Processes

22 pages, 3010 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Attack-Mechanism-Informed Informer for Sensor Deception Attack Detection in Process Industries

by Yuchuan Chen, Mengqin Chen, Yangmin Li and Bin Shi

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1686; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111686 (registering DOI) - 22 May 2026

Stealthy sensor deception attacks in process industries are difficult to detect because they often exhibit weak anomalies, strong persistence, and can be obscured by normal process fluctuations. To address these challenges, this study proposes an attack-mechanism-informed Informer (AMI-Informer) detection framework that uses an [...] Read more.

Stealthy sensor deception attacks in process industries are difficult to detect because they often exhibit weak anomalies, strong persistence, and can be obscured by normal process fluctuations. To address these challenges, this study proposes an attack-mechanism-informed Informer (AMI-Informer) detection framework that uses an Informer encoder as the detection backbone and incorporates an attack-mechanism-informed loss constructed from four mechanism-informed features into joint optimization with the data-driven loss. Experiments were conducted on the Tennessee Eastman Process benchmark, with reactor pressure under the min–max attack as the primary scenario, and were further extended to different attacked variables, surge attacks, and an additional Secure Water Treatment (SWaT) benchmark under the LIT101 min–max attack. In the XMEAS7 min–max attack scenario, AMI-Informer achieved an accuracy of 0.9782, a recall of 0.9627, and an F1-score of 0.9579, outperforming Informer, recurrent neural network (RNN), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and long short-term memory (LSTM); the standard Informer achieved a recall of 0.8702 and an F1-score of 0.9188. Across the five attacked-variable scenarios considered in this study, the average number of missed detections was reduced by 69.1% compared with Informer, and the framework also maintained higher recall and F1-score under surge attacks. On the SWaT benchmark, AMI-Informer achieved an F1-score of 0.8313, outperforming Informer, Anomaly Transformer, and cumulative sum (CUSUM). These results indicate that embedding attack evolution patterns into the loss function improves the detection of stealthy sensor deception attacks and enhances model stability in complex attack scenarios. Full article

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29 pages, 2691 KB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Insulation Systems for Retrofit: Engineering Design for Safe Asbestos Replacement and Resource Recovery

by Musaddaq Azeem, Nesrine Amor, Muhammad Tayyab Noman, Muhammad Kashif and Farukh Farukh

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111684 (registering DOI) - 22 May 2026

Abstract

Retrofit strategies to improve the energy performance of buildings have gained significant importance worldwide; however, asbestos in older residential buildings is considered a serious threat to both human health and the environment. Existing studies have generally focused on the health effects of asbestos, [...] Read more.

Retrofit strategies to improve the energy performance of buildings have gained significant importance worldwide; however, asbestos in older residential buildings is considered a serious threat to both human health and the environment. Existing studies have generally focused on the health effects of asbestos, the properties of insulation materials, or individual aspects of energy performance, while a coherent and comparative conceptual framework for sustainable retrofit systems is limited. This review aims to systematically integrate the current scientific evidence on asbestos management, alternative insulation materials, life cycle assessment (LCA), and circular economy principles to present a literature-informed conceptual decision-support framework for sustainable retrofit. The study used the PRISMA-based literature selection approach, while the evidence from different peer-reviewed studies was comparatively organized in the context of process workflows, risk considerations, lifecycle impacts, and building-physics-related findings. The literature-based results indicate that incorporating safe asbestos management, low-carbon insulation materials, and circular retrofit strategies into an integrated approach can improve energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. However, this study is not based on a validated numerical simulation, an executed optimization model, or calibrated engineering analysis, but rather on a comparative synthesis and conceptual interpretation of the existing literature and presents a decision-support framework that can guide future low-carbon and safe construction strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer Optimization in Efficient Energy Conversion and Thermal Management)

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26 pages, 1037 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Blue Poppy (Papaver somniferum) By-Products as a Sustainable Source of Polyphenols and Antioxidants

by Danica Božović, Sanja Vojvodić, Uroš Gašić, Viktor Stojkov, Zoran Zeković, Anica Bebek Markovinović, Danijela Bursać Kovačević and Branimir Pavlić

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111683 (registering DOI) - 22 May 2026

Abstract

The aim of this study was to valorize by-products of blue poppy (Papaver somniferum), a widely used ingredient in the food industry. This study focused on the isolation of bioactive compounds from leaves, stems, roots, capsules and cold-pressed cake. All samples [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to valorize by-products of blue poppy (Papaver somniferum), a widely used ingredient in the food industry. This study focused on the isolation of bioactive compounds from leaves, stems, roots, capsules and cold-pressed cake. All samples were subjected to conventional solid–liquid extraction (SLE) using ethanol–water solutions of varying concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 96%) as the extraction solvent. The obtained extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TP), hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA), flavonols (FL), total flavonoids (TF), condensed tannins (CT) and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the extracts were subjected to untargeted LC-MS analysis for qualitative characterization. Ethanol concentration significantly influenced the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds, with the optimal solvent varying depending on the plant part and the specific class of compounds analyzed. Based on TP and TF content, capsule extracts exhibited the highest polyphenol levels. HCAs were detected in extracts from leaves, capsules, and cold-pressed cake. In total, 62 compounds were identified, belonging to various biochemical classes, including organic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and fatty acids. Overall, the results indicate that poppy by-products are a valuable source of bioactive components, with promising applications across different industrial sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for the Valorization of Agro-Food Byproducts into Functional Ingredients and Foods)

37 pages, 5616 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Sulfonated Poly(Aryl Ether Ketone) Nanomicelles and Their Dispersion–Displacement Synergistic Mechanism in Deep Oil Recovery

by Yong Wang, Sixian He, Suiwang Zhang, Yu Chen, Miaoxiang Nian, Dingxue Zhang and Yan Zhang

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111682 (registering DOI) - 22 May 2026

Abstract

A study was conducted on the construction of sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) nanomicelles and their dispersion–displacement synergistic behavior in deep oil recovery. Unlike conventional surfactant systems, inorganic nanoparticle-based EOR materials, and polymeric nanofluids that mainly rely on interfacial tension reduction, wettability alteration, or [...] Read more.

A study was conducted on the construction of sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) nanomicelles and their dispersion–displacement synergistic behavior in deep oil recovery. Unlike conventional surfactant systems, inorganic nanoparticle-based EOR materials, and polymeric nanofluids that mainly rely on interfacial tension reduction, wettability alteration, or viscosity regulation, this study constructs self-assembled sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) nanomicelles that integrate a rigid aromatic backbone, ionizable sulfonic acid groups, nanoscale dispersion, and interfacial regulation within one polymeric architecture. Sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) nanomicelles were prepared by combining polymer sulfonation with solvent-induced self-assembly, and their structural features, dispersion stability, interfacial behavior, porous-media transport, and displacement performance were systematically evaluated. Spectroscopic characterization confirmed the successful introduction of sulfonic acid groups into the polymer backbone. The resulting nanomicelles exhibited an average hydrodynamic diameter of 117.8 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.186, and a zeta potential of −38.6 mV in deionized water, while a value of −27.4 mV was still maintained at a salinity of 150,000 mg/L, indicating good electrostatic stability under highly mineralized conditions. Further evaluation showed that the 0.30 wt% system retained a transmittance of 97.4% after 15 d of static standing, and its particle size remained at 151.7 nm even under 120 °C and 150,000 mg/L, demonstrating favorable thermal–salinity tolerance. At the same concentration, the oil–water interfacial tension decreased to 6.9 mN/m at 1800 s, while the contact angle of oil-aged quartz was reduced from 118.4° to 58.7°, indicating effective regulation of both the oil–water interface and the solid surface wettability. During microscopic displacement, the residual oil area fraction decreased from 32.8% after water flooding to 14.6%, and cluster-like oil, corner oil, and film-like oil were reduced from 14.6%, 9.8%, and 8.4% to 5.9%, 4.2%, and 4.5%, respectively. In core flooding, the incremental oil recovery reached 13.2%, the final water cut decreased to 81.2%, and the injection pressure increased only from 0.42 MPa to 0.68 MPa. These results indicate that sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) nanomicelles promote deep residual-oil mobilization through the combined effects of stable dispersion, interfacial regulation, and effective transport, with 0.30 wt% identified as the preferred concentration range. The main scientific contribution of this work is to establish a structure–dispersion–interface–transport–displacement relationship for SPAEK nanomicelles under deep-reservoir conditions, providing a polymeric nanomicelle-based strategy distinct from conventional surfactant, sulfonated polymer, and nanoparticle flooding systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies, 4th Edition)

25 pages, 17521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Roof Cutting and Pressure Relief Surrounding Rock Control Using Pre-Placed Backfill Strip to Replace Coal Pillars: Technology and Field Application

by Shuaiyou Ji, Baisheng Zhang, Dong Duan, Zhechong Liang, Yu Kang and Longbo Du

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111681 (registering DOI) - 22 May 2026

Abstract

Under green mine construction and efficient resource utilization, non-pillar mining has been increasingly applied. However, surrounding rock control remains difficult in traditional gob-side entry retaining under large mining height conditions. To address this problem, a cooperative control method combining roof cutting and pressure [...] Read more.

Under green mine construction and efficient resource utilization, non-pillar mining has been increasingly applied. However, surrounding rock control remains difficult in traditional gob-side entry retaining under large mining height conditions. To address this problem, a cooperative control method combining roof cutting and pressure relief with a pre-placed backfill strip for coal pillar replacement is proposed. Taking the 15,108 and 15,110 working faces of Wangzhuang Coal Industry as the engineering background, a mechanical model and FLAC3D simulations were used to analyze the effects of roof cutting height and backfill strip width. The results show that roof cutting shortens the goaf-side suspended roof, weakens lateral abutment pressure, and improves the stress state of the strip. When the roof cutting height increases from 11 m to 13 m, the peak vertical stress of the strip decreases from 16.2 MPa to 13.9 MPa, with a reduction of 14.2%. When the strip width increases from 1.0 m to 1.5 m, the peak stress decreases by about 12.0%. Thus, the reasonable roof cutting height and strip width are determined to be 13 m and 1.5 m. Field monitoring shows maximum roof-to-floor and rib-to-rib convergences of 178.5 mm and 143.5 mm, respectively, with no obvious strip instability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of the Coal Industry: Process Safety and Environmental Protection)

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18 pages, 941 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Application of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced PEEK Multi-Layer Composite Continuous Tubing

by Jian Zhou, Jinchang Wang, Hao Kong, Qun Fang and Shuqiang Shi

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111680 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

Addressing issues such as corrosion and the eccentric wear of metal tubing strings, low heating efficiency, and high operation and maintenance costs of lifting systems in heavy-oil extraction, core equipment comprising carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK（Polyetheretherketone） multi-layer composite continuous tubing has been developed. This equipment integrates [...] Read more.

Addressing issues such as corrosion and the eccentric wear of metal tubing strings, low heating efficiency, and high operation and maintenance costs of lifting systems in heavy-oil extraction, core equipment comprising carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK（Polyetheretherketone） multi-layer composite continuous tubing has been developed. This equipment integrates an embedded cable-laying system and an intelligent regulation module, establishing a rodless oil-extraction technology system suitable for heavy-oil reservoirs. This article systematically describes the process structure, preparation principle, core characteristics, and key parameters of this composite continuous tubing. By deriving an equivalent thermal-resistance model for the multi-layer structure and an unsteady-state heat-transfer equation, precise regulation of the wellbore temperature field is achieved. Combined with field tests at Well A in Jinghe Oilfield, the tubing’s effectiveness in reducing viscosity, increasing production, saving energy, and extending the operational cycle in heavy-oil extraction is verified. The results show that the carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK composite continuous tubing possesses characteristics such as high strength, strong corrosion resistance, low friction, and high thermal insulation. When paired with a viscosity–temperature coupling regulation algorithm, the heating efficiency is improved by 40% compared to traditional electric heating rods. The efficiency ranges from 37% to 43% when the formation thermal conductivity fluctuates by ±20%. Field applications have achieved a 230% increase in daily oil production, a 30% reduction in system energy consumption, and an extension of the hot washing cycle to over 180 days. The development of this tubing breaks through the technical bottleneck of traditional metal tubing, providing a new material solution for the efficient and intelligent development of heavy-oil extraction, and has broad promotional value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Fluid Systems in Mechanical Engineering)

20 pages, 2115 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Analysis and Optimal Control of Flexible Interconnected Microgrids Considering Wind and Solar Uncertainty

by Shengyong Ye, Gang Shi, Xinting Yang, Yuqi Han, Shijun Chen, Dengli Jiang, Yuge Zhang and Xuna Liu

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111679 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

High penetration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation increases renewable uncertainty and real-time balancing pressure in active distribution networks. To address this problem, this paper proposes a two-stage robust optimization method for day-ahead and real-time scheduling of a flexibly interconnected multi-microgrid (MMG) system [...] Read more.

High penetration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation increases renewable uncertainty and real-time balancing pressure in active distribution networks. To address this problem, this paper proposes a two-stage robust optimization method for day-ahead and real-time scheduling of a flexibly interconnected multi-microgrid (MMG) system enabled by a flexible interconnection device (FID). The proposed framework jointly optimizes power purchase from the upper-level distribution network, micro-gas turbine output, energy storage system (ESS) operation, and FID-based bidirectional power exchange, thereby coordinating local temporal flexibility and inter-microgrid spatial flexibility. A polyhedral uncertainty set is used to model wind and PV forecast errors, and the problem is solved by the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm. Case studies on a two-microgrid system show that, compared with independent operation under traditional robust optimization, the proposed method reduces real-time balancing cost, wind and PV curtailment, and total operating cost by 98.96%, 95.84%, and 0.59%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis further verifies the economy–robustness trade-off under different uncertainty budgets and forecast deviation levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Renewable Generation, Microgrids, and Energy Storage for Sustainable Power Systems)

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25 pages, 18300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geological Engineering Property Heterogeneity and Productivity Control Models of Coalbed Methane in the MB Area in the Southern Qinshui Basin

by Cong Zhang, Xuehai Fu, Zhanxin Xue, Chaochao Duan, Kexin Li, Xiaofeng Hao, Huimin Jia, Guangjie Sang, Zeqing Lei, Shijie Yu and Baoxin Zhang

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111678 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

Geological engineering differences generally lead to strong heterogeneity in coalbed methane (CBM) production. More than 800 CBM wells are in production in the MB area in the southern Qinshui Basin, North China, and differences in gas production between wells reach 10 times. However, [...] Read more.

Geological engineering differences generally lead to strong heterogeneity in coalbed methane (CBM) production. More than 800 CBM wells are in production in the MB area in the southern Qinshui Basin, North China, and differences in gas production between wells reach 10 times. However, mechanisms of productivity variations remain unclear. Based on drilling, logging, and production data, this study employed machine learning methods to identify key factors controlling gas production. The results showed that the peak gas production of vertical wells with No. 3 and No. 15 coal co-production was generally below 5000 m³/d, and that of most horizontal wells exceeded 10,000 m³/d, especially higher in wells for No. 15 coal. High-production wells were concentrated in the south-eastern regions, predominantly accompanied by high gas content and a critical desorption pressure ratio. Based on the LightGBM+SHAP model analysis, three distinct production control models were established: the critical desorption pressure ratio-dominated and fracturing scale synergy model (horizontal wells for No. 3 coal), the permeability-dominated with reservoir pressure and critical desorption pressure ratio support model (horizontal wells for No. 15 coal), and the average critical desorption pressure ratio-dominated and total sand injection volume-supported model (vertical wells with No. 3 and No. 15 coal co-production). These findings provide an approach for identifying key parameters affecting gas production, and offer insights for formulating efficient CBM development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Progress in the Exploration and Development of Deep Coal-Measure Gas)

23 pages, 1692 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Thermodynamic Response of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank for Aerospace Technology Under External Oscillation During Pre-Pressurization

by Wei Zhang, Zhong Liu, Feng Zhang, Jiaqiang E and Gaoliang Liao

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111677 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

Before launch, cryogenic propellant tanks experience a pre-pressurization stage during which their thermodynamic behavior is sensitive to operating conditions and external disturbances. For liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks, small-amplitude oscillations may modify interfacial transport and phase change, thereby influencing pressure evolution and mass [...] Read more.

Before launch, cryogenic propellant tanks experience a pre-pressurization stage during which their thermodynamic behavior is sensitive to operating conditions and external disturbances. For liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks, small-amplitude oscillations may modify interfacial transport and phase change, thereby influencing pressure evolution and mass distribution. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that accounts for gas–liquid interfacial phase change and environmental heat leakage is developed to investigate the thermodynamic response of an LH2 tank subjected to slight external oscillation during pre-pressurization. The effects of oscillation amplitude, inlet gas temperature, mass flow rate, and initial ullage gas fraction on temperature distribution, pressure development, and phase mass variation are analyzed. The results indicate that increasing the oscillation amplitude from 0.006 m to 0.014 m delays the pressurization time from 4.72 s to 5.04 s, while higher inlet temperatures (e.g., 330 K vs. 280 K) shorten the time to reach the target pressure but weaken interfacial condensation, resulting in a slower recovery of liquid hydrogen mass. Raising the inlet mass flow rate from 0.20 kg/s to 0.40 kg/s reduces the time to reach the preset pressure by approximately 56%, and larger initial ullage gas fractions (ullage height from 1 m to 6 m) significantly prolong the pressurization time and produce a wider high-temperature region. These quantitative results clarify the coupled oscillation-thermodynamic effects and can support optimization of LH2 tank operation during pre-pressurization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Manufacturing and Low-Carbon Control of Mechanical and Electrical Products)

22 pages, 7123 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Position of an AC Interference Grounding Bed Under Dynamic Interference of an Electrified Railway

by Zitao Jiang, Ziru Chang, Hua Sui, Yanwei Guo, Guanyi Liu, Xinru Yang and Zigeng Huang

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111676 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

The co-existence of high-speed railways and buried pipelines may lead to stray current interference, posing a serious threat to pipeline safety. Existing protection design usually focuses only on the most severe interference case and does not adequately consider the dynamic variation caused by [...] Read more.

The co-existence of high-speed railways and buried pipelines may lead to stray current interference, posing a serious threat to pipeline safety. Existing protection design usually focuses only on the most severe interference case and does not adequately consider the dynamic variation caused by changing train positions. In this study, a numerical model of a high-speed railway–pipeline system was established to analyze the AC interference characteristics under different train positions. The midpoint positions between the traction power substation and the first autotransformer station (TPSS–AT1) and between the first and second autotransformer stations (AT1–AT2) were identified as the critical train locations for dynamic AC interference mitigation design. The novelty of this study lies not in developing a new electromagnetic solver but in identifying representative train positions for dynamic AC interference mitigation design and establishing a simplified grounding-bed design strategy for single-train operating conditions. Based on these two representative cases, the proposed strategy can satisfy the protection requirements for all train positions under the single-train operating condition. The results provide a practical reference for pipeline AC interference protection in similar railway–pipeline systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Oil and Gas Equipment and Technology, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 5829 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resource Utilization of Auricularia cornea var. Li. Residue-Derived Porous Carbon for Cd(II) Recovery Coupled with Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

by Chao Li, Qingyao Zhu, Jingwen Chen, Xin Zhang, Jianguo Jiang and Guofu Liu

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111675 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

With the rapid development of the edible fungus industry, the environmental pressure and resource waste caused by the massive generation of fungal residue have become increasingly prominent. Meanwhile, heavy metal wastewater pollution and the growing demand for clean energy pose dual challenges to [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the edible fungus industry, the environmental pressure and resource waste caused by the massive generation of fungal residue have become increasingly prominent. Meanwhile, heavy metal wastewater pollution and the growing demand for clean energy pose dual challenges to sustainable development. This study focuses on Auricularia cornea var. Li. fungal residue, exploring the establishment of a multi-level resource utilization pathway integrating “porous carbon material preparation—heavy metal adsorption—photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.” Firstly, the Auricularia cornea var. Li. residue-based porous carbon material was examined by combining hydrothermal carbonization, activation and slow pyrolysis. In optimal conditions, the porous carbon obtained yielded a surface area of 675.56 m²/g and formed a composite pore structure consisting of micropores with coexisting micropore and mesopore. Secondly, we performed batch adsorption experiments to study the effects of solution pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time and the adsorption behavior via fitting adsorbing kinetic models. Under optimal conditions, Cd(II) removal efficiency reached 92.36% and an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 92.47 mg/g. We used Cd(II) adsorbed porous carbon as a cadmium source and converted into a CdS photocatalyst using a hydrothermal sulfidation process. The CdS prepared using sodium sulfide as a sulfur source gave an average hydrogen evolution rate of 668.01 μmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ and showed higher photocatalytic performance for water splitting to produce hydrogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Process Intensification for Clean Energy Systems)

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25 pages, 4931 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research Progress in Lanthanum Extraction from Boehmite

by Ana-Cristiane Dragomir, Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş, Ionuţ Bălescu, Mihaela Ciopec, Adina Negrea, Narcis Duteanu, Cătălin Ianăşi, Orsina Verdes, Mariana Suba, Paula Svera, Petru Negrea, Gheorghe Dobra, Sorin Iliev, Lucian Cotet, Alina Boiangiu and Laurentiu Filipescu

Processes 2026, 14(11), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111674 - 22 May 2026

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the utilization of 0–45 μm aluminum hydrate fraction (gibbsite) manufactured by Alum SA Tulcea, as a precursor in the hydrothermal synthesis process of nanosize boehmite from gibbsite suspensions. Furthermore, the use of the produced material [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine the utilization of 0–45 μm aluminum hydrate fraction (gibbsite) manufactured by Alum SA Tulcea, as a precursor in the hydrothermal synthesis process of nanosize boehmite from gibbsite suspensions. Furthermore, the use of the produced material as adsorbent of lanthanum (III) ions was investigated using aqueous solutions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to demonstrate the preparation of the required material. Additionally, the material point of zero charge (pHpzc) and material specific surface (using BET approach) were evaluated. By conducting adsorption studies, the specific parameters for the lanthanum adsorption process were evaluated. The effects of pH, the ratio of adsorbent material to La(III) quantity from aqueous solution, contact time, and La(III) initial concentration were also assessed. Based on the obtained experimental data, it was proved that the maximum adsorption capacity of 97.7 mg/g was obtained for a solid:liquid ratio = 0.1 g:25 mL, pH between 3 and 6, temperature of 298 K, and contact time of 90 min. The studied adsorption process is most effectively described by the Sips model, suggesting an intricate interaction among the adsorbent material and La (III) ions. The prepared adsorbent exhibited a good desorption capacity (higher than 93%) when 20% HCl was used for desorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Computational Modeling of Nanostructured Materials)

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Processes, Volume 14, Issue 11 (June-1 2026) – 12 articles

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