The Impact of Food Waste Compost, Vermicompost, and Chemical Fertilizers on the Growth Measurement of Red Radish (Raphanus sativus): A Sustainability Perspective in the United Arab Emirates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Design
2.1.1. Control (C)
2.1.2. Food Waste Compost (FOWC)
Vegetable Waste Compost (VWC)
Fruit Waste Compost (FRWC)
Vegetable and Fruit Waste Compost (VFWC)
Meat, Fish, and Chicken Waste Compost (MFCWC)
Bread, Pasta, and Rice Waste Compost (BPRC)
Mixed Compost (MC)
2.1.3. Vermicompost (V)
2.1.4. Chemical Fertilizer (CF)
2.2. Greenhouse Experiments
2.3. Plant Growth Measurements
2.3.1. Radish Height
- Height of the fresh radishes (including shoots, leaves, and roots) was measured using a tape measure by unit (cm).
- Height of the shoot of the fresh radish was measured using a tape measure by unit (cm).
- Height of the root of the fresh radish was measured using a tape measure by unit (cm).
- Taproot top perimeter: perimeter of the middle fresh radish was measured using a tape measure in the units (cm).
2.3.2. Radish Weight
2.3.3. Leaf Surface Area (LSA)
2.4. Determination of Total Bacterial Population in Soil Samples
2.5. Effect of Different Treatments on Soil pH, and EC
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Assessment of the long-term agricultural effects by examining soil health and composition using fertilizers derived from food waste across multiple growth cycles. This would demonstrate the long-lasting effectiveness of organic amendments.
- Examination of economic feasibility by comparing the cost-effectiveness of food waste and chemical fertilizers. The analysis should consider the costs of production, the efficiency of application, and the increases in yield to ascertain the economic accessibility for farmers.
- Comprehensive crop testing by conducting tests on a wider range of crops can help determine the suitability of using food waste as fertilizer in various agricultural settings. This would aid in assessing crop requirements and optimizing fertilizer compositions.
- Optimizing composting techniques and formulations is necessary to maximize the nutrient content and promote soil health. This encompasses examining both food waste and composting. The impact of these fertilizers on soil and plant water retention could have significant implications for water conservation strategies in arid agricultural regions.
- Conducting an environmental impact assessment to assess the greenhouse gas emissions of fertilizers derived from food waste. This will assess the ecological footprint of these fertilizers compared to traditional fertilizers. It is imperative to establish safety regulations for food waste fertilizers to ensure their safety, efficacy, and environmental friendliness.
- Implementation of educational programs to educate farmers and the public about the advantages and methods of using food waste as fertilizer, thereby accelerating its acceptance and implementation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | VWC | FRWC | VFWC | MFCWC | BPRC | MC | V | CF | C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage | ||||||||||
Experiment layout | 10% | *8 (2)** | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) |
25% | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | |
50% | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) | 8 (2) |
Plant Parameter * | Corrected Model | CF | MC | V | FRWC | VFWC | BPRC | MFCWC | VWC | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p-Value | F | p-Value | F | p-Value | F | p-Value | F | p-Value | F | p-Value | F | p-Value | F | p-Value | F | p-Value | |
Plant length (cm) | 20.9 | <0.001 *** | 0.7 | 0.396 ns | 44.0 | <0.001 *** | 2.4 | 0.065 ns | 11.4 | <0.001 *** | 8.6 | <0.001 *** | 4.9 | 0.008 ** | 32.5 | <0.001 *** | 18.8 | <0.001 *** |
Root length (cm) | 11.8 | <0.001 *** | 0.5 | 0.469 ns | 25.8 | <0.001 *** | 4.3 | 0.006 ** | 6.1 | <0.001 *** | 3.1 | 0.048 * | 13.9 | <0.001 *** | 15.6 | <0.001 *** | 11.2 | <0.001 *** |
Shoot length (cm) | 12.1 | <0.001 *** | 1.2 | 0.275 ns | 24.1 | <0.001 *** | 1.8 | 0.148 ns | 8.9 | <0.001 *** | 7.5 | <0.001 *** | 6.1 | 0.003 ** | 16.7 | <0.001 *** | 6.7 | 0.002 ** |
Taproot top perimeter (cm) | 16.0 | <0.001 *** | 13.6 | <0.001 *** | 15.9 | <0.001 *** | 3.3 | 0.022 * | 12.6 | <0.001 *** | 9.3 | <0.001 *** | 9.3 | <0.001 *** | 17.0 | <0.001 *** | 12.6 | <0.001 *** |
Number of leaves | 4.4 | <0.001 *** | 1.9 | 0.166 ns | 7.7 | <0.001 *** | 1.2 | 0.324 ns | 2.4 | 0.065 ns | 7.5 | <0.001 *** | 1.8 | 0.161 ns | 4.3 | 0.014 * | 3.2 | 0.041 * |
Width of leaves (cm) | 10.0 | <0.001 *** | 1.3 | 0.263 ns | 13.1 | <0.001 *** | 2.1 | 0.103 ns | 14.3 | <0.001 *** | 8.1 | <0.001 *** | 4.6 | 0.012 * | 7.1 | 0.001 *** | 7.5 | <0.001 *** |
Height of leaves (cm) | 10.5 | <0.001 *** | 3.9 | 0.050 * | 12.7 | <0.001 *** | 0.5 | 0.683 ns | 5.8 | <0.001 *** | 13.7 | <0.001 *** | 7.5 | <0.001 *** | 10.1 | <0.001 *** | 6.9 | 0.001 *** |
Total fresh weight (g) | 13.9 | <0.001 *** | 0.3 | 0.601 ns | 14.4 | <0.001 *** | 5.0 | 0.002 ** | 14.1 | <0.001 *** | 17.5 | <0.001 *** | 9.8 | <0.001 *** | 13.5 | <0.001 *** | 3.3 | 0.040 * |
Shoot fresh weight (g) | 14.2 | <0.001 *** | 3.2 | 0.076 ns | 9.9 | <0.001 *** | 7.4 | <0.001 *** | 5.9 | <0.001 *** | 27.9 | <0.001 *** | 5.1 | 0.007 ** | 10.1 | <0.001 *** | 9.1 | <0.001 *** |
Root fresh weight (g) | 13.3 | <0.001 *** | 0.0 | 0.913 ns | 13.0 | <0.001 *** | 2.7 | 0.044 * | 2.4 | 0.072 ns | 5.0 | 0.008 ** | 15.0 | <0.001 *** | 15.5 | <0.001 *** | 22.6 | <0.001 *** |
Total plant dry weight (g) | 16.8 | <0.001 *** | 3.5 | 0.064 ns | 11.0 | <0.001 *** | 26.2 | <0.001 *** | 11.3 | <0.001 *** | 6.4 | 0.002 ** | 5.2 | 0.006 ** | 12.0 | <0.001 *** | 3.1 | 0.047 * |
Shoot dry weight (g) | 13.4 | <0.001 *** | 0.1 | 0.809 ns | 14.0 | <0.001 *** | 22.1 | <0.001 *** | 4.1 | 0.007 ** | 3.1 | 0.046 * | 3.1 | 0.048 * | 7.3 | <0.001 *** | 7.0 | 0.001 *** |
Root dry weight (g) | 8.8 | <0.001 *** | 9.6 | 0.002 ** | 34.0 | <0.001 *** | 3.4 | 0.020 * | 0.3 | 0.828 ns | 0.1 | 0.932 ns | 0.6 | 0.576 ns | 0.8 | 0.457 ns | 0.9 | 0.426 ns |
Total plant length | 21.1 | <0.001 *** | 1.0 | 0.323 ns | 44.8 | <0.001 *** | 3.1 | 0.028 * | 14.1 | <0.001 *** | 9.3 | <0.001 *** | 4.0 | 0.021 * | 33.1 | <0.001 *** | 17.6 | <0.001 *** |
Leaf surface area (LSA, cm2) | 78.8 | <0.001 *** | 34.4 | <0.001 *** | 109.7 | <0.001 *** | 12.8 | <0.001 *** | 43.0 | <0.001 *** | 215.6 | <0.001 *** | 26.0 | <0.001 *** | 102.4 | <0.001 *** | 43.1 | <0.001 *** |
Treatments | pH | EC mS/cm |
---|---|---|
Vegetable waste compost VWC (10%) | 6.84 | 3.81 |
Vegetable waste compost VWC (25%) | 7.07 | 5.36 |
Vegetable waste compost VWC (50%) | 7.27 | 6.07 |
Fruit waste compost FRWC (10%) | 5.75 | 2.94 |
Fruit waste compost FRWC (25%) | 6.66 | 3.73 |
Fruit waste compost FRWC (50%) | 6.97 | 4.47 |
Vegetable and fruit waste compost VFWC (10%) | 6.77 | 7.17 |
Vegetable and fruit waste compost VFWC (25%) | 7.52 | 5.11 |
Vegetable and fruit waste compost VFWC (50%) | 8.04 | 3.28 |
Meat, fish, and chicken waste compost (MFCWC 10%) | 6.09 | 5.53 |
Meat, fish, and chicken waste compost (MFCWC 25%) | 7.65 | 5.39 |
Meat, fish, and chicken waste compost (MFCWC 50%) | 8.52 | 6.25 |
Bread, pasta, and rice waste compost (BPRC 10%) | 6.5 | 6.25 |
Bread, pasta, and rice waste compost (BPRC 25%) | 6.85 | 5.24 |
Bread, pasta, and rice waste compost (BPRC 50%) | 7.31 | 3.67 |
Mixed compost (MC 10%) | 6.65 | 2.71 |
Mixed compost (MC 25%) | 6.52 | 4.57 |
Mixed compost (MC 50%) | 6.44 | 8.74 |
Vermicompost (V 10%) | 6.47 | 2.04 |
Vermicompost (V 25%) | 6.73 | 1.2 |
Vermicompost (V 50%) | 6.83 | 2.79 |
Chemical Fertilizer (CF) | 6.7 | 1.12 |
Control (C) | 6.4 | 0.53 |
Treatments | Total Bacterial Population Colony-Forming Units (×105) |
---|---|
Vegetable waste compost VWC (10%) | 20 |
Vegetable waste compost VWC (25%) | 75 |
Vegetable waste compost VWC (50%) | 144 |
Fruit waste compost FRWC (10%) | 22 |
Fruit waste compost FRWC (25%) | 61 |
Fruit waste compost FRWC (50%) | 27 |
Vegetable and fruit waste compost VFWC (10%) | 49 |
Vegetable and fruit waste compost VFWC (25%) | 42 |
Vegetable and fruit waste compost VFWC (50%) | 25 |
Meat, fish, and chicken waste compost (MFCWC 10%) | 15 |
Meat, fish, and chicken waste compost (MFCWC 25%) | 211 |
Meat, fish, and chicken waste compost (MFCWC 50%) | 16 |
Bread, pasta, and rice waste compost (BPRC 10%) | 0 |
Bread, pasta, and rice waste compost (BPRC 25%) | 18 |
Bread, pasta, and rice waste compost (BPRC 50%) | 136 |
Mixed compost (MC 10%) | 113 |
Mixed compost (MC 25%) | 3 |
Mixed compost (MC 50%) | 20 |
Vermicompost (V 10%) | 208 |
Vermicompost (V 25%) | 162 |
Vermicompost (V 50%) | 140 |
Chemical Fertilizer (CF) | 6 |
Control (C) | 1 |
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Almaramah, S.B.; Abu-Elsaoud, A.M.; Alteneiji, W.A.; Albedwawi, S.T.; El-Tarabily, K.A.; Al Raish, S.M. The Impact of Food Waste Compost, Vermicompost, and Chemical Fertilizers on the Growth Measurement of Red Radish (Raphanus sativus): A Sustainability Perspective in the United Arab Emirates. Foods 2024, 13, 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111608
Almaramah SB, Abu-Elsaoud AM, Alteneiji WA, Albedwawi ST, El-Tarabily KA, Al Raish SM. The Impact of Food Waste Compost, Vermicompost, and Chemical Fertilizers on the Growth Measurement of Red Radish (Raphanus sativus): A Sustainability Perspective in the United Arab Emirates. Foods. 2024; 13(11):1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111608
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmaramah, Sara B., Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud, Wejdan A. Alteneiji, Shaikha T. Albedwawi, Khaled A. El-Tarabily, and Seham M. Al Raish. 2024. "The Impact of Food Waste Compost, Vermicompost, and Chemical Fertilizers on the Growth Measurement of Red Radish (Raphanus sativus): A Sustainability Perspective in the United Arab Emirates" Foods 13, no. 11: 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111608