Illicit Alcohol: Public Health Risk of Methanol Poisoning and Policy Mitigation Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Illicit Alcohol Production
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
- Access-related policy measures
- Knowledge- and information-related policy measures
- Economic-related policy measures
- Culture, community norms and behavior-related policy measures
- Early warning systems (EWSs) to reduce illicit alcohol sale and consumption
- Monitoring phase—considering specific criteria and ensuring the data can be collected and is of the required granularity;
- Analysis phase—assessing data, indicators, trends in order to be able to differentiate critical events;
- Prediction phase—depending on the level of criticality, early warning information is generated and communicated to relevant stakeholders; and
- Implementation phase—appropriate measures are defined and implemented [94].
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Year | Incident | Casualties | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spain | 1963 | Methanol used in mixed alcohol liqueurs | 51 died | [41] |
Papua New Guinea | 1978 | Mixture of methanol and isopropanol | 369 ill; 4 irreversibly blinded; 18 died | [26,36] |
Italy | 1986 | Methanol adulterated wine | 90 hospitalized; 23 died | [45] |
Cambodia | 1998 | Methanol poisoning | >400 ill; 60 dead | [46] |
China | 1998 | Methanol poisoning | >200 ill; 27 died | [28,34] |
India | 1998 | Methanol poisoning | 97 cases; 28 died | [26] |
Madagascar | 1998 | Methanol poisoning | 200 died | [47] |
Serbia | 1998 | Methanol poisoning | >90 ill; 43 died | [28,34] |
Bangladesh | 1999 | Methanol poisoning | 121 died | [34,46] |
Kenya | 1999 | Methanol poisoning | 24 died | [34,46] |
Bangladesh | 2000 | Methanol poisoning | >100 ill; 56 died | [28,46] |
Canada | 2000 | Methanol poisoning | >12 ill; 2 died | [34] |
El Salvador | 2000 | Methanol poisoning from low-quality alcohol | >200 ill; 117 died; 19 ill; 19 died | [28,34,46] |
Estonia (Pärnu) | 2001 | Illegal spirits with 50%–100% | 154 ill; 68 died | [26,28,34,48] |
India | 2001 | Methanol poisoning | >120 ill; 27 died | [28,34] |
Kenya | 2001 | Methanol poisoning | 120 died | [34,46] |
Madagascar | 2002 | Methanol poisoning | 40 ill; 11 died | [28,46,47] |
Norway | 2002–2004 | Methanol poisoning | 59 ill; 17 died | [28] |
Saudi Arabia | 2002 | Methanol poisoning | 19 died | [34,46] |
Taiwan | 2002 | Methanol poisoning | 9 died | [34] |
Botswana | 2003 | Methanol poisoning | >45 ill; 9 died | [28,34] |
Tunisia | 2003 | Methanol poisoning | 16 ill; 3 died | [26] |
Iran | 2004 | Methanol poisoning | 62 ill; 17 died | [28,34] |
Kenya | 2004 | Methanol poisoning | 23 died | [34] |
Turkey | 2004 | Methanol poisoning | 21 died | [34] |
Kenya | 2005 | Methanol poisoning | 174 ill; 49 died | [28,34] |
Russia | 2005 | Methanol poisoning | 33 died | [34] |
Turkey | 2005 | Methanol poisoning | 23 died | [34] |
Iran | 2006 | Methanol poisoning | 42 ill; 6 died | [34] |
Nicaragua | 2006 | Methanol poisoning | 801 ill; 48 died | [28,34] |
Russia | 2006 | Methanol poisoning (2 incidents) | 60 ill; 3 died; 13 died | [28,34] |
India | 2008 | Methanol poisoning | 285 ill; 150 died | [28,34] |
Mongolia | 2008 | Methanol poisoning | >32 ill >11 died | [34] |
India | 2009 | Methanol poisoning | 63 ill; 20 died >275 ill 136 died | [28,34] |
Indonesia | 2009 | Methanol poisoning | 45 cases; 25 died | [28,34] |
Uganda | 2009 | Methanol poisoning | 77 ill; 27 died; 189 ill; 89 died | [28,34] |
Cambodia | 2010 | Methanol poisoning | 17 died | [34] |
India | 2010 | Methanol poisoning | 10 died | [34] |
Indonesia | 2010 | Methanol poisoning | 5 ill; 3 died | [34] |
Kenya | 2010 | Methanol poisoning | >17 died | [34] |
Uganda | 2010 | Methanol poisoning | 189 ill; 89 died | [34] |
Ecuador | 2011 | Methanol poisoning | >770 ill; 51 died | [28,34] |
Haiti | 2011 | Methanol poisoning | 40 ill; 18 died | [28,34] |
India | 2011 | Methanol poisoning (multiple incidents) | >370 ill; 170 died; >167 ill; 143 died; 100 ill; 31 died | [28,34] |
Kenya | 2011 | Methanol poisoning | 29 died | [34] |
Russia | 2011 | Methanol poisoning | 19 ill; 4 died | [34] |
Sudan | 2011 | Methanol poisoning | >137 ill; 71 died | [28,49] |
Turkey | 2011 | Methanol poisoning | 22 ill; 5 died | [34] |
Cambodia | 2012 | Methanol poisoning from contamination of rice wine | 367 ill; 300 hospitalized; 49 people died | [28,34] |
Czech Republic | 2012 | Methanol poisoning | 121 hospitalized; 41 deaths | [50,51] |
Honduras | 2012 | Methanol poisoning | 48 ill; 24 died | [28,34] |
India | 2012 | Methanol poisoning | 37 ill; 17 died; 100 ill; 31 died | [34,52] |
Iran | 2013 | Methanol poisoning | 694 ill; 8 died | [28] |
Libya | 2013 | Methanol poisoning from illegal alcohol | 1066 ill; 101 deaths | [25] |
Pakistan | 2013 | Methanol poisoning from illegal alcohol | 8 deaths | [25] |
Kenya | 2014 | Two incidents of methanol poisoning | Incident 1—341 ill; 100 dead; Incident 2—126 ill; 26 dead | [25] |
Nigeria | 2015 | Methanol poisoning from a local beverage | 89 dead | [51] |
Turkey | 2015 | Methanol poisoning | 32 dead | [26] |
Russia | 2016 | Methanol poisoning from consumption of bath lotion | 57 hospitalized; 49 died | [35] |
Iran | 2018 | Methanol poisoning 7 September–7 October 2018 | 768 ill; 460 hospitalized; 76 died | [42] |
Malaysia | 2018 | Methanol poisoning from counterfeit alcohol | 45 died | [53] |
India | 2019 | Methanol poisoning | 130 died | [53] |
Costa Rica | 2019 | Methanol poisoning | 20 died; 45 ill | [54] |
Dominican Republic | 2019 | Methanol poisoning (10 tourists in 12 months) | Around 10 deaths | [55] |
Malaysia | 2019 | Methanol poisoning (3 clusters) | 6 died; 19 ill | [56] |
Iran | 2020 | Methanol poisoning as the result of COVID-19 outbreak | 296 died, 2197 ill; 824 hospitalized | [44] |
Product Type | Legal Products | Illegal Products | Surrogate Products | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product examples | Homemade or informally produced alcoholic beverages or Product smuggled from country where product was legal to an alternative market | Counterfeit or informally produced product | Antifreeze, bath lotion, cologne, methylated spirits, mouthwash, windscreen wash | |||
Product description | Homemade and legal for home consumption but not for sale | Legal in country of production but not in country of consumption | Illegally produced in country of consumption at home or larger scale manufacturing | Illegally produced in country of production and transferred illegally (smuggled) to country of consumption | Legally produced in country of consumption but not for human consumption | Legally produced in country of consumption but not for human consumption and then exported |
Distribution | Within national boundaries | Across borders | Within national boundaries | Across borders | Within national boundaries | Across borders |
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Manning, L.; Kowalska, A. Illicit Alcohol: Public Health Risk of Methanol Poisoning and Policy Mitigation Strategies. Foods 2021, 10, 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071625
Manning L, Kowalska A. Illicit Alcohol: Public Health Risk of Methanol Poisoning and Policy Mitigation Strategies. Foods. 2021; 10(7):1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071625
Chicago/Turabian StyleManning, Louise, and Aleksandra Kowalska. 2021. "Illicit Alcohol: Public Health Risk of Methanol Poisoning and Policy Mitigation Strategies" Foods 10, no. 7: 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071625
APA StyleManning, L., & Kowalska, A. (2021). Illicit Alcohol: Public Health Risk of Methanol Poisoning and Policy Mitigation Strategies. Foods, 10(7), 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071625