Home Physical Exercise Interventions in Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis

Background/Objectives: Low back pain is considered one of the leading causes of disability. Up to 90% of cases are classified as non-specific, which, if prolonged for at least 12 weeks, is considered non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). Physical exercise is one of the selected treatments for NSCLBP. Interest in the use of remote interventions has recently emerged. The main objective was to analyze the effect of home exercise interventions to reduce pain intensity and functional disability in individuals with NSCLBP. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in April 2024. Both multivariate and univariate meta-analysis was performed with the difference before and after treatment, adjusting both models with a meta-regression that included the covariates age and body mass index (BMI). Heterogeneity was analyzed with Cochran’s Q test as well as with the I² estimator, and effect size was calculated with Hedges’G. Results: A total of six studies, with moderate–high methodological quality and a heterogeneous risk of bias, were included. There was a statistically significant pre-/post-treatment effect on functional disability (moderate effect: Hedge’s g = 0.69, p = 0.018) and pain intensity (large effect: Hedge’s g = 1.11, p = 0.007) in both univariate and multivariate (moderate effect: Hedge’s g = 0.77) meta-analyses when comparing unsupervised home exercise with supervised in-person exercise, in favor of the latter. This effect was significantly moderated by BMI (p = 0.003 for both outcomes) negatively. Conclusions: Unsupervised home exercise appears to be less effective than supervised in-person exercise in effectively reducing pain intensity and functional disability in the short term in individuals with NSCLBP.