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Volume 13
Issue 11
10.3390/technologies13110523
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Advances in Magnesia–Dolomite Refractory Materials: Properties, Emerging Technologies, and Industrial Applications: A Review

by
Leonel Díaz-Tato
1,
Luis Angel Iturralde Carrera
2,*,
Jesús Fernando López-Perales
1,
Marcos Aviles
2,
Edén Amaral Rodríguez-Castellanos
1,* and
Juvenal Rodríguez-Resendiz
2
1
Programa Doctoral en Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (FIME), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Mexico
2
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Technologies 2025, 13(11), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13110523 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 October 2025 / Revised: 7 November 2025 / Accepted: 11 November 2025 / Published: 13 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Innovations in Materials Science and Materials Processing)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Magnesia-dolomite refractories have emerged as sustainable alternatives to traditional carbon- or chromium-containing linings in steelmaking and cement industries. Their outstanding thermochemical stability, high refractoriness, and strong basic slag compatibility make them suitable for converters, electric arc furnaces (EAF), and argon–oxygen decarburization (AOD) units. However, their practical application has long been constrained by hydration and thermal shock sensitivity associated with free CaO and open porosity. Recent advances, including optimized raw material purity, fused co-clinker synthesis, nano-additive incorporation (TiO2, MgAl2O4 spinel, FeAl2O4), and improved sintering strategies, have significantly enhanced density, mechanical strength, and hydration resistance. Emerging technologies such as co-sintered magnesia–dolomite composites and additive-assisted microstructural tailoring have enabled superior corrosion resistance and extended service life. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical mechanisms, processing routes, and industrial performance of magnesia–dolomite refractories, with special emphasis on their contribution to technological innovation, decarbonization, and circular economy strategies in high-temperature industries.
Keywords: magnesia–dolomite refractories; sustainable materials engineering; technological innovation; industrial sustainability; circular economy; process optimization; high-temperature applications magnesia–dolomite refractories; sustainable materials engineering; technological innovation; industrial sustainability; circular economy; process optimization; high-temperature applications

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MDPI and ACS Style

Díaz-Tato, L.; Carrera, L.A.I.; López-Perales, J.F.; Aviles, M.; Rodríguez-Castellanos, E.A.; Rodríguez-Resendiz, J. Advances in Magnesia–Dolomite Refractory Materials: Properties, Emerging Technologies, and Industrial Applications: A Review. Technologies 2025, 13, 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13110523

AMA Style

Díaz-Tato L, Carrera LAI, López-Perales JF, Aviles M, Rodríguez-Castellanos EA, Rodríguez-Resendiz J. Advances in Magnesia–Dolomite Refractory Materials: Properties, Emerging Technologies, and Industrial Applications: A Review. Technologies. 2025; 13(11):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13110523

Chicago/Turabian Style

Díaz-Tato, Leonel, Luis Angel Iturralde Carrera, Jesús Fernando López-Perales, Marcos Aviles, Edén Amaral Rodríguez-Castellanos, and Juvenal Rodríguez-Resendiz. 2025. "Advances in Magnesia–Dolomite Refractory Materials: Properties, Emerging Technologies, and Industrial Applications: A Review" Technologies 13, no. 11: 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13110523

APA Style

Díaz-Tato, L., Carrera, L. A. I., López-Perales, J. F., Aviles, M., Rodríguez-Castellanos, E. A., & Rodríguez-Resendiz, J. (2025). Advances in Magnesia–Dolomite Refractory Materials: Properties, Emerging Technologies, and Industrial Applications: A Review. Technologies, 13(11), 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13110523

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