Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Virus Brain Infectious Theory of Alzheimer’s Disease
3. Brain Infection of SARS-CoV-2 Results in Neurological Manifestations
4. Possible Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Alzheimer’s Disease Exacerbation
5. Implications for Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Possible Response to SARS-Cov 2 Virus Brain Invasion Associated with AD Risk | Supporting Literature | AD Molecular Basis |
---|---|---|
• Beta-amyloid (Aβ) can act as an antimicrobial peptide and in turn, Aβcan start to be overproduced as a protective mechanism | [45] | Beta-amyloid (Aβ) |
• APOEε4 is associated with an increased risk of AD. | [13,14,15,16,79,80,81] | APOEε4 |
• APOEε4 is associated with higher susceptibility to increasing infection rates in CNS. | ||
• APOEε4 is able to accelerate the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. | ||
• APOEε4 was found also associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection. | ||
• APOEε4 is associated with increased gliosis and neuroinflammation. | [68,69,72] | Neuroinflammation |
• Aberrant innate immune response and neuroinflammation can occur after SARS-CoV 2 infection. | ||
• Neuroinflammation is an early feature of AD. | ||
• SARS-CoV 2 entry gene (ACE2) is also expressed in the brain | [39,40,64,65,66,67,68,69] | Virus neuroinvasion hypothesis |
• ACE2 upregulation in the brain can be neuroprotective in AD. | ||
• Organ-specific expression of ACE2 correlates with the vulnerability to infection by SARS-CoV-2. | ||
• Despite in minor extent compared to other non-neuronal cells, also microglia expressed ACE-2 | [39,40] | Microglial activated phenotype |
• SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce microglial activation leading to neuronal loss. | ||
• Microglia activation and ACE2 enhancement induced an increase of NO in the brain. | [70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78] | Oxidative stress |
• When NO is produced in high quantities, it becomes neurotoxic, participating in AD development. |
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Abate, G.; Memo, M.; Uberti, D. Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action. Healthcare 2020, 8, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030286
Abate G, Memo M, Uberti D. Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action. Healthcare. 2020; 8(3):286. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030286
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbate, Giulia, Maurizio Memo, and Daniela Uberti. 2020. "Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action" Healthcare 8, no. 3: 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030286