Lactococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Disease Significant and Phytotherapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diseases Caused by Lactococcus Members in Aquaculture
2.1. Disease Caused by L. garvieae
2.1.1. Current Problems Associated with L. garvieae Infection
Frequent Re-Infection and Temporary Treatment
L. garvieae as Zoonotic Disease
Economic Significant
2.2. Diseases Caused by Other Species of Lactococcus Genus
3. Phytotherapy of Lactococcosis in Aquaculture
3.1. In Vitro Studies
3.2. In Vivo Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Origin/ Source of L. garvieae | Plant | Extractive | Major Compounds | MIC | MBC | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainbow trout | Camellia sinensis (green tea-leaves) | Methanolic extract | Unknown | 800 | 1100 | Akbary, 2014 |
Rainbow trout | Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Origanum vulgare (oregano) and Eucalyptus sp. | Mix-oil® (essential oils from leaves) | Citraconic anhydride, 1, 8-cineole, thymol | 6.25 | 12.5 | Amiri et al., 2020 |
Unknown | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (black sugar-root) | n-hexane extract | Unknown | Unknown | 5630 | Asan-Ozusaglam et al., 2014 |
Unknown | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (root) | Dichloromethane extract | Unknown | Unknown | 1410 | Asan-Ozusaglam et al., 2014 |
Type culture collection | Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) | Essential oil | Unknown | 500 | Unknown | Baba, 2020 |
Type culture collection | Eugenia caryophyllus | Essential oil | Unknown | 250 | Unknown | Baba, 2020 |
Rainbow trout | Mentha piperitae (pepper mint) | Essential oil | Unknown | 500 | Unknown | Baba, 2020 |
Rainbow trout | Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | Essential oil | Unknown | 500 | Unknown | Baba, 2020 |
Rainbow trout | Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) | Essential oil | Unknown | 250 | Unknown | Baba, 2020 |
Rainbow trout | Nigella sativa (black cumin) | Essential oil | Unknown | 250 | Unknown | Baba, 2020 |
Strain O41 | Lavandula officinalis (true lavender-flowers) | Ethanolic extract | Essential oil (linalyl acetate), tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, and phytosterols | 4200 | 8400 | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Melissa officinalis (lemon balm-leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Rosmarinic acid, essential oil (citral, citronellal, β-caryophyllen), caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acidderivatives | 8400 | 33,600 | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil-flowering plant) | Ethanolic extract | Essential oil (linalool, estragol, camphor, eugenol, ocimene, cineol, sesquiterpenes), tannins, favonoids, caffeic acid, and esculoside | 16,800 | Unknown | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Origanum vulgare (oregano-inflorescence) | Ethanolic extract | Carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, linolool, and borneol | 4200 | 33,600 | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Orthosiphon stamineus (Java tea-leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Essential oil (sesquiterpenes), flavones, triterpenoid, saponins, vitamins, and organic salts | 33,600 | Unknown | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Rosmarinus officinalis (leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Essential oil (eucalyptol, α-pinene, camphor, borneol), flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, and terpenes | 8400 | Unknown | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Salvia officinalis (sage-leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Essential oil (thujone, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes), tannins, bitter substances, and flavonoids | 4200 | 33,600 | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Thymus vulgaris (leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Essential oil (thymol, carvacrol, p-cimol, and terpinene), tannins, flavonoids and triterpenes | Unknown | Unknown | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Strain O41 | Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry-leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Phenolic glycosides (arbutin and hydroquinone), tannins, flavonoids (iperoside, avicularin, isoquercitrin), terpenic acids (ursolic and oleanolic acids), organic acids, and mineral salts | 4200 | Unknown | Bulfon et al., 2014 |
Rainbow trout | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (root) | Ethanolic extract | Unknown | 920 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Peganum harmala (wild rue-seed) | Methanolic extrac | Unknown | 105 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Trachyspermum copticum (carum ajowan-seed) | Ethanolic extract | Unknown | 453 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Myrtus communis (myrtle-leaves) | Essential oil | Unknown | 672 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Juglans regia (English walnut-leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Unknown | 510 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Quercus branti Lindley (Brant’s oak-seed) | Ethanolic extract | Unknown | 978 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew-leaves) | Essential oil | Unknown | 824 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Satureja bachtiarica Bung. (savory-leaves) | Essential oil | Unknown | 126 | Unknown | Fereidouni et al., 2013 |
Rainbow trout | Glycyrrhiza glabra L.(root) | Ethanolic extract | Glycyrrhizinic acid | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Satureja bachtiarica Bung. (aerial parts) | Essential oil | Phenols: Carvacrol, thymol | 8 | 16 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Satureja bachtiarica Bung. (aerial parts) | Ethanolic extract | Phenols: Carvacrol, thymol | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Punica granatum (pomegranate-flowers) | Ethanolic extract | Polyphenols: pomegranatate | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Quercus branti Lindley (seed/flour) | Ethanolic extract | Tannins | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Echinophora platyloba DC. (prickly parsnip-aerial parts) | Essential oil | Monoterpenes: trans-β-ocimene | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Echinophora platyloba DC. (aerial parts) | Ethanolic extract | Monoterpenes: trans-β-ocimene | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Heracleum lasiopetalum Boiss. (fruits) | Ethanolic extract | Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons: Germacrene-D | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. (wild celery-leaves) | Ethanolic extract | Z-ligustilide | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (wood betony-flowers) | Ethanolic extract | Sabinene, α-pinene, β-myrcene | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Thymus daenensis Celak. (common thyme-aerial part/inflorescence) | Ethanolic extract | Phenols: thymol, carvacrol | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Thymus daenensis Celak. (Aerial part/inflorescence) | Essential oil | Phenols: thymol, carvacrol | 8 | 16 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Myrtus communis (leaves) | Ethanolic extract | α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, myrtenyl acetate | >250 | >500 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Myrtus communis (leaves) | Essential oil | α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, myrtenyl acetate | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Thymbra spicata (spiked thyme-aerial part/inflorescence) | Essential oil | Phenols: thymol, carvacrol | 8 | 16 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Bunium persicum (Boiss.) K.- Pol. (black caraway-fruits) | Essential oil | γ-terpinen-7-al, cuminaldehyde, γ terpinene | 8 | 16 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Teucrium polium (felty germander-aerial parts) | Essential oil | α-pinene, linalool | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn-aerial parts) | Essential oil | Alhagidin, alhagitin, quercetin, catechin | >1000 | >1000 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Rainbow trout | Zataria multifora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) | Essential oil | Phenols: thymol, carvacrol | 4 | 8 | Goudarzi et al., 2011 |
Olive flounder (P. olivaceus) | Zingiber officinale (ginger) | Essential oil | 2000 | 2000 | Hossain et al., 2019 | |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Eucalyptus globulus (southern blue gum-aerial parts) | Essential oil | 1,8-eucalypol, pinene, terpineol acetae, globulol | 250 | 250 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Eucalyptus globulus (aerial parts) | Methanolic extract | 1,8-eucalypol, pinene, terpineol acetae, globulol | 500 | 500 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Zataria multiflora (aerial parts) | Essential oil | phenolic monoterpene, Carvacrol, alpha-pinene | 7.8 | 15.6 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Zataria multiflora (aerial parts) | Methanolic extract | phenolic monoterpene Carvacrol, alpha-pinene | 15.6 | 15.6 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Anethum graveolens (dill-seed) | Essential oil | D-carvacrol, limonene, dill apiole, E-dihydrocarvone, Z-dihydrocarvone | 62.4 | 125 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Anethum graveolens (seed) | Methanolic extract | D-carvacrol, limonene, dill apiole, E-dihydrocarvone, Z-dihydrocarvone | 125 | 125 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Rosmarinus officinalis | Essential oil | 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, toluene | 15.6 | 31.2 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
L. garvieae GQ850376 | Rosmarinus officinalis | Methanolic extract | 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, toluene | 31.2 | 31.2 | Mahmoodi et al., 2012 |
Rainbow trout | Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), Citrus reticulata (tangerine), Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia (bergamot), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) | Biocitro ® (blend of citrus extracts) | Ascorbic acid, citrus bioflavonoids (hesperidin, naringin, quercetin, rutin) and organic acids | 2.0 | Unknown | Mora-Sánchez et al., 2020 |
Tilapia (O. andersonii) | Capsicum annum (Chili pepper) | Methanolic extract (capsaicin) | Unknown | Unknown | 196.7 | Ndashe et al., 2020 |
Olive flounder | Citrus aurantifolia (key lime-peel) | Essential oil | Limonene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene | 0.125% (v/v) | 1% (v/v) | Pathirana et al., 2018 |
Olive flounder | Limonene | Commercial trans-limonene (>99%) | Limonene | 0.031% (v/v) | 0.025% (v/v) | Pathirana et al., 2018 |
Olive flounder | Syzygium aromaticum (clove-buds) | Essential oil | Eugenol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulen, eugenyl-acetate | 0.5% (v/v) | 1% (v/v) | Pathirana et al., 2019a |
Olive flounder | Commercial eugenol (>99%) | Isolated compound eugenol | Eugenol | 1% (v/v) | 1% (v/v) | Pathirana et al., 2019a |
Olive flounder | Cinnamomum zeylanicum | Essential oil | Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, β-Caryophyllene | 0.015% (v/v) | 0.031% (v/v) | Pathirana et al., 2019b |
Olive flounder | Commercial trans-cinnamaldehyde (>99%) (Sigma-Aldrich) | cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamaldehyde | 0.003% (v/v) | 0.015% (v/v) | Pathirana et al., 2019b |
Rainbow trout | Argania spinose L. (argan-oil) | Essential oil | Oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid | 250 | Unknown | Öntas et al., 2016 |
Rainbow trout | Citrus limon L. (lemon-peel) | Essential oil | Limonene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, α-terpineol, myrecene and terpinolene | 500 | Unknown | Öntas et al., 2016 |
Strain ATCC43921 | Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon-bark) | Essential oil | Unknown | 120 | Unknown | Rattanachaikunsopon et al., 2009 |
Strain ATCC43921 | Ocimum sanctum (holy basil-leaves) | Essential oil | Unknown | 240 | Unknown | Rattanachaikunsopon et al., 2009 |
Strain ATCC43921 | Zingiber officinale (roots) | Essential oil | Unknown | 120 | Unknown | Rattanachaikunsopon et al. 2009 |
Strain ATCC43921 | Syzygium aromaticum (flower buds) | Essential oil | Unknown | 30 | Unknown | Rattanachaikunsopon et al., 2009 |
Rainbow trout | Zataria multiflora (aerial parts) | Essential oil | Carvacrol, benzene and phenol | 0.12 | 0.12 | Soltani et al., 2014 |
Rainbow trout | Allium sativum (garlic-edible parts) | Essential oil | trisulfide, di-2-propenyl, disulfide, di-2-propenyl and trisulfide, methyl 2-propenyl | 0.5 | 1 | Soltani et al., 2014 |
Rainbow trout | Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark) | Essential oil | cinnamic aldehyde, linalool, ortho methoxy cinnamic aldehyde and 1,8-cineole | 0.5 | 0.5 | Soltani et al., 2014 |
S. quinqueradiata | Chloramphenicol | 0.8 a | 1.6 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Ciprofloxacin | 1.6 a | 3.13 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Erythromycin | 0.1 a | 800 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Enoxacin | 6.25 a | 12.5 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Florfenicol | 1.6 a | 1.6 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Floroxacin | 12.5 a | 12.5 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Kanamycin | 25 a | 50 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Lincomycin | 25 a | 800 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Norfloxacin | 6.25 a | 12.5 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Oxolinic acid | 400 a | 800 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Orbifloxacin | 1.6 a | 1.6 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Ofloxacin | 3.13 a | 6.25 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Penzylpenicillin | 0.8 a | 1.6 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Streptomycin | 25 a | 50 b | Maki et al., 2008 | ||
S. quinqueradiata | Tetracycline | 12.5 a | 400 b | Maki et al., 2008 |
Host | Plant | Extractive | Dosage/Duration | Survival Increase Compared to Control (%) 2 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) | Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth-leaves) | Hot-water extract | 1 g kg diet−1, 12 days 2 g kg diet−1, 12 days 3 g kg diet−1, 12 days | ↑57.3 ↑128.6 ↑171.4 | Chang et al., 2013 |
Giant freshwater prawn (M. rosenbergii) | Eichhornia crassipes (leaves) | Powder | 20 g kg diet−1, 120 days | ↑44.3 | Chang et al., 2016 |
Hot-water extract | 20 g kg diet−1, 120 days | ↑89.0 | |||
Aqueous extract 1 | 2 g kg diet−1, 120 days | ↑89.0 | |||
Dreg of aqueous extract 1 | 18 g kg diet−1, 120 days | ↑77.7 | |||
Giant freshwater prawn (M. rosenbergii) | Musa acuminate (banana-peel) | Aqueous extract | 1 g kg diet−1, 120 days 3 g kg diet−1, 120 days 6 g kg diet−1, 120 days | ↑200 ↑300 ↑467 | Rattanavichai et al., 2015 |
Giant freshwater prawn (M. rosenbergii) | Morinda cutrifolia (noni) | Aqueous extract | 0.6 g kg diet−1, 21 days 3 g kg diet−1, 21 days 6 g kg diet−1, 21 days | ↑250 ↑50.4 NS | Halim et al., 2017 |
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | Argania spinosa (argan-seeds) | Oil | 5 mL kg diet−1, 45 days 10 mL kg diet−1, 45 days 20 mL kg diet−1, 45 days | ↑66.7 ↑91.7 ↑86.1 | Baba et al., 2017 |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) | Aqueous extract | 10 g kg diet−1, 45 days 20 g kg diet−1, 45 days | ↑79.0 ↑109.7 | Baba et al., 2015 |
Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) | Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) | Aqueous extract | 10 g kg diet−1, 42 days 20 g kg diet−1, 42 days | ↑40.0 ↑60.1 | Uluköy et al., 2016 |
Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) | Usnea barbata (beard lichen) | Methanolic extract | 230 mg kg fish−1 (a) 460 mg kg fish−1 (a) 690 mg kg fish−1 (a) | ↑62.4 ↑45.3 NS | Bilen et al., 2019 |
Three spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii) | Capsaicin | Isolated compound | 1.97 mg kg fish−1 (b) | 80% survival vs. 0% survival in control | Ndashe et al., 2020 |
Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) | Origanum onites (oregano) | Essential oil | 0.125 mL kg diet−1, 56 days 1.5 mL kg diet−1, 56 days 2.5 mL kg diet−1, 56 days 3.0 mL kg diet−1, 56 days | ↑54 ↑92 ↑84 No mortality | Diler et al. 2017 |
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | Syzygium aromaticum (clove-buds) | Essential oil | 5 mL kg diet−1, 5 days 10 mL kg diet−1, 5 days 20 mL kg diet−1, 5 days 30 mL kg diet−1, 5 days | ↑40 ↑70 ↑80 No mortality | Rattanachaikunsopon et al., 2009 |
Mullet (Mugil cephalus) | * TCM | Aqueous extract of the powder | 5 g kg fish−1, 28 days 10 g kg fish−1, 28 days 20 g kg fish−1, 28 days | NS ↑230.8 ↑184.6 | Choi et al., 2014 |
Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) | Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), Citrus reticulata (tangerine), Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia (bergamot), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) | Biocitro ® (blend of these extracts) | 0.75 g kg diet−1, 28 days | ↑120 | Mora-Sánchez et al., 2020 |
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Soltani, M.; Baldisserotto, B.; Hosseini Shekarabi, S.P.; Shafiei, S.; Bashiri, M. Lactococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Disease Significant and Phytotherapy. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090181
Soltani M, Baldisserotto B, Hosseini Shekarabi SP, Shafiei S, Bashiri M. Lactococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Disease Significant and Phytotherapy. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(9):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090181
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoltani, Mehdi, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Seyed Pezhman Hosseini Shekarabi, Shafigh Shafiei, and Masoumeh Bashiri. 2021. "Lactococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Disease Significant and Phytotherapy" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 9: 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090181