Investigation of Photoprotective, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Capacities and LC–ESI–MS Phenolic Profile of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Standards
2.1.1. Chemicals and Reagents for Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determinations of Biochemical Activities
2.1.2. Reagents for LC/MS Analysis
2.2. Plant Collection and Extraction
2.3. Determination of Total Bioactive Compounds
2.3.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.3.2. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.3.3. Total Saponin Content (TSC)
2.4. Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS) Analysis
2.5. Photoprotective Activity
2.6. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
2.7. Oxidative Hemolysis Inhibition Assay (OxHLIA)
- AE: the absorbance of the extract;
- AP: the absorbance of the positive control (phosphate buffer saline);
- AN: the absorbance of the negative control (distilled water).
2.8. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bioactive Compounds
3.2. Identification and Quantification of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds
Compound | % Purity | Rt | ([M-H]-) | Concentration (mg/100 g DM) | RSD Curve Calibration | (R2) | Linear Range (μg/mL) | LOD (μg/mL) | LOQ (μg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quinic acid | 98 | 2.017 | 191.00 | 6.16 ± 0.28 | 14.320 | 0.9952 | 0.05–7.5 | 0.616 | 1.867 |
2 | Gallic acid | 97.4 | 4.317 | 169.00 | 1.16 ± 0.75 | 10.548 | 0.9999 | 0.05–7.6 | 0.102 | 0.308 |
3 | p-coumaric acid | 98 | 22.283 | 163.00 | 8.99 ± 0.78 | 5.560 | 0.9981 | 0.05–7.5 | 0.337 | 1.022 |
4 | Rutin | 98 | 25.256 | 609.00 | 4.12 ± 0.19 | 11.809 | 0.9991 | 0.05–20.0 | 0.172 | 0.521 |
5 | trans-ferulic acid | 99 | 24.550 | 193.00 | 2.34 ± 0.73 | 5.231 | 0.9982 | 0.05–7.5 | 0.624 | 1.890 |
6 | Hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) | 98 | 25.829 | 463.00 | 2.15 ± 0.56 | 10.851 | 0.9964 | 0.05–20.0 | 0.115 | 0.349 |
7 | Rosmarinic acid | 98 | 27.876 | 359.00 | 4.45 ± 0.48 | 8.618 | 0.9995 | 0.05–15.0 | 0.115 | 0.454 |
8 | Quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) | 91.4 | 28.050 | 447.00 | 14.01 ± 0.20 | 10.970 | 0.9996 | 0.05–5.0 | 0.171 | 0.520 |
9 | Apigenin-7-O-glucoside | 98 | 28.028 | 431.00 | 1.87 ± 0.39 | 12.817 | 0.9989 | 0.05–2.0 | 0.821 | 2.489 |
10 | Kaempferol | 97 | 33.350 | 285.00 | 10.05 ± 0.90 | 12.466 | 0.9985 | 0.05–5.0 | 0.148 | 0.450 |
11 | Silymarin | >95 | 35.398 | 481.00 | 14.76 ± 0.65 | 13.218 | 0.9952 | 0.05–20.0 | 0.051 | 0.154 |
12 | Naringenin | 95 | 35.083 | 271.00 | 1.29 ± 0.25 | 10.058 | 0.9970 | 0.05–2.0 | 0.115 | 0.349 |
13 | Apigenin | >95 | 35.717 | 269.00 | 1.41 ± 0.16 | 11.067 | 0.9981 | 0.05–1.0 | 0.068 | 0.206 |
14 | Luteolin | 97 | 36.283 | 285.00 | 1.99 ± 0.09 | 12.376 | 0.9973 | 0.05–5.0 | 0.516 | 1.565 |
15 | Cirsiliol | 95 | 36.975 | 329.00 | 44.46 ± 0.36 | 12.911 | 0.9982 | 0.05–5.0 | 0.030 | 0.090 |
16 | Cirsilineol | 95 | 40.139 | 343.00 | 1.68 ± 0.19 | 6.743 | 0.9977 | 0.05–2.0 | 0.181 | 0.548 |
17 | Acacetin | ≥99 | 42.117 | 283.00 | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 20.134 | 0.9987 | 0.10–7.5 | 0.085 | 0.258 |
3.3. Photoprotective Activity
3.4. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.5. OxHLIA Assay
3.6. Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay (BSLB)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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λ (nm) | EE(λ) × I(λ) (Norms) | A. gombiformis Extract. | |
---|---|---|---|
Absorbance | SPF | ||
290 | 0.0150 | 4.143 ± 0.01 | 0.621 ± 0.00 |
295 | 0.0817 | 3.862 ± 0.02 | 3.155 ± 0.02 |
300 | 0.2874 | 3.843 ± 0.00 | 11.046 ± 0.01 |
305 | 0.2780 | 3.682 ± 0.26 | 12.069 ± 0.85 |
310 | 0.1864 | 3.802 ± 0.00 | 7.087 ± 0.00 |
315 | 0.0837 | 3.733 ± 0.00 | 3.132 ± 0.00 |
320 | 0.0180 | 3.698 ± 0.00 | 0.665 ± 0.00 |
Total | 1 | 37.78 ± 0.85 |
Extract/Reference Compound | EC50 (µg/mL) |
---|---|
Diclofenac | 63.5 ± 0.02 a |
Ketoprofen | 165.83 ± 0.103 c |
A. gombiformis extract | 69.42 ± 0.02 b |
A. gombiformis Butanolic Fraction μg/mL | A. gombiformis % of Mortality | K2Cr2O7 % of Mortality |
---|---|---|
10 | 16.7 ± 5.77 | 0 ± 0.00 |
20 | 26.7 ± 5.77 | 50 ± 0.00 |
40 | 43.3 ± 5.77 | 80 ± 10.00 |
80 | 86.7 ± 5.77 | 100 ± 0.00 |
DC50 (μg/mL) | 44.7 ± 1.76 | 20.6 |
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Lekmine, S.; Boussekine, S.; Akkal, S.; Martín-García, A.I.; Boumegoura, A.; Kadi, K.; Djeghim, H.; Mekersi, N.; Bendjedid, S.; Bensouici, C.; et al. Investigation of Photoprotective, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Capacities and LC–ESI–MS Phenolic Profile of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel. Foods 2021, 10, 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081937
Lekmine S, Boussekine S, Akkal S, Martín-García AI, Boumegoura A, Kadi K, Djeghim H, Mekersi N, Bendjedid S, Bensouici C, et al. Investigation of Photoprotective, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Capacities and LC–ESI–MS Phenolic Profile of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel. Foods. 2021; 10(8):1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081937
Chicago/Turabian StyleLekmine, Sabrina, Samira Boussekine, Salah Akkal, Antonio Ignacio Martín-García, Ali Boumegoura, Kenza Kadi, Hanene Djeghim, Nawal Mekersi, Samira Bendjedid, Chawki Bensouici, and et al. 2021. "Investigation of Photoprotective, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Capacities and LC–ESI–MS Phenolic Profile of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel" Foods 10, no. 8: 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081937