sacc., Sarcoscypha occidentalis f. citrina W.Y. Zhuang, and Sarcoscypha vassiljevae Raitv. This study revealed that the ascospores of these species displayed three distinct surface morphologies: smooth, subsmooth, and wrinkled [35]. In a separate effort, Tolgor Bau (2005) cataloged the ascomycetes of Jilin Province, thereby expanding the known distribution of the Sarcoscypha genus in Northeast China [36]. Guiying Chang (2006) documented Sarcoscypha coccinea during an investigation of the biological resources in the Zuojia Nature Reserve [37]. In a subsequent study, Chuhan Shi (2016) identified specimens collected between 2013 and 2016, along with those already housed in collections, confirming the presence of 60 species of Pezizales in Jilin Province, representing 20 genera across 7 families. This research also led to the discovery of one new genus and four new species for China, and ten new species were recorded in Jilin Province [38]. Tolgor Bau (2017) observed that the species distribution of Sarcoscyphaceae exhibited distinct patterns across different vegetation zones of Changbai Mountain [39].
Northeast China is situated in the heart of Eurasia, and is characterized by a temperate continental climate. Precipitation is primarily concentrated in the summer and autumn months. This region boasts rich vegetation resources, creating an ideal environment for fungal growth. An investigation of the resources of Northeast China’s sandy land and some National Forests Parks was conducted from 2022 to 2024. This revealed that the species richness of Pezizales in Northeast China is high, including five new species. This study provides a comprehensive account of the newly identified species, accompanied by line illustrations and electron microscope images of ascospores. Additionally, it presents a detailed account of the main characteristics of the three genera and species in tabular form.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Morphological Studies

Specimens were collected in Northeast China between June 2022 and September 2024. The ascocarps were documented with an Olympus Tg-6 camera during the field collection process, with the objective of recording the macroscopic characteristics of the ascocarps. The color of fresh ascocarp was described using the color-coding system developed by the German Institute for Quality Assurance and Certification (Reichs-Ausschuss fur Lieferbedingungen und Guetesicherung, https://www.ral-guetezeichen.de/, accessed on 5 October 2024). Then, specimens were dried using silica gel, and the specimens are currently stored in the herbarium Fungarium of Jilin Agricultural University (FJAU). The line illustrations were based on photos of the ascocarps in the field collection. Light microscopy (LM: Olympus CX33) was used to observe the microstructure, the samples were rehydrated in water, and OPLENIC Pro v1.92 was utilized to measure the tissue structures of asci, ascospores, paraphyses, and the excipulum. Additionally, {a/b/c} represent data for the length, width, and Q value of ascospore, which are derived from a ascospores within b ascocarps across c specimens. d − e × f − i represents the minimum–maximum value of the length × width of the ascospores, and Q = j − k represents the minimum–maximum value of the length/width of the ascospores.
In addition, Melzer’s reagent was employed to determine whether the asci and paraphyses at the apex wall were amyloid or not.

2.2. Phylogenetic Studies

DNA was extracted from dried specimens using the NuClean PlantGen DNA kit (CWBIO, Beijing, China). In PCR amplification, the primer pairs ITS1F/ITS and LR0R/LR were utilized [40,41,42,43]. The PCR program followed pre-denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 58 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 1.5 min. This took 33 cycles. The PCR products were purified and sequenced by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The newly generated sequences were deposited in GenBank.
The phylogenetic analysis included the available sequences of Sarcoscyphaceae and Pulvinula. Working according to a study by Zeng Ming et al. (2023), Chorioactis geaster (Peck) Kupfer ex Eckblad, Neournula pouchetii (Berthet and Riousset) Paden, Boubovia luteola Svrček, Boubovia vermiphila Brumm., and R. Kristiansen were selected as the outgroups [44].
Finally, the analyzed matrix contained 179 ITS sequences and 70 nrLSU sequences, which are listed in Table 1. The alignment was performed using the online Mafft version 7 (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/, accessed on 10 November 2024) and then manually refined and trimmed using MEGA7. ModelFinder was used to select the best-fit model using the AIC criterion [45].
The best-fit model partition model (edge-unlinked) was selected using the AIC criterion with ModelFinder. For Sarcoscyphaceae, according to the AIC criterion, the best-fit model was GTR + F + R4 for ITS and TIM2 + F + I + G4 (ITS) and TIM2 + F + R3 (nrLSU) for ITS-nrLSU. For Pulvinula, according to the AIC criterion, the best-fit model was GTR + F + I + G4 (ITS) and TIM2 + F + G4 (nrLSU) for ITS-nrLSU. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were inferred using the IQTREE under the edge-unlinked partition model for 10,000 ultrafast bootstraps and using the Shimodaira–Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood-ratio test. For Sarcoscyphaceae, Bayesian inference phylogenies were inferred using MrBayes 3.2.6 under the GTR+I+G+F model (2 parallel runs, 2,085,100 generations) for ITS and under the GTR+I+G model (2 parallel runs, 1,488,000 generations) for ITS-nrLSU. For Pulvinula, they were inferred under the GTR+I+G model (2 parallel runs, 2,114,700 generations), in which the initial 25% of sampled data were discarded as burn-in [46,47,48,49].
Table 1. Sequence in formation from phylogenetic trees.
Table 1. Sequence in formation from phylogenetic trees.
SpeciesCountryVoucher/Strain NumberGenBank No.References
ITSnrLSU
Boubovia luteolaGermanyR.K. 94/05KX592793KX592805[50]
Boubovia vermiphilaGermanyR.K. 89/18KX592804 [50]
Chorioactis geasterUSAZZ2 FHAY307935AY307943[51]
Cookeina colensoiMexicoCUP 62500AF394040 [31]
Cookeina colensoiAustraliaDAR 63642AF394038 [31]
Cookeina colensoiNew ZealandPDD 55306AF394037 [31]
Cookeina cremeiroseaAmerican SamoaUTC000275474KU306964 [52]
Cookeina cremeiroseaAmerican SamoaUTC000275475KU306963 [52]
Cookeina garethjonesiiChinaHKAS90509KY094617MG871315[30]
Cookeina garethjonesiiChinaHKAS90513KY094622MG871316[30]
Cookeina indicaThailandMFLU 20-0548MT941004 [53]
Cookeina indicaChinaHKAS 121171OK170053OK398387[44]
Cookeina insititiaChinaFH Wang sp 2AF394033 [31]
Cookeina insititiaChinaHMAS 71942AF394031 [31]
Cookeina korfiiPhilippinesCUP-SA-1797KT893782 [54]
Cookeina korfiiPhilippinesCUP-SA-2454KT893781 [54]
Cookeina sinensisChinaHKAS 121175OK170056OK398385[44]
Cookeina sinensisThailandMFLU 21-0155OK413269OK398383[44]
Cookeina speciosaMalaysiaC TL 6035AF394018 [31]
Cookeina speciosaVenezuelaFH Iturriaga 1C-D4AF394011 [31]
Cookeina speciosaThailandMFLU 21-0156OK413270OK398390[31]
Cookeina sulcipesThailandMFLU 15-2358KY094620 [30]
Cookeina tricholomaChinaMFLU 15-2359KY094619MG871317[12,30]
Cookeina tricholomaThailandMFLU 21-0165OK413279OK398394[44]
Cookeina venezuelaePuerto RicoFH00432502AF394041 [31]
Cookeina venezuelaeVenezuelaFH Iturriaga 6065AF394044 [31]
Cookeina venezuelaeGuadeloupeFH00432503AF394042 [31]
Geodina guanacastensisBahamasFHMN096939MN096940[55]
Geodina guanacastensisCosta RicaCUP CA84MN096938 [55]
Kompsoscypha chudeiChinaHKAS 107663AMT907443MT907444[53]
Microstoma aggregatumJapanTNS: F-88858LC584238 [56]
Microstoma aggregatumJapanTNS: F-80795LC584235 [56]
Microstoma apiculosporumJapanKPM:NC-28117LC584241 [56]
Microstoma apiculosporumJapanTNS: F-37021LC584239 [56]
Microstoma changchunenseChinaFJAU71961PQ497118PQ498790This study
Microstoma changchunenseChinaFJAU71962PQ498903PQ498797This study
Microstoma floccosumMexicoFH K. Griffith (Micro45)AF394046 [31]
Microstoma floccosumMexicoFH K. Griffith (Micro46)AF394045 [31]
Microstoma macrosporumJapanTNS: F:91415LC671644 [56]
Microstoma macrosporumJapanTNS: F-80822LC584258 [56]
Microstoma jilinenseChinaFJAU71958PQ496899PQ510812This study
Microstoma jilinenseChinaFJAU71959PQ496900PQ510814This study
Microstoma jilinenseChinaFJAU71960PQ497023PQ498789This study
Microstoma protractaPolandAW001_PnMG920536 [57]
Microstoma protractaPolandAW010_KrMG920535 [57]
Microstoma longipilumJapanTNS: F-60530LC584252 [56]
Microstoma longipilumJapanTNS: F-60527LC584251 [56]
Microstoma ningshanicumChinaSXIM20200016MW718686MW718687[58]
Microstoma radicatumChinaCFSZ 10,833 I5I4-3MG845232 [29]
Microstoma radicatumChinaCFSZ 10,833 I5I4-1MG845230 [29]
Microstoma sp.ChinaFJAU71963PQ507629PQ498798This study
Nanoscypha striatisporaChinaHMAS 61133U66016 [26]
Nanoscypha tetrasporaPuerto RicoFH 00464570AF117352DQ220374[26,59]
Nanoscypha aequisporaThailandMFLU 21-0170OK413284OK398399[44]
Nanoscypha aequisporaThailandMFLU 21-0171OK413285OK398400[44]
Neournula pouchetiiUSAMO 205345KT968605 [60]
Neournula pouchetii TUR-A195798JX669837 [61]
Phillipsia carnicolorThailandDHP-7126 (FHAF117353JQ260811[59]
Phillipsia carnicolorThailandMFLU 18-0713MH602282 [62]
Phillipsia chinensisChinaHMAS 76094AY254710 [63]
Phillipsia crispataEcuadorT. Læssøe AAU-44801AF117354 [59]
Phillipsia crispataEcuadorT. Læssøe AAU-44895aAF117355AY945845[51]
Phillipsia domingensisUSACO-1864 (NO)AF117363 [59]
Phillipsia domingensisChinaHKAS 121192OK170062 [44]
Phillipsia gelatinosaThailandMFLU 15-2360KY498595KY498589[64]
Phillipsia gelatinosaThailandMFLU 16-2956KY498593 [64]
Phillipsia hydeiThailandMFLU 18-0714MH602283 [62]
Phillipsia hydeiThailandMFLU 18-1329MH602284 [62]
Phillipsia luteaFrench GuianaNY-4113 (NY)AF117374JQ260816[59]
Phillipsia olivaceaCosta RicaFranco-M 1360 (NY)AF117375 [59]
Phillipsia olivaceaVenezuelaHalling-5456 (NY)AF117376JQ260814[59]
Phillipsia subpurpureaChinaMFLU 16-0612KY498596 [64]
Pithya cupressinaUSAmh 208U66009JQ260818[55,65]
Pithya sp.ChinaDWS8m3KJ188703 [66]
Pithya sp.USAT5N32cAY465469 [67]
Pithya vulgaris RK 90.01U66008 [65]
Pithya villosaChinaHKAS 104653OK170069OK398401[44]
Pithya villosaChinaHKAS 121194OK170068OK398402[44]
Pulvinula archeriUSAFDS-CA-03585PQ211251 [60]
Pulvinula archeriUSAHAY-F-003851PP789523 [60]
Pulvinula archeriUSAFLAS-F-66445OR372796OR360871[60]
Pulvinula archeriUSAFLAS-F-68939OR149300OR134550[60]
Pulvinula constellatioItaly AF289074 [68]
Pulvinula constellatioSpainEctomycorrhizaOP847398 [69]
Pulvinula convexellaUKOTU_740sMT095859 [70]
Pulvinula convexellaUKOTU_739sMT095858 [70]
Pulvinula elsenensisChinaFJAU71964PQ507630 This study
Pulvinula elsenensisChinaFJAU71966PQ507632PQ498805This study
Pulvinula elsenensisChinaFJAU71967PQ507631PQ498806This study
Pulvinula elsenensisChinaFJAU71968PQ507634PQ498807This study
Pulvinula elsenensisChinaFJAU71969PQ507633PQ498808This study
Pulvinula elsenensisChinaFJAU71970PQ507635PQ517230This study
Pulvinula laeterubraUSAFLAS-F-68187OR149263 [60]
Pulvinula miltinaNew ZealandPDD: 106213OL653010 [60]
Pulvinula niveoalbaSpainARAN-Fungi 13804MW248488MW248512[71]
Pulvinula niveoalbaGermanyM.A.R. 290,809 27KX592796KX592808[50]
Pulvinula orichalceaSpainERD-8008MT432167MT425197[60]
Pulvinula sp.Germany PP461743 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS: F-6890PP210638 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAMES-1034KY462405 [72]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-70784OQ150525 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-69785OQ150476OP870119[60]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-69718OQ150419 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USATREC2_d5_COL348350 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAMICH:352306OL756006OL742450[60]
Pulvinula sp.USADBG: F-030576OP178120 [73]
Pulvinula sp.USAAK2160MZ091960MZ019040[74]
Pulvinula sp.USAAEA10751MZ091959MZ019039[74]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-68819OM672974OM523302[60]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-68775OM672946OM523282[60]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-68214OM672686OM523218[60]
Pulvinula sp.CanadaITS2_OTU_93MW424606 [75]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_746sMT095865 [70]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_745sMT095864 [70]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_744sMT095863 [70]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_743sMT095862 [70]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_742sMT095861 [70]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_741sMT095860 [70]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_738sMT095857 [70]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU_737sMT095856 [70]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-61412MT374021MT350474[60]
Pulvinula sp.UKOTU082sMK838257 [76]
Pulvinula sp.USAFLAS-F-63841MT156532 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAOTU1272MK019168 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAOTU992MK018732 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAOTU361MK018616 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAOTU631MK018575 [60]
Pulvinula sp.USAOTU336MK018540 [60]
Pulvinula sp.Mexico2774MK397149 [60]
Pulvinula sp. 1ChinaFJAU71975PQ507765PQ510821This study
Pulvinula sp. 2ChinaFJAU71976PQ507766PQ510823This study
Pulvinula sublaeterubraChinaFJAU71972PQ507726PQ498809This study
Pulvinula sublaeterubraChinaFJAU71973PQ507727PQ510830This study
Pulvinula sublaeterubraChinaFJAU71974PQ507764PQ498812This study
Pulvinula sublaeterubraChinaFJAU71965PQ513528PQ510816This study
Rickiella edulisArgentinaBAFC 51697JQ260808 [27]
Sarcoscypha austriacaNorwayCUP 62771U66010 [65]
Sarcoscypha austriacaUSACUP 63162U66011 [65]
Sarcoscypha coccinea AFTOL-ID 50DQ491486AY544647[77]
Sarcoscypha coccineaUSACUP 63160U66015 [65]
Sarcoscypha dudleyiUSACUP 62775U66018 [65]
Sarcoscypha dudleyiChinaHMJAU36044KU234218 [78]
Sarcoscypha emarginataLuxembourgCUP 62723U66020 [65]
Sarcoscypha emarginataChinaHB2861U66021 [65]
Sarcoscypha hongshiensisChinaFJAU71952PQ496884PQ498771This study
Sarcoscypha hongshiensisChinaFJAU71953PQ496886PQ498777This study
Sarcoscypha hongshiensisChinaFJAU71954PQ496887PQ498785This study
Sarcoscypha hongshiensisChinaFJAU71955PQ496892PQ498784This study
Sarcoscypha hongshiensisChinaFJAU71956PQ496893PQ498787This study
Sarcoscypha hongshiensisChinaFJAU71957PQ496894PQ498788This study
Sarcoscypha hosoyae TRL 456U66031 [65]
Sarcoscypha humberianaChinaTNM F28630KT716833 [79]
Sarcoscypha humberianaChinaCUP 63489U66028 [65]
Sarcoscypha javensisChinaHMAS 61198U66026 [65]
Sarcoscypha knixoniana TRL 1006U66030 [65]
Sarcoscypha korfiana mh 705AF026308 [26]
Sarcoscypha longitudinalisChinaHKAS 121195OK170051OK398403[44]
Sarcoscypha longitudinalisChinaHKAS 121196OK170052OK398404[44]
Sarcoscypha macaronesicaCanary IslandsCUP-MM 2628U66022 [65]
Sarcoscypha macaronesica TFC-MIC 6460U66023 [65]
Sarcpscypha mesocyathaChinaTNM F3688KT936558 [79]
Sarcpscypha mesocyathaChinaTNM F5134KT936559 [79]
Sarcoscypha mesocyathaUSACUP 62699U66029 [65]
Sarcoscypha minutaChinaTNM F28831KT716834 [79]
Sarcoscypha occidentalisUSACUP 62777U66024 [65]
Sarcoscypha occidentalisUSACUP 63484U66025 [65]
Sarcoscypha sp.ChinaHMAS 61202U66027 [65]
Sarcoscypha tatakensisChinaTNM F0754KT716835 [79]
Sarcoscypha tatakensisChinaTNM F0993KT716836 [79]
Sarcoscypha vassiljevaeChinaHKAS 89817MG871302MG871337[12]
Sarcoscypha vassiljevaeChinaHMAS 61210U66017 [65]
Wynnea americanaUSAFH 00445978MK599141MK599148[55]
Wynnea americanaUSAHKAS 75484MG871308 [12]
Wynnea giganteaBrazilFH s. n.MK335781MK335801[80]
Wynnea giganteaBrazilFH ACM624MK335782MK335802[80]
Wynnea macrosporaChinaFH 00445975MK335784MK335803[80]
Wynnea macrosporaChinaFH 00940720MK335785 [80]
Wynnea macrotisUSACUP 2684MK335786MK335804[80]
Wynnea sparassoidesUSANYBG02480090MK335787MK335805[80]
New sequences generated for this study are shown in bold.

3. Results

3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses

This study generated a total of 47 new sequences, including 24 ITS sequences and 23 nrLSU sequences. These new sequences were uploaded to GenBank. The multilocus dataset (ITS + nrLSU) of Pulvinula had an aligned length of 1581 total characters and Sarcoscyphaceae had an aligned length of 1103 (ITS) and 1919 (ITS + nrLSU) total characters, including gaps. Only the topological structures of Bayesian inference are displayed, as the topological structures of ML and BI are very similar. Bayesian posterior probability (PP) values ≥ 0.75 and bootstrap support (BS) values ≥ 95% are indicated on branches (PP/BS) (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
Figure 1. The phylogeny of Pulvinula by Bayesian inference based on the ITS and LSU dataset.
Figure 2. The phylogeny of Sarcoscyphaceae as assessed by Bayesian inference based on the ITS dataset.
The phylogenetic tree of Pulvinula (Figure 1) shows that this genus belongs to a polyphyletic group. Pulvinula elsenensis and Pulvinula sp. 1 (FJAU71975) form a sister-group relationship with high support (PP/BS = 0.95/97), while Pulvinula sublaeterubra and Pulvinula laeterubra form a sister-group relationship with very high support (PP/BS = 0.99/100).
The phylogenetic tree of Sarcoscyphaceae (Figure 2 and Figure 3) shows that Microstoma jilinense forms a distinct branch with full support (PP/BS = 1/100) in both Figure 2 and Figure 3. In Figure 2, it can be seen that Microstoma changchunense is in a sister-group relationship with Microstoma floccosum and Microstoma sp. (FJAU71963), with strong support (PP/BS = 1/100). In Figure 3, Microstoma changchunense forms a sister-group relationship with Microstoma sp. (FJAU71963), but with lower support (PP/BS = 0.64/76). Additionally, in Figure 2, Sarcoscypha hongshiensis and Sarcoscypha minuta form a sister-group relationship with high support (PP/BS = 1/99), which is also strongly supported in Figure 3 (PP/BS = 1/100).
Figure 3. The phylogeny of Sarcoscyphaceae as assessed by Bayesian inference based on the ITS and LSU dataset.

3.2. Taxonomy

Pulvinula elsenensis T. Bau et Z. Q. Chen, sp. nov.
Figure 4A,B; Figure 5
Figure 4. Ascocarps of Pulvinula elsenensis (A,B); Pulvinula sublaeterubra; (C,D) Microstoma jilinense (E,F); Microstoma changchunense (G,H); Sarcoscypha hongshiensis (I,J). Scale bars: (A–D) = 0.3 cm; (E–J) = 1 cm. Collection site and collection time: (A,B): Jilin Province, 2023; (C): Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2022, (D): Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2023; (E): Liaoning Province, 2024, (F): Jilin Province, 2024; (G, H): Jilin Province, 2024; (I, J): Jilin Province, 2023.
Figure 5. Pulvinula elsenensis: (A) ascocarps; (B) ascospores; (C) asci; (D) paraphyses. Scale bars: (A) = 0.3 cm; (B) = 8 μm; (C,D) = 55 μm.
MycoBank number: 856999
Diagnosis: Pulvinula elsenensis is characterized by sessile ascocarp; a yellow orange hymenium; and a conspicuous margin. It forms a crozier at the base of asci, has ascospores of 13.0–16.4 μm, and is curved at the apex without enlarged paraphyses.
Etymology: elsenensis is a Mongolian word for “sandy land”, which means that type specimens are collected in sandy area
Type: CHINA. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao City, 43°01′ N, 122°44′ E, 363 m, 3 June 2023, Weinan Hou and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71966, H230615, holotypus!). Jilin Province Songyuan City, 44°17′ N, 123°35′ E, 133 m, 25 June 2023, Zhengqing Chen (FJAU71964, CZQ2362503, paratypus!).
Description: Apothecia concave–discoid when young, discoid when mature, conspicuous margin, sessile, 0.2–0.7 cm broad. Hymenium smooth, yellow-orange (RAL2000) when fresh. Receptacle surface cream (RAL9001). Ectal excipulum 52.6–78.3 μm broad, composed of textura angularis, hyaline, outer most cell 6.8–12.5 × 4.2–8.5 μm. Medullary excitulum 30.7–42.0 μm broad, composed of textura intricate, hyphae 2.9–4.5 μm, hyaline. Asci cylindrical, 216–268 × 14.2–16.5 μm, 8-spored, operculate, becoming narrow towards the base, distinctly forked base formed by a crozier, J− in Melzer’s reagent, hyaline. Ascospores {6/2/20}, 13.0–16.4 μm, Q = 1.00 − 1.04, spherical, smooth, a large guttulate, hyaline, uniseriate. Paraphyses filiform, slender, septate, branched, curved at apex without enlarged, 2.2–2.9 μm broad.
Habitat: in summer, it grows in clusters on sandy ground covered with mosses.
Distribution: currently, it is only distributed in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Jilin Province.
Additional specimens examined: CHINA. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao City, 43°01′ N, 122°44′ E, 363 m, 22 August 2022, Weinan Hou and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71970, H2208133). Same location, 17 July 2023, Weinan Hou and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71968, H2307151); 7 September 2023 Weinan Hou and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71967, H230967); Jilin Province Songyuan City, 25 June 2023, Mu Liu (FJAU71969, lm23062).
Notes: In terms of macroscopic morphology, Pulvinula elsenensis is easily confused with P. anthracobia T. Schumach., P. multiguttula (L.R. Batra) S.C. Kaushal, and P. orichalcea (Cooke) Rifai in the wild. However, several distinguishing characteristics set it apart. The asci of P. anthracobia (140–170 × 11–13 μm) and its ascospores (10.1–12.2 μm) are both smaller, and this species lacks croziers [81]. In contrast, the asci of P. multiguttula are wider (14–19 μm) and contain 5–9 guttulates, while the paraphyses are unbranched [82]. P. orichalcea can be differentiated by its receptacle surface, which is covered in white pubescence, and its ascospores, which contain three or more small guttulates [83]. Although Pulvinula elsenensis shares similarities with P. tetraspora (Hansf.) Rifai in its younger stage, the latter may exhibit an orange coloration when fresh and, in contrast, typically has mature asci containing four spores, with a few containing two or five spores [84]. This distinction makes the two species easily identifiable.
Pulvinula sublaeterubra T. Bau et Z. Q. Chen, sp. nov.
Figure 4C,D; Figure 6
Figure 6. Pulvinula sublaeterubra: (A) ascocarps; (B) ascospores; (C) asci; (D) paraphyses. Scale bars: (A) = 0.3 cm; (B) = 15 μm; (C,D) = 50 μm.
MycoBank number: 857000
Diagnosis: Pulvinula sublaeterubra is characterized by a sessile ascocarp, a pastel orange hymenium, a yellow-orange receptacle surface, and a conspicuous margin. It forms a crozier at the base of asci, displays ascospores at 14.9–17.1 μm, and is curved at the apex without enlarged paraphyses.
Etymology: the specific epithet “sublaeterubra” refers to the similarity of the type species to Pulvinula laeterubra.
Type: CHINA. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao City, 43°01′ N, 122°44′ E, 363 m, 14 July 2022, Weinan Hou and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71974, H220762, holotypus!). Same location, 2 June 2023, Hong Cheng and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71973, C2023060204, paratypus!).
Description: Apothecia concave initially, matting and discoiding to spreasing with maturation, distinct margins, not elevated, 0.2–0.5 cm broad, sessile. Hymenium smooth, pastel orange (RAL2003) when fresh, red-orange (RAL2001) when dry. Receptacle surface yellow-orange (RAL2000) when fresh. Ectal excipulum 152.1–182.4 μm broad, composed of textura angularis, hyaline, outer most cell 8.5–12.0 × 6.1–9.1 μm. medullary excitulum 56.5–75.6 μm broad, composed of textura intricate, hyphae 1.8–3.2 μm, hyaline. Asci cylindrical, 254–302 × 15.7–20.9 μm, 8-spored, operculate, becoming narrow towards the base, distinctly forked base formed by a crozier, J− in Melzer’s reagent, hyaline. Ascospores {4/2/20}, 14.8–17.1 μm, Q = 1.00 − 1.03, spherical, smooth, a large guttulate, hyaline, uniseriate. Paraphyses filiform, slender, septate, branched, curved at apex without enlarged, 1.8–3.2 μm broad.
Habitat: in summer, it grows in clusters on sandy grasslands in broad-leaved forests and shrubs.
Distribution: it is only distributed in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Additional specimens examined: CHINA. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao City, 43°01′ N, 122°44′ E, 363 m, 2 June 2023 Weinan Hou and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71965, H230604). Same location, 19 July 2023, Hong Cheng and Tolgor Bau (FJAU71972, C2371915).
Notes: Pulvinula sublaeterubra is morphologically similar to P. miltina, although the latter can be distinguished by several key characteristics. P. miltina has shorter asci (200–250 × 16–20 μm) with either a single large guttulate or multiple smaller guttulates in the ascospores. Additionally, the apexes of its paraphyses are enlarged and unbranched, and typically grow on calcareous substrates [85]. In contrast, the species in question can be differentiated based on their distinct habitat and morphological traits. When compared to P. nepalensis, the latter lacks regular croziers, has enlarged paraphysis apexs, and is predominantly found in burned bamboo forests [86]. P. pyrophila (Snyder) Donadini, G. Riousset and Riousset, and P. salmonicolor (Seaver) Pfister may also be confused with P. sublaeterubra in the field. However, P. pyrophila is easily distinguishable by its smaller asci (150–200 × 10–12 μm) and ascospores (7–9 μm), as well as its occurrence on burned land in early spring [87]. In contrast, P. salmonicolor has larger, wider asci (20–24 μm), larger ascospores (up to 20 μm), and clavate paraphyses, features which facilitate identification [88].
Microstoma jilinense T. Bau et Z. Q. Chen, sp. nov.
Figure 4E,F; Figure 7
Figure 7. Microstoma jilinense: (A) ascocarps; (B) ascospores; (C) asci; (D) paraphyses. Scale bars: (A) = 0.5 cm; (B) = 12 μm; (C–E) = 55 μm.
MycoBank number: 857001
Diagnosis: Microstoma jilinense is characterized by salmon orange hymenium; longer hairs at the edges, which are acute toward the apices; asci of 247–325 × 10.6–14.2 μm; elliptical to cylindrical ascospores (15.9–24.3 × 9.0–14.9 μm) without appurtenance on the ends; and fewer paraphyses.
Etymology: the specific epithet “jilinense” refers to the discovery of a type specimen in Jilin Province, China.
Type: CHINA. Jilin Province, Huadian City, Hongshi National Forest Park, 24 June 2024, 127°08′12″ E, 42°49′57″ N, alt. 498 m, Zhengqing Chen (FJAU71958, Q2462405, holotypus!). Liaoning Province, Benxi City, Guanyin Mountain Park, 4 July 2024, 124°6′ E, 41°17′ N, alt. 488, Weinan Hou (FJAU71960, H24070402, paratypus!)
Description: Apothecia deeply cupulate, 0.3–0.65 cm broad, 0.3–0.7 cm deep, sessile or stipitate. Hymenium salmon orange (RAL2012) when fresh, carmine red (RAL 3002) when dry. Receptacle surface salmon orange (RAL2012) when fresh, covered with hairs which longer and gathered into pointed bundles. Stipe 0.5–1.2 × 0.1–0.4 cm, pure white (RAL9010), densely covered with hairs. Ectal excipulum21.5–30.5 μm broad, tissue gelatinous, composed of textura porrecta to textura prismatica, hyaline. Medullary excitulum 84.3–121.3 μm broad, composed of textura intricate, hyphae 2.4–4.1 μm, hyaline. Hairs arising from outer and inner ectal excipular cells, cylindrical, 627–267 μm high, setaceous, septate, acute toward the apices, with thick walls, 1.6–4.6 μm thick. Asci cylindrical, 247–325 × 10.6–14.2 μm, 8-spored, J− in Melzer’s reagent, suboperculate, with slightly thick walls, becoming narrow towards the base. Ascospores {3/1/20}, 15.9–24.3 × 9.0–14.9 μm, Q = 1.43–2.19, elliptical to cylindrical, with a large guttulate when mature, without appurtenance on the ends, smooth, hyaline, uniseriate. Paraphyses filiform, septate, branched, 2.3–4.3 μm broad.
Habitat: in summer, it grows scattered on rotten wood in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests.
Distribution: currently, it is only distributed in China’s Jilin Province and Liaoning Province.
Additional specimens examined: CHINA. Jilin Province, Changchun City, Jilin Agricultural University, 22 July 2024, 125°24′19″ E, 43°48′37″ N, alt. 222 m, Tolgor Bau and Zhengqing Chen (FJAU71959, Q247222).
Notes: The ascospores of Microstoma jilinense are devoid of appurtenance at both ends, distinguishing it from M. apiculosporum (Yei Z. Wan) and M. camerunense (Douanla-Meli) [89,90]. Additionally, its more dispersed ascocarp stalk base and the absence of pseudorhizoid differentiate it from M. protractum (Fr.) Kanouse and M. radicatum, as outlined by T.Z. Liu, Wulantuya, and W.Y. Zhuang [29,91]. Morphologically, Microstoma jilinense is often confused with M. floccosum (Sacc.) Raitv., which is characterized by a scarlet hymenium and larger ascospores (22–40 × 10–16.8 μm) [15]. Both this species and M. longipilum Tochihara, T. Hirao, and Hosoya exhibit dense white hairs along the edge of the hymenium and receptacle that form pointed tufts. However, M. longipilum has a dull pink to pale orange hymenium, longer asci (275–350 × 10–17.5 μm), shorter ascospores (11–12.5 μm), and anenlarged apex in some paraphyses [56].
Microstoma changchunense T. Bau et Z. Q. Chen, sp. nov.
Figure 4G,H; Figure 8
Figure 8. Microstoma changchunense: (A) ascocarps; (B) ascospores; (C) asci; (D) hairs; (E) paraphyses. Scale bars: (A) = 0.8 cm; (B) = 15 μm; (C–E) = 55 μm)
MycoBank number: 857002
Diagnosis: Microstoma changchunense is characterized by light pink hymenium, a cream long stipe, shorter hairs (360–600 μm), asci of 295–345 × 13.5–19.5 μm, and long elliptical ascospores (25.0–36.2 × 11.5–14.5 μm) without appurtenance on the ends.
Etymology: the specific epithet “changchunense” refers to the discovery of a type specimen in Changchun City Jilin Province, China.
Type: CHINA, Jilin Province, Changchun City, Jingyuetan National Forest Park, 9 June 2024, 125°28′01″ E, 43°46′09″ N, alt. 264 m, Tolgor Bau and Yu Wang (FJAU71961, WY24060905, holotypus!); Same location, 9 June 2024, 125°28′01″ E, 43°46′09″ N, alt. 264 m, Tolgor Bau and Tianyu Zhang (FJAU71962, ZTY24695, paratypus!)
Description: Apothecia cupulate, 0.2–0.4 cm broad, 0.4–0.7 cm deep, stipitate. Hymenium light pink (RAL3015) when fresh, red-orange (RAL2001) when dry. Receptacle surface light pink (RAL3015) when fresh, carmine (red RAL3002) when dry, densely covered with hairs at the margins. Stipe 1.9–3.5 × 0.1–0.2 cm, cream (RAL9001). Ectal excipulum 39.8–64.3 μm broad, tissue gelatinous, composed of textura prismatica, hyaline. Medullary excitulum 54.6–85.8 μm broad, composed of textura intricate, hyphae 2.1–3.7 μm, hyaline. Hairs arising from outer and inner ectal excipular cells, cylindrical, 360–600 μm high, setaceous, septate, acute toward the apices, with thickwalls, 3.2–5.7 μm thick. Asci cylindrical, 295–345 × 13.5–19.5 μm, 8-spored, J− in Melzer’s reagent, suboperculate, with slightly thick walls, becoming narrow towards the base. Ascospores {2/2/20}, 25.0–36.2 × 11.5–14.5 μm, Q = 1.90–2.62, long elliptical, with a or more guttulate when mature, without appurtenance on the ends, smooth, hyaline, uniseriate. Paraphyses filiform, septate, branched, 2.1–4.2 μm broad.
Habitat: in summer, it grows scattered on rotten wood in broad-leaved forests.
Distribution: currently, it is only distributed in China’s Jilin Province.
Notes: Microstoma changchunense is characterized by a deep, cup-shaped ascocarp and relatively short hairs. It bears resemblance to M. floccosum, but the latter is distinguishable by its red hymenium and receptacle [29]. Additionally, while M. changchunense shares a similar hymenium and receptacle coloration with M. macrosporum (Y. Otani), as outlined by Y. Harada and S. Kudo, M. macrosporum differs in having an inverted triangular cup-shaped ascocarp and larger ascospores (42–60 × 16–21 μm) [92]. Misidentification with M. radicatum is also possible; however, M. radicatum exhibits clustered ascocarps, a dentate margin, and a rhizoid at the base of the stalk [29]. Morphologically, Microstoma changchunense resembles M. ningshanicum, as outlined by W.Y. Huo, Yu Liu, L.G. Zhang, and J.Z. Li, but its ascospores lack terminal appendages. Furthermore, M. ningshanicum has longer asci (449–517 × 16–20.5 μm) and ascospores (31–45 × 13–17 μm), with distinct longitudinal shallow striations, aiding in differentiation [58].
Sarcoscypha hongshiensis T. Bau et Z. Q. Chen, sp. nov.
Figure 4I,J; Figure 9
Figure 9. Sarcoscypha hongshiensis: (A) ascocarps; (B) ascospores; (C) asci; (D) paraphyses. Scale bars: (A) = 0.5 cm; (B) = 15 μm; (C,D) = 60 μm.
MycoBank number: 857003
Diagnosis: Sarcoscypha hongshiensis is characterized by pure orange hymenium, a pure white receptacle surface, a pure white stipe, asci of 284–323 × 9.0–9.9 μm, cylindrical to rod-shaped ascospores (19.2–27.0 × 8.2–9.7 μm) with blunt ends, and both ends being partly truncated.
Etymology: the specific epithet “hongshiensis” refers to the locality from where the type species was collected.
Type: CHINA. Jilin Province, Jiaohe City, Qianjin Forest Farm, 25 August 2023, 127°41′54″ E, 43°57′03″ N, alt. 444 m, Tolgor Bau and Xia Wang, (FJAU71956 W23082515, holotypus!). Jilin Province, Huadian City, Hongshi National Forest Park, 28 August 2023, 127°08′12″ E, 42°49′57″ N, alt. 498 m, Tolgor Bau and Chen zhengqing (FJAU71953, Q2382819, paratypus!).
Description: Apothecia 0.3–2.0 cm broad, discoid, fleshy, stipitate. Hymenium pure orange (RAL2004) when fresh, pastel yellow (RAL1034) when dry, margin integrity. Receptacle surface pure white (RAL9010), with orange-red hue, the edge is similar to hymenium’s color, and longitudinal striations. Stipe subcylindrical, 0.3–4.5 × 0.3–0.5 cm, pure white (RAL9010). Ectal excipulum 66.8–80.6 μm broad, composed of textura porrecta to textura prismatica, cells 17.7–33.9 × 3.7–6.0 μm, hyaline to pale brown. Medullary excitulum 48.9–82.0 μm broad, composed of textura intricate, hyphae 3.5–4.8 μm, hyaline. Asci cylindrical, 284–323 × 9.0–9.9 μm, 8-spored, J− in Melzer’s reagent, suboperculate, becoming narrow towards the base, slim, curvaceous. Ascospores {6/2/20}, 19.2–27.0 × 8.2–9.7 μm, Q = 2.04–3.36, cylindrical to rod-shaped, with blunt ends, partly both ends truncated, smooth, with a large guttulate, hyaline, uniseriate. Paraphyses filiform, septate, branched, 1.6–2.1 μm broad.
Habitat: in summer, it grows in a scattered way on rotten wood in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests.
Distribution: currently, it is only distributed in China’s Jilin Province.
Additional specimens examined: CHINA, Jilin Province, Huadian City, Hongshi National Forest Park, 27 August 2023, Tolgor Bau and Chen zhengqing (FJAU71957, Q2382709). Same location, 28 August 2023, Tolgor Bau and Mu Liu (FJAU71955, lm230849); 28 August 2023, T. Bau and Zhengqing Chen (FJAU71952, Q2382809); 28 August 2023, Tolgor Bau and Zhengqing Chen (FJAU71954, Q2382823)
Notes: Sarcoscypha hongshiensis shares a similar ascocarp color with S. macaronesica Baral and Korf. However, it is distinguishable by the latter’s dentate margin, larger asci (350 × 15.0 μm), and larger ascospores (22–33 × 9.0–11.5 μm) [32]. When comparing it with S. dudleyi (Peck) Baral, Sarcoscypha hongshiensis stands apart in that S. dudleyi is sessile, has longer asci (290–415 × 7–10 μm), and shorter ascospores (18–24 μm) [79]. Sarcoscypha hongshiensis may be confused with S. javensis Höhn., S. knixoniana F.A. Harr., and S. occidentalis (Schwein.) Sacc. in the wild. However, S. occidentalis is characterized by a receptacle covered in white pubescence and shorter ascospores (18 × 9 μm), whereas S. javensis features smaller asci (230 × 10 μm) and ascospores (23 × 8 μm) [93,94]. S. knixoniana has longer asci (ranging from 270 to 350 μm, extending up to 420 μm) and ascospores with deep depressions at both ends, which aids in distinguishing it from Sarcoscypha hongshiensis [95].

4. Discussion

Comprehensive molecular data for many species of Pulvinula are lacking, and the molecular information available for the species type, P. convexella, is often contradictory. The majority of species are only represented by data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, with just a few having additional sequences from other genetic markers, such as the large subunit (LSU), RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α). This necessitates more detailed and comprehensive data acquisitions to facilitate further studies on Pulvinula. The macroscopic morphology and microscopic structure of numerous species of Pulvinula are similar. For example, the ascocarps of species in this genus are relatively small, and the color of the hymenium is mainly divided into two categories: white to milky white or light yellow to orange-red (Table 2). It is common for these species to be confused based on their macroscopic morphology alone. Consequently, the utilization of molecular data and phylogenetic analysis is imperative for the accurate identification of Pulvinula species that exhibit similar morphological characteristics. P. elsenensis and P. sublaeterubra form separate branches in the phylogenetic tree; however, the support for P. elsenensis is not very high, suggesting that the phylogenetic position of this branch is unstable. P. sublaeterubra and P. laeterubra are sister groups. However, notable differences are observed between them. The hymenium of P. laeterubra is orange-pink, the asci (180 − 200 × 12 μm) and ascospores (10 μm) are smaller, and the habitats of the two are also different. P. laeterubra grows exclusively on burnt humus layers [92].
Zeng Ming’s phylogenetic framework was integrated with sequence data from specimens collected in northeastern China, resulting in the construction of a robust phylogenetic tree based on reliable ITS and LSU sequences [44]. The newly described species forms S. hongshiensis, a distinct evolutionary lineage within this tree, with S. minuta as its sister group. This is outlined by Yei Z. Wang, Cheng L. Huang, and J.L. Wei. However, differences were observed between the two species’ collection sites and habitats. The former is distributed on decaying wood in mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests in a temperate monsoon climate, whereas the latter thrives in a subtropical monsoon climate, where it grows on husks. S. minuta can be differentiated by its orange to cadmium yellow ascocarp color, crenulate margins, smaller asci (180–250 × 7–10 μm), and ascospores (16–20 × 8–10 μm) [79]. Additionally, during the species description within this genus, it was noted that the paraphyses of S. aestiva Velen., S. albovillosa Rehm, and S. jurana (Boud.) Baral exhibited a color change when exposed to iodine, turning blue or green (Table 4). No such discoloration was observed in other species, although this phenomenon was recorded in collections of S. javensis and S. hongshiensis. Given the limited number of species collected so far, it remains difficult to confirm this phenomenon. Additional specimens of these species are required to validate and elucidate these characteristics.
The species of Microstoma are primarily distributed in temperate regions where they either grow in aggregates or as solitary specimens. The receptacle surface is covered with white hairs composed of individual hyphae. This is a key distinguishing feature of the closely related genus Cookeina, which is typically solitary and found predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions [30,31,96]. The key morphological traits for species differentiation within Microstoma include the color of the ascospore disks, the presence of pseudorhizomes, the shape of the hairs at the edges, the shape of the ascospores, the presence or absence of appurtenance on at ends, and the number of guttulates (Table 3). In the present study, M. jilinense and M. changchunense were clearly differentiated from other species within the genus (Table 3). This differentiation was supported by the absence of pseudorhizomes in both species, the lack of appurtenance at the ends of the ascospores, and the observation that M. jilinense exhibited longer hairs (627–1267 μm) than M. changchunense, which had shorter hairs (360–600 μm).
Furthermore, Microstoma sp. (FJAU71963), Pulvinula sp. 1 (FJAU71975), and Pulvinula sp. 2 (FJAU71976) each produced a distinct and separate evolutionary lineage within the phylogenetic tree. However, this particular lineage has not been characterized or described at present, owing to only one specimen being available for observation.
The northeastern region of China has a substantial diversity of Pezizales species, with Pulvinula, Microstoma, and Sarcoscypha being predominant. In the present study, five novel species were identified and characterized based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, thereby augmenting the species richness of Pezizales in this region. Concurrently, these results imply the potential existence of hitherto undetected species in northeastern China, which merit further in-depth investigation.
Table 2. Current list of Pulvinula species and their diagnostic characteristics. Non-English descriptions from references are not translated to avoid misunderstanding.
Table 2. Current list of Pulvinula species and their diagnostic characteristics. Non-English descriptions from references are not translated to avoid misunderstanding.
SpeciesApothecia Color When FreshAsciCrozierAscosporesParaphysesHabitatReferences
P. albaWhiteCylindric, 225–290 × 20–26(–30) μm, 8-sporedBase forkedUnicellular, globose, 17.0–19.0(20.5) μm, one large guttule, smooth under the ligth microscopeFiliform, septate, apically curved, not enlarged at the apexOn damp ground[8]
P. albidaAlbidis180 μm longis, 16 μm latis Globosis, 15 μm,filiformesAt terram[97]
P. anthracobiaOrange to crimsonCylindrical, 140–170 × 11–13 μm, 8-sporedUnforked baseGlobose, smooth, a single large oil globule, 10.1–12.2 μmFiliform, 0.9–1.6 μm, moderately curved and branched from the middle of their length, not enlarged or branched towards the apex, slightly longer than the asciOn soil and charred wood in fire bed[81]
P. archeriCinnabarina, bright-crimsonCylindrical Globes, 1/3500 inch across, with a large uncleus On dead leaves of some succulent plant[98]
P. carbonariaaurantio-sanguineisCylindraceis, 8sporis, 116 Mik., long, 16 Mik. crass Golbosis, episporio reticulato, 16Mik., diamaterFiliformibus, aurantiacia,copiosisAuf verlassenen brandstellen kohlenmeilern und dergl., sehr selten, im Herbst.[99]
P. cinnabarinaCinnabarinisCylindraceis, 8sporis, 144 Mik. long, 18 Mik. crass Golbosis, episporio reticulato, 18Mik., diamaterFiliformibus, copiosis, aurantiaciaAuf dem sande des Rheinbettes bei Ragaz, in der Schweiz, nachst der Eisenbahnbrucke, hier haufig, im Herbst[99]
P. convexellaSangvineo-rubra Sphaeroideae, 15–16 mmmGraciles, flexuoxae, intus granulosaesupra terram nudam in rivuli margine[100]
P. discoideaAlbo-cinereisCylindreeeo-clavatia, apice rotundatis, 8sporis, 100–110 × 14–16 μm Globosis,lacvibus, hyaline-subtlavesentibus, 12–14 μmFiliformilms,guttulatis, vel septatisAuf lehuigem erdboden wachsenden[101]
P. elsenensisYellow-orangecylindrical, 216–268 × 14.2–16.5 μm, 8-spored, operculate, becoming narrow towards the basedistinctly forked base formed by a crozierspherical, 13.0–16.4 μm, smooth,filiform, slender, septate, branched, curved at apex without enlargedgrows in clusters on sandy ground covered with mossesThis study
P. etiolataAlbacylindraceis Globosis, laevibusfiliformibusOn the ground[102]
P. globifera Globosis, 0.002 inch On rutten logs in wood[103]
P. johannisPale or more or less deep pink samonCylindrical or cylindrical–clavate, 170–200 × 12–14.5 μm, 8-sporedA distinctly forked base formed by a crozierSpherical, 9–11 μm, generally with a large and sometimes eccentric oil-drop, smooth, uniseriate in the ascusVery slender, thread-shape, curved or hooked in the upper part simple (not forked), some weakly visible septaon bare, humid ground[104]
P. lacteoalbaTota lacteoalbaCylindracei, tetraspori, 180–230 × 15 μm Globosae, 10–12.5(–13.5) μm, guttulis 2–4 instructae laevesFiliformes apice curvataeAd terram nudam in olla[105]
P. laeterubraLaete rubro,Cylindracei, apice rotundati, 180–200 × 8 μm, 8 sporae Globosae, guttam 1 magnam oleosam includentes, 10 μmFiliformes, septatae,ad apicem [106]
P. miltinaCrimsonlinear Globose, 1/1750 of an inch in diameter On the bare ground, amongst moss, on haills[107]
P. multiguttulaOrange Chrome and cadmium orangeCylindracei, octospordei, 210–240(–290) × 14–19 μm Periecte globosae,5–9-guttulatae, 12–13(–14)μmNon ramosae, septatae, ad apicem crassataesuper terram[82]
P. mussooriensisCream-colored to yellowCylindric, apex rounded to subtruncate or truncate, 180–213 × 9–13.5 μm Overlapping in some asci, globose, smooth, 9.7–11.2 μmFiliform, nonseptate, simple or branched, apex not swollen but strongly curved, 178–218 × 0.7–2 μmOn soil amid mosses[108]
P. neotropicaPale yellowish-greenish165–177 × 11–14 μm, 8-spored, not broad at baseArising from prominent croziersGlobose, with a single large oil globule, smooth-walled, (12–)13–14(–15) μmThin, apex swollen, mostly curved in the upper portion but not stronglyOn burned wood[4]
P. nepalensisYellow180–218 × 14–18 μm, 8-spored,Lack regular croziers12.8–15.5 μmExpanding, up to 3 μm at their bent to curved apicesOn charcoal and burnt soil around a fireplace in a bamboo grove[86]
P. orichalceaLuteaCylindraceis Globosis, laevibusLeniter incrassates, flavidia, septatisOn the ground[83]
P. pyrophilaSalmon-pinkCylindrical, 150–200 × 10–12 μm, 8-spored Globose, 7–9 μm, 1-seriate, smoothFiliform, hooked at their apices, often forkedIn the spring, on burnt ground[87]
P. salmonicolorPale slmon-coloredCylindric or subcylindric, 275 × 20–24 μmNot describedGlobose, 20 μmClavate, reaching a diameter at their apicesOn bare ground[88]
P. subaurantiaOrangeCylindriques Globuleuses, lisses, uni-ou pluriguttulees, 12–15 × 12–15 μmFiliformes, largement reeourbees au SommetEspece cespiteuse croissant parmi la mousse[109]
P. sublaeterubrapastel orangeCylindrical, 254–302 × 15.7–20.9 μm, 8-spored, operculate, becoming narrow towards the base,distinctly forked base formed by a crozierspherical, 14.8–17.1 μm, smoothfiliform, slender, septate, branched, curved at apex without enlargedgrows in clusters on sandy grasslands in broad-leaved forests and shrubsThis study
P. tetrasporaPossibly orange when freshCylindracei, narrowed below into a short foot, 180 × 17–19 μm, mostly 4-spored when mature, a few with 2 or 5 spores,but forming 8 spores ay first Globosae to slightly ellipsoid, globule,quite smooth, 15–17 μm,1-guttulataeFiliformes, numerosae, doubtfully septatae, not enlarged at apexin terra[84]
Table 3. Current list of Microstoma species and their diagnostic characteristics. Non-English descriptions from references are not translated to avoid misunderstanding.
Table 3. Current list of Microstoma species and their diagnostic characteristics. Non-English descriptions from references are not translated to avoid misunderstanding.
SpeciesApothecia Color When FreshAsciCrozierAscosporesParaphysesHabitatReferences
M. aggregatumRoseusCylindracei rotundati ad apicem crassitunicati operculati cum operculo laterali stipitati octospori, 214.2–272.0 × 12.8–14.4 μm Subcrassitunicatae cllipsoideae laeve 24.0–32.0 × 9.6–12.8 μmFiliformes septatae, simplices vel inferne ramosae superne subincrassatae usque 3 μmIn ligno putrescentis[110]
M. apiculosporumOrange redClavate, suboperculate, 325–335 × 12–14 μm, 8-spored Ellipsoid, smooth, 25–30 × 9–10 μm, filled with oil droplets, apiculate at both ends of spores, apiculi hemispherical, surrounded with a gelatinous sheath when freshly releasedBranched, connected as a net around the asci, filled with many orange granulesOn dead sticks of broadleaf tree[89]
M. camerunensePinkishCylindrical, suboperculate, 245–335 × (6–)7–12 μm, tapering towards the base to a flexuous stalk with thickened walls in the subhymenium Narrow ellipsoid to fusiform, (13–)14–16(–17) × 3–4(–4.5) μm, smooth, apiculate, at ends, apicual conicalBranched, connected as a net, with subclavate apicesOn dead wood[90]
M. changchunenseLight pinkcylindrical, 295–345 × 13.5–19.5 μm, suboperculate, with slightly thick walls long elliptical, 25.0–36.2 × 11.5–14.5 μm, with a or more guttulate when mature, without appurtenance on the ends, smoothfiliform, septate, branchedscattered on rotten wood in broad-leaved forestsThis study
M. floccosumEleganter coccineoCylindraceis Ellipticis, 20 × 11 μmfiliformibusRamos dejectos et terram[93]
M. jilinenseSalmon orangecylindrical, 247–325 × 10.6–14.2 μm, 8-spored, suboperculate, with slightly thick walls elliptical to cylindrical, 15.9–24.3 × 9.0–14.9 μm, with a large guttulate when mature, without appurtenance on the ends, smoothfiliform, septate, branchedscattered on rotten wood in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forestsThis study
M. macrosporumAurantio-cinnabarnaeCylindro-clavati, 500–560 × 23–26 μm, octospori Ellipsoideae vel fusiformes, 42–60 × 16–21 μm, smooth, crassituicatae, multi-guttulataeFiliformes, septatae, ramosae et anastomosantes inter seDead stem on the ground in early winter tjrought early spring[92]
M. protractumExternally bright orange-red, interior, vivid rose-redCylindrical, 200–275 × 20–23 μm, 8-spored, operculum lateral Ellipsoid, to fusoid, 24–45 × 10–14 μm, usually, containing conspicuous globules which vary in size and numberNot flexuous, dichotomously branched several timeOn buried sticks and root[91]
M. longipilumDull pink to pale orangeClavate, 275–350 × 10–17.5 μm, operculate with eccentric opercula, thick-walled Ovoid to ellipsoid without apiculi, (20–)21.9–26.1(–27.5) × 11–12.5 μm, smooth,Filiform, with apices sometimes swelling or branched irregularlyOn rotten wood[56]
M. ningshanicumRed, orange-red, or light orange-redSubcylindrical, 8-spored, 449–517 × 16–20.5 μm Long ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 31–45 × 13–17 μm, non-smooth, without appurtenance on both end On rotten wood hodden in the ground in a broad-leaved forest[58]
M. radicatumHymenuium surface rosy red to red, receptacle surface red, orange-red to light orange-redSubcylindrical, 8-spored, 390–575 × 15–22 μm Ellipsoidal, to fusoidal-ellipsoidal, (25–)35–50(–60) × (11–)12.58–20(–22.5) μm, smooth, uniguttulateFiliform, with apex slightly enlargedon rotten wood under Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. forest[29]
Table 4. Current list of part Sarcoscypha species and their diagnostic characteristics. Non-English descriptions from references are not translated to avoid misunderstanding.
Table 4. Current list of part Sarcoscypha species and their diagnostic characteristics. Non-English descriptions from references are not translated to avoid misunderstanding.
SpeciesApothecia Color When FreshAsciCrozierAscosporesParaphysesHabitatReferences
S. aestivaOhnive cervine (trochu do oranzova)Verc. Valcor., uftat. 12–15 μm tl. s 8 jednor. zaoblene, ellipt., hladke, s 2 velikymi tel., 25–30 μmvelmi hojne, na konci kyjovite ztlustele a oranzove, jodem zelene. [111]
S. albovillosaCoccineoCylindrico, apice truncatis, 300 × 15 μm Ellipsoideae, guttuam 1 magnam centralem incudentes, episporio sexangulariter retuiculato, 18–21 × 10–12 μmFiliformes, apice vix hamatae, apice sensim usque 5 μm crassae, jodii ope coerulee decolorates repletaeAd terram[112]
S. austriacaLaete cinnabarino, serius coccineoCylindraceis, versus apicem rotundatum paullo ampliatis, 437–500 × 22 μm Ellipsoideis vel orculaeformibus, levibus, 34–38 × 11–14 μmFiliformibus apice incrassates roseisIn ramis humo tectis[93]
S. cerebriforimisBright yellowSubcylindrical, 290–350 × 12–13 μm, Rectangular ellipse, 23–28 × 9.5–11.5 μm, slightly rough, with two guttulatesFiliform, 2–3 μm wideOn hardwood[15]
S. concatenataExtus albis, sericeis, venosis, intus avellaneo-roseisCylindricis, 10–12 μm, latis 18–30 μm, longis, 10 μm latis, plerumque ellipticisFiliformesIn ramo pini[97]
S. coccineaScarletCylindrical, 15–17 μm wide 23–33 × 10–14, ellipsoid, Both ends are blunt and round, without depression, smooth, two or more guttulatesFiliform, slightly thicker at the top, branched, septateOn rotten wood[15]
S. dawsonensisRed or orangeCylindric, 200–280 μm long Elliptic, 20 μmlong, 10 μm broadFiliform, slender, slightly thicker at the topAmong mosses[113]
S. dudleyiBright yellow inclining to saffron or orangecylindrical Oblong, 0.001 to 0.0012 in. long, 0.0005 to 0.0006 broad,Filiform, slightly thickened at the tipsGround and decayed wood[79]
S. excelsaCarneo-coccineoCylindracei, ad apicem obtuse, 250–400 μm longi, 16–20 μm crassi Anguste ellipsoideae vel potius ellipsoideo-fusiformes, leves, 26–33 × 8–9 μmRamosae, ad apicem dilatataeAd terram arenosam, ad litora marina[114]
S. groenlandicaWarzchen im unreifen zustande gelbgranlich auf blattern von saxifraga cernua L. f. ramose[115]
S. hongshiensisPure orangecylindrical, 284–323 × 9.0–9.9 μm, 8-spored, J- in Melzer’s reagent, suboperculate, becoming narrow towards the base, slim, curvaceous. Cylindrical to rod-shaped, partly both ends truncated, 19.2–27.0 × 8.2–9.7 μm, smooth, with a large guttulatefiliform, septate, branchedscattered on rotten wood in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forestsThis study
S. hosoyae“Grenadine Red” (Ridgway) to “Scarlet” or rarely white(320–)350–430(–460) × 13–18 μm 22–38(–45) × 9–12 μm, some truncateFiliform, branching most in lower and upper 1/3, and anastomosing throughout length, do not exceed mature asci, slightly enlarged at tip to spearshaped, rounded, or irregularly lobedWet areas of deciduous woods on partially buried twigs/branchlets of angiosperms[95]
S. humberiana“Grenadine Red” (Ridgway) to “Scarlet”(230–)270–310(–330) × 10–12.5 μm, tapering, then expanding at base (16.5–)18–23(–27) × 8.5–10(–12) μm, shallow depression at truncate endsGenerally, evenly filiform with apex slightly enlarged clavate, branchingWet area on partially buried teigs/branchlets[95]
S. javensisHellkarminrot, heller rötlichZylindrisch, 230 × 10 μm, achtsporig Zylindrisch-elliptisch, beidendig meist zbgestumpft, ohne öltropfen, 23 × 8 μmFadig unten ein bis zweimal verzweigt, Jod gibt keine BlaufarbunfgAn morschem holze[94]
S. juranapulchre-coccineoLongissimae, operculatae, octosporae, 350–450 μm longae, 15 μmcrassae Oblong, aut oblong-truncatae, leaves, 24–29 μm longae. 13–14 μm lataeTenues, dichotomo-ramosae, ramis acutis, iodo caerulescentibus aut virentibusAd ramos infossos tiliae[116]
S. kecskemetiensispallide sulphureaCylindraceis, 120–140 × 8–9 μm, octosporis Ovatis, levibus, biduttulatis, 12 × 6 μmFiliformibus, non septatis, apice increassatisad terram inter folia decidua et lignula putrida[117]
S. knixoniana“Spectrum Red” to rose red(250–)270–350(–420) × 9–13 μm 18–25 × 8–12 μm, with shallow or slightly deeper depressionsGenerally simple and filiform, with slightly inflated to clavate, some slightly hooked, branchingWet areas of deciduous wood on partially buried twigs/branchlets of angiosperms[95]
S. korfiana“Picric Yellow”, “Lemon Chrome”220–265(–340) × 9–12 μm, All shallowly truncate with slight depression at the poles, (14–)16–21 × (7–)8–11 μmFiliform, gradually tapering at the slightly enlarged, clavate-shapedon wood[95]
S. longitudinalisBroenSubcylindrical, terminally operculate, apex obtuse, 8-spored, 197–359 × 12–14 μm Broadly fusiform, (18.3–)19.3–21.4(–22.4) × (9.5–)10.7–12.1(–12.8) μm, ornamentation with several longitudinal striaeFiliform, branched, septate, with a rounded endOn unidentified dead branch under broadleaved forest[44]
S. macaronesicalucido-sanguineo, margine ochraceo-albidocira 350/13.5 μm (turgescente) Ellipsoidales, 22–29 × 9–12 μm, lisas,Multis anastomosis instructae, apice leniter incrassataein ramulis dejectis crescentia[32]
S. mesocyatha“Grenadine Red” to “Scarlet”(260–)280–330–360) × 10–11(–12.5) μm usually eight ascospores but sometimes only six or senve (16.5–)21–27(–30) × 9–10.5(–12.5)Filifirm, with apex slightly enlarged, clavate, banchingWet area on partially buried teigs/branchlets[95]
S. minutaOrange to Cadmium YellowCylindrical, 8-spored, 180–250 × 7–10 μmWithoutBroadly ellipsoid, (15–)16–20(–22) × (7–)8–10 μm, smooth, containing a large guttuleFiliform, slightly exceeding the asci, sparsely septate, aoex simpleOn fruit shell[79]
S. occidentalisLuteo-coccineoCylindraceis Obtuse ellipticis, 18 × 9 μmfiliformibusAd ramos dejectos[93]
S. pseudomelastomaschwarzlich-olivenfarbigCylindrisch, 180–200 μm ellipsoid, glatter, arbloser membrane, 12–16 × 6–8 μmFadenforming, nacho ben kaum verdickt,gelblichzwishchen Torfmoospolstern wachsende[118]
S. racovitzaeDisco luteo-aurantio, extus albidaCylindraceis, 270 × 12–15 μm Ellipsoideis, 18–20 × 8–9 μmlinearibus rarioribusIn ligno putrescente[115]
S. rubransRouge brillant Ellipsoide lanceolee, bi-triocellee Sur les branches moortes[119]
S. shennongjianaOrange red to redSuboperculate, 8–spored, 240–292 × (9.9–)10–13.5 μm Ellipsoid with shallow depression at truncate ends, with two large guttulesand many small onessubcylindricalOn twigs of a broadleaf tree[34]
S. sherriffiiLevis, aurantioflvumCylindracei, 350–400 × 13–15 μm Ellipsoideae vel oblongae, 25–35 × 10–12 μm, levesfiliformaeAd ramos putridos dejectos in silva densa[120]
S. tatakensisScarlet redCylindrical 260–325 × 10–13 μmWithoutEllipsoid, with shallow depressions at both ends, smooth, (16–)21–27(–30) × 9–11(–14) μm, usually with 2–3 large guttulesFiliform, slightly exceeding the asci, sparsely septateOn dead twigs[79]
S. vassiljevaeDirty whiteSubcylindrical, 290–360 × 9–13 μm Ellipsoid, 17–25 × 9–13 μm, with a large guttulesFiliform, septate, branched, sometimes connected to a netOn dead twigs[15]

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.B. and Z.C.; methodology, Z.C.; software, Z.C.; vali dation, Z.C. and T.B.; formal analysis, Z.C.; investigation, Z.C. and T.B.; resources, Z.C. and T.B.; data curation, Z.C. and T.B.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.C.; writing—review and editing, Z.C. and T.B.; visualization, Z.C. and T.B.; supervision, T.B.; project administration, T.B.; funding acquisition, T.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Ministry of Education Innovation Team (No. IRT1134, IRT-15R25).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All the sequences have been deposited in GenBank (https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed on 20 November 2024) and MycoBank (https://www.mycobank.org, accessed on 1 December 2024).

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank the teacher and the team for their help. The authors thank the reviewers and responsible editors for their corrections and suggestions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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