A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion: Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of AD Process and Applications
2.1. AD Process Chemistry
2.1.1. Hydrolysis
2.1.2. Acidogenesis
2.1.3. Acetogenesis
2.1.4. Methanogenesis
2.2. The Percentage Composition of CH4 from AD
3. Overview of Previous Research on AD
4. Brief Synopsis of Issues Hitherto Addressed in AD Research
5. The Concepts of IHT and HPP
6. Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing AD
6.1. Use of Non-Biological Conductive Materials to Stimulate IHT and HPP in AD
6.2. Combining MES with AD to Improve Microbial Interaction
7. Recent Advances in the AD Technology
8. Future Directions and Opportunities
9. Discussion
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Advantages | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|
Provision of alternative to unsustainable deforestation | A major cause of deforestation is the use of wood as fuel for cooking and lighting. The use of household biogas digesters offers the advantage of using methane produced from the process for household cooking, which will ultimately mitigate the act of deforestation | [4,5,6] |
Serve as a means to treat human/animal wastes | This prevents environmental issues that would have been caused by the wastes when allowed to runoff water basins and drain into the oceans. The spread of pathogens is also prevented. | [7,8] |
Serve as a source of energy production in the form of biogas, which can be used as fuel for household cooking | The biogas from this process is similar to natural gas. When combusted, it produces minimal air pollution hence this type of energy production process is a net–energy type of production process. | [9,10] |
Effluents from digestion processes are rich in nutrients and can be used as crop fertilizers | The process of manufacturing commercial fertilizers is inconsistent with pricing, which has been blamed on rising oil prices and increasing demand for fertilizers in the global market. Effluents from anaerobic digestion are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, rendering them useful as fertilizers for agricultural crops. | [8,11,12,13,14] |
Improves indoor air quality | Combustion of solid biomass fuels results in particulate matter emissions in indoor microenvironment, which causes respiratory infections and chronic lung diseases. | [9,15,16] |
The amount of bio solids to be deposited is much smaller than the amount resulting from the treatment process of anaerobic digestion | Most of the anaerobic digestion input feedstock is converted to CH4 and CO2. A relatively negligible amount of energy goes to cell growth. | [8,17] |
Serve as a means to empower local people, particularly women and girls | Small scale biogas digesters can empower local people, particularly women and girls who spend more time indoors cooking, and therefore, become disproportionately exposed to indoor air pollution from combustion of solid biomass fuels. They are more prone to develop chronic health issues that can be linked to exposure to particulate matter. | [9,18] |
Products | Composition (%) |
---|---|
CH4 | 50–57 |
CO2 | 25–50 |
N2 | 0–10 |
H2 | 0–1 |
H2S | 0–3 |
O2 | 0–2 |
Feedstock | CH4 Composition (%) |
---|---|
Cattle manure | 50–60 |
Pig manure | 60 |
Poultry waste | 68 |
Sheep dung | 65 |
Horse dung | 66 |
Grass | 84 |
Wheat straw | 78.5 |
Dried leaves | 58 |
Barley straw | 77 |
Beet leaves | 84.8 |
Corn silage | 54.5 |
Subject | Parameters Investigated | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
AD inhibition | Reviewed state of research on AD inhibition | A wide variety of inhibitory substances like ammonia, heavy metals, sulfides, etc. are responsible for AD failure | [31] |
CH4 production from AD of solid substrates | Presented a detailed view of various methods for improvement of CH4 production | The methods included the use of additives, recycling of slurry and variation in operational parameters | [37] |
Temperature effects in AD modeling | Temperature effects on steady state gas generation levels | The net energy gain of sludge bed AD can peak at T < 35 °C | [66] |
Production efficiency of AD | Examined factors that could influence rise in overall biogas production and nutrient content of digestate | Addition of co-substrate influenced nutrient content of digestate, resulting in higher gas production than the use of sole substrate | [67] |
Applications of AD | Compared applications of AD with other techniques involving wastewater treatment plants | Found AD more useful for the treatment of soluble wastes than other techniques | [68] |
Acceleration of biogas production in AD | Determined how anaerobic bacteria can be used to convert CO2 to biomethane through biodegradation of organic waste in a sparged and an unsparged digester | The digester sparged with CO2 produced more CH4 than the unsparged digester. The sparging system facilitated the stripping of the CH4 produced by anaerobic bacteria | [69] |
AD of rice straw | Determined the effect of feeding and organic loading rates on CH4 production | Highest CH4 production was at one feed per 21 days at low organic loading rate | [70] |
AD foaming | Reviewed current issues related to AD foaming | Identified knowledge gaps with respect to the theory of foaming in AD processes | [71] |
Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewater | Reviewed general features of dairy wastewater and degradation mechanisms of primary components as well as various treatments of dairy wastewater for enhanced AD process efficiency | Noted that high concentrations of suspended solids in dairy waste streams could adversely affect the performance of conventional anaerobic treatment processes | [72] |
Determination of anaerobic biodegradability of solid waste | Assessed various strategies and analytical methods for prediction of CH4 production and digestion kinetics | Concluded that spectrometry techniques such as UV-Vis remains the most promising analytical technique used for accurate prediction of CH4 production and kinetic parameters of forage digestibility | [73] |
AD of wastewater from olive oil mill | Evaluated olive oil mill wastewater valorization via AD for increased methane production and determined process kinetics | Concentrations of polyphenols up to 2 g L−1 will totally inhibit the AD process of olive oil mill wastewater but will increase CH4 yield by about 70% at low concentrations of polyphenol < 1 g L−1 | [74] |
AD of sludge and kitchen waste | Investigated the digestion process of excess sludge from wastewater treatment plants and kitchen wastes to determine process efficiency of co-digestion | Efficiency of co-digestions is higher than pure substrates at total solids ratio of 1: 4 (sludge: kitchen waste) | [75] |
AD of domestic sewage | Reviewed treatment of domestic sewage under hot climatic conditions and highlighted pre- and post-treatment steps to ensure efficient discharge and recycling/re-use/recovery | Integrating different treatment steps provides a sustainable technology for domestic sewage treatment under hot climatic conditions | [76] |
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Anukam, A.; Mohammadi, A.; Naqvi, M.; Granström, K. A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion: Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency. Processes 2019, 7, 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7080504
Anukam A, Mohammadi A, Naqvi M, Granström K. A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion: Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency. Processes. 2019; 7(8):504. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7080504
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnukam, Anthony, Ali Mohammadi, Muhammad Naqvi, and Karin Granström. 2019. "A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion: Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency" Processes 7, no. 8: 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7080504