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Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/pr13072232
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Synthesis of Fe–Cu Alloys via Ball Milling for Electrode Fabrication Used in Electrochemical Nitrate Removal from Wastewater

by
Hannanatullgharah Hayeedah
1,
Aparporn Sakulkalavek
1,
Bhanupol Klongratog
1,
Nuttakrit Somdock
1,
Pisan Srirach
1,*,
Pichet Limsuwan
1 and
Kittisakchai Naemchanthara
2,*
1
Department of Physics, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072232 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 May 2025 / Revised: 7 July 2025 / Accepted: 9 July 2025 / Published: 12 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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Abstract

Fe and Cu powders were mixed at a 50:50 ratio. Then, Fe-Cu alloys were prepared using the ball milling technique with different milling times of 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42 h. The crystalline structure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and it was found that the optimum milling time was 30 h. The homogeneity of the Fe and Cu elements in the Fe–Cu alloys was analyzed using the scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) mapping technique. Additionally, the crystal orientation of the Fe–Cu alloys was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To fabricate the cathode for nitrate removal via electrolysis, an Fe–Cu alloy milled for 30 h was deposited onto a copper substrate using mechanical milling, then annealed at 800 °C. A pulsed DC electrolysis method was developed to test the nitrate removal efficiency of the Fe–Cu-coated cathode. The anode used was an Al sheet. The synthesized wastewater was prepared from KNO3. Nitrate removal experiments from the synthesized wastewater were performed for durations of 0–4 h. The results show that the nitrate removal efficiency at 4 h was 96.90% compared to 74.40% with the Cu cathode.
Keywords: Fe–Cu alloy; mechanical alloying; cathode fabrication; nitrate electroreduction; wastewater treatment Fe–Cu alloy; mechanical alloying; cathode fabrication; nitrate electroreduction; wastewater treatment
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MDPI and ACS Style

Hayeedah, H.; Sakulkalavek, A.; Klongratog, B.; Somdock, N.; Srirach, P.; Limsuwan, P.; Naemchanthara, K. Synthesis of Fe–Cu Alloys via Ball Milling for Electrode Fabrication Used in Electrochemical Nitrate Removal from Wastewater. Processes 2025, 13, 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072232

AMA Style

Hayeedah H, Sakulkalavek A, Klongratog B, Somdock N, Srirach P, Limsuwan P, Naemchanthara K. Synthesis of Fe–Cu Alloys via Ball Milling for Electrode Fabrication Used in Electrochemical Nitrate Removal from Wastewater. Processes. 2025; 13(7):2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072232

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hayeedah, Hannanatullgharah, Aparporn Sakulkalavek, Bhanupol Klongratog, Nuttakrit Somdock, Pisan Srirach, Pichet Limsuwan, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. 2025. "Synthesis of Fe–Cu Alloys via Ball Milling for Electrode Fabrication Used in Electrochemical Nitrate Removal from Wastewater" Processes 13, no. 7: 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072232

APA Style

Hayeedah, H., Sakulkalavek, A., Klongratog, B., Somdock, N., Srirach, P., Limsuwan, P., & Naemchanthara, K. (2025). Synthesis of Fe–Cu Alloys via Ball Milling for Electrode Fabrication Used in Electrochemical Nitrate Removal from Wastewater. Processes, 13(7), 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072232

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