A Four-Year Survey of Hemoparasites from Nocturnal Raptors (Strigiformes) Confirms a Relation between Leucocytozoon and Low Hematocrit and Body Condition Scores of Parasitized Birds
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Sample Collection
2.2. Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Hemoparasite Detection and Quantification
3.3. Analysis of Epidemiological Variables
3.4. Results of Hematological Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bird Species | Overall Positivity | Leucocytozoon | Haemoproteus | Trypanosoma | Plasmodium | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence | Parasitemia | Prevalence | Parasitemia | Prevalence | Parasitemia | Prevalence | Parasitemia | ||
Barn owl (Tyto alba) | 15/90; 16.7% (10.3–25.7%) | 14/90; 15.5% (9.5–24.4%) | 0.3 [0.2, 2.9] | 2/90; 2.2% (0.6–7.7%) | 4.1 [0.6, 7.6] | 0/90; 0% - | - | 2/90; 2.2% (0.6–7.7%) | 0.6 [0.4, 0.8] |
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) | 18/19; 94.7% (75.3–99.1%) | 18/19; 94.7% (75.3–99.1%) | 2.5 [0.8, 6.4] | 8/19; 42.1% (23.1–63.7%) | 3.6 [2, 5.6] | 1/19; 5.3% (0.9–24.6%) | 0.4 [0.4, 0.4] | 0/19; 0% - | - |
Tawny owl (Strix aluco) | 9/10; 90% (59.6–98.2%) | 8/10; 80% (49.0–94.3%) | 0.4 [0.2, 2.9] | 3/10; 30% (10.7–60.3%) | 10.4 [0.2, 15.2] | 2/10; 20% (5.6–50.9%) | 0.2 [0.2, 0.2] | 1/10; 10% (1.8–40.4%) | 4 [4, 4] |
European owl (Athene noctua) | 4/10; 40% (16.8–68.7%) | 3/10; 30% (10.7–60.3%) | 0.5 [0.4, 0.6] | 1/10; 10% (1.8–40.4%) | 3.2 [3.2, 3.2] | 0/10; 0% - | - | 0/10; 0% - | - |
Eurasian Scops-owl (Otus scops) | 0/4; 0% - | 0/4; 0% - | - | 0/4; 0% - | - | 0/4; 0% - | - | 0/4; 0% - | - |
Northern long-eared owl (Asio otus) | 1/1; 100% (20.6–100%) | 0/1; 0% - | - | 1/1; 100% (20.6–100%) | 12.8 [12.8, 12.8] | 0/1; 0% - | - | 0/1; 0% - | - |
Overall positivity | 47/134; 35.1% (27.5–43.5%) | 43/134; 32.1% (24.8–40.4%) | - | 15/134; 11.2% (6.9–17.6%) | - | 3/134; 2.2% (0.7–6.4%) | - | 3/134; 2.2% (0.7–6.4%) | - |
Blood Parameters | Barn Owl (Tyto alba) | Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo) | Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) | European Owl (Athene noctua) | Eurasian Scops-Owl (Otus scops) | Northern Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 90 | n = 19 | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 4 | n = 1 | |
Hematocrit (%) | 38 [35, 42] | 41 [35, 45] | 34 [31, 41] | 37 [30, 45] | 32.5 [28.5, 39] | 39 - |
WBC count (cells/mm3) | 21,000 [13,000, 28,800] | 14,935 [9260, 18,995] | 10,250 [10,000, 16,750] | 14,750 [12,750, 8750] | 28,375 [16,960, 36,625] | 12,000 - |
Heterophils (%) | 52 [40, 65] | 66 [61, 82] | 55 [27, 60] | 52 [43, 59] | 65 [50–67] | 16 - |
Eosinophils (%) | 4 [0, 10] | 2 [0, 5] | 3 [0, 5] | 1 [0, 2] | 1 [0–4] | 62 - |
Basophils (%) | 0 [0, 1] | 0 [0, 1] | 1 [1, 2] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 1] | 2 - |
Lymphocytes (%) | 40 [24, 49] | 21 [14, 30] | 39 [33, 40] | 42 [26, 54] | 30 [20–35] | 14 - |
Monocytes (%) | 2 [1, 4] | 2 [1, 5] | 5 [5, 7] | 3 [2, 4] | 3 [2–15] | 6 - |
Blood Parameters | Parasitised n = 15 | Non-Parasitised n = 69 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Haematocrit (%) | 35 [30, 39] | 39 [35, 43] | p = 0.007 * |
WBC count (cells/mm3) | 35,275 [20,750, 40,200] | 20,500 [11,625, 26,875] | p = 0.003 ** |
Heterophils (%) | 61 [41, 76] | 50.5 [40, 62] | p = 0.124 * |
Eosinophils (%) | 1 [0, 9] | 4 [1, 10] | p = 0.216 ** |
Basophils (%) | 0 [0, 1] | 0 [0, 1] | p = 0.591 ** |
Lymphocytes (%) | 29 [20, 40] | 41 [28, 49] | p = 0.110 * |
Monocytes (%) | 3 [0, 5] | 2 [1, 4] | p = 0.435 ** |
H/L ratio | 2.1 [1.4, 3.8] | 1.3 [0.7, 2.2] | p = 0.054 ** |
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Martín-Maldonado, B.; Mencía-Gutiérrez, A.; Andreu-Vázquez, C.; Fernández, R.; Pastor-Tiburón, N.; Alvarado, A.; Carrero, A.; Fernández-Novo, A.; Esperón, F.; González, F. A Four-Year Survey of Hemoparasites from Nocturnal Raptors (Strigiformes) Confirms a Relation between Leucocytozoon and Low Hematocrit and Body Condition Scores of Parasitized Birds. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010054
Martín-Maldonado B, Mencía-Gutiérrez A, Andreu-Vázquez C, Fernández R, Pastor-Tiburón N, Alvarado A, Carrero A, Fernández-Novo A, Esperón F, González F. A Four-Year Survey of Hemoparasites from Nocturnal Raptors (Strigiformes) Confirms a Relation between Leucocytozoon and Low Hematocrit and Body Condition Scores of Parasitized Birds. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(1):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010054
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Maldonado, Bárbara, Aida Mencía-Gutiérrez, Cristina Andreu-Vázquez, Rocío Fernández, Natalia Pastor-Tiburón, Alberto Alvarado, Alicia Carrero, Aitor Fernández-Novo, Fernando Esperón, and Fernando González. 2023. "A Four-Year Survey of Hemoparasites from Nocturnal Raptors (Strigiformes) Confirms a Relation between Leucocytozoon and Low Hematocrit and Body Condition Scores of Parasitized Birds" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 1: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010054