Profiling of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Tissues from 27 Chinese Local Citrus Cultivars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. TPC and TFC
2.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoid Composition
2.3. Antioxidant Capacity
2.4. PCA Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Standards and Chemicals
4.2. Plant Materials
4.3. Sample Preparation
4.4. Determination of TPC and TFC
4.5. UPLC-PDA Analysis
4.6. UPLC-PDA Method Validation
4.7. Assay of Antioxidant Capacity
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Cultivars | Peels | Pulps | Juices | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC (mg/g GAE DW) | TFC (mg/g RE DW) | TPC (mg/g GAE DW) | TFC (mg/g RE DW) | TPC (mg/mL GAE) | TFC (mg/mL RE) | ||
1 | JJSC | 18.15 ± 0.47 c | 17.09 ± 0.48 cd | 10.45 ± 0.29 a | 7.14 ± 0.12 ghi | 0.58± 0.043 def | 0.43 ± 0.01 gh |
2 | RAJD | 8.69 ± 0.49 k | 8.23 ± 0.27 kl | 7.33 ± 0.21 defg | 13.94 ± 0.06 b | 0.79 ± 0.05 c | 0.57 ± 0.03 de |
3 | GXY | 14.93 ± 0.21 d | 14.03 ± 0.46 fg | 7.02 ± 0.14 defg | 7.83 ± 0.43 fgh | 0.49 ± 0.02 fghi | 0.35 ± 0.03 ij |
4 | DJBY | 12.82 ± 0.46 e | 8.25 ± 0.28 kl | 7.19 ± 0.58 defg | 5.89 ± 0.31 ij | 0.63 ± 0.01 de | 0.54 ± 0.01 ef |
5 | GLQ | 10.62 ± 0.42 fghi | 9.30 ± 0.20 jk | 7.65 ± 0.43 cdef | 8.25 ± 0.42 efg | 1.27 ± 0.04 b | 1.17 ± 0.03 a |
6 | LPY | 8.79 ± 0.16 jk | 10.03 ± 0.07 j | 4.52 ± 0.75 ij | 3.67 ± 0.41 k | 0.81 ± 0.04 c | 0.48 ± 0.02 fg |
7 | LM | 9.48 ± 0.50 hijk | 6.17 ± 0.06 no | 7.09 ± 0.58 defg | 7.02 ± 0.11 ghi | 0.12 ± 0.01 k | 0.29 ± 0.02 j |
8 | TNM | 9.27 ± 0.58 ijk | 6.29 ± 0.09 mn | 6.47 ± 0.08 fgh | 16.42 ± 0.88 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 j | 0.55 ± 0.01 ef |
9 | MLXY | 8.88 ± 0.34 jk | 4.79 ± 0.25 o | 8.07 ± 0.47 bcdef | 5.08 ± 0.23 j | 0.42 ± 0.03 hi | 0.30 ± 0.04 j |
10 | JY | 3.31 ± 0.11 l | 2.38 ± 0.15 p | 3.89 ± 0.15 jk | 1.89 ± 0.08 l | - | - |
11 | YCC | 17.76 ± 1.17 c | 14.24 ± 0.54 fg | 5.08 ± 0.16 hij | 5.47 ± 0.18 j | - | - |
12 | NF | 23.46 ± 1.19 a | 21.37 ± 0.74 a | 4.41 ± 0.41 ij | 3.88 ± 0.24 k | 0.53 ± 0.01 efg | 0.33 ± 0.01 ij |
13 | BJ | 22.59 ± 0.91 a | 20.16 ± 0.49 ab | 6.88 ± 0.17 efg | 7.52 ± 0.35 gh | 0.42 ± 0.02 hi | 0.37 ± 0.01 hi |
14 | SYJ | 20.66 ± 0.83 b | 16.38 ± 1.09 d | 2.65 ± 0.32 k | 5.43 ± 0.73 j | 0.43 ± 0.02 ghi | 0.39 ± 0.03 hi |
15 | JG | 20.42 ± 0.32 b | 15.79 ± 0.09 de | 7.31 ± 0.47 defg | 9.66 ± 0.36 d | 1.37 ± 0.08 a | 0.68 ± 0.03 c |
16 | AJHJ | 15.65 ± 0.31 d | 9.61 ± 0.39 jk | 7.17 ± 0.54 defg | 6.87 ± 0.22 hi | 0.30 ± 0.01 j | 0.19 ± 0.01 k |
17 | YXWL | 14.79 ± 0.41 d | 19.77 ± 0.51 b | 9.12 ± 0.59 abc | 7.21 ± 0.77 ghi | 0.49 ± 0.03 fghi | 0.39 ± 0.03 hi |
18 | ZPG | 12.74 ± 0.13 e | 12.66 ± 0.15 gh | 6.66 ± 1.03 fg | 8.24 ± 0.32 efg | 0.28 ± 0.01 j | 0.36 ± 0.02 hij |
19 | NJ | 12.22 ± 0.96 ef | 12.70 ± 0.60 gh | 8.55 ± 0.87 bcd | 9.31 ± 0.48 de | 0.39 ± 0.02 i | 0.51 ± 0.01 ef |
20 | GSG | 11.33 ± 0.53 efg | 12.94 ± 0.76 gh | 5.79 ± 0.31 ghi | 5.21 ± 0.50 j | 0.40 ± 0.01 i | 0.58 ± 0.04 de |
21 | BDZ | 11.14 ± 0.23 efgh | 7.57 ± 0.29 lm | 4.25 ± 0.22 ij | 10.90 ± 0.62 c | 0.43 ± 0.01 hi | 0.62 ± 0.03 cd |
22 | DHP | 10.58 ± 0.34 fghi | 14.94 ± 0.43 ef | 4.84 ± 0.05 ij | 7.27 ± 0.44 gh | 0.58 ± 0.02 def | 0.34 ± 0.02 ij |
23 | GLC | 12.68 ± 0.39 e | 5.92 ± 0.73 no | 8.43 ± 0.14 bcde | 9.81 ± 0.39 cd | 0.67 ± 0.03 d | 0.35 ± 0.02 ij |
24 | MHQC | 12.32 ± 0.21 ef | 11.62 ± 0.20 hi | 6.95 ± 0.32 defg | 7.15 ± 0.42 ghi | 0.58 ± 0.04 def | 0.38 ± 0.01 hi |
25 | TC | 11.73 ± 0.56 efg | 5.89 ± 0.43 no | 4.98 ± 0.06 ij | 5.32 ± 0.21 j | 0.67 ± 0.02 d | 0.43 ± 0.02 gh |
26 | BTC | 11.57 ± 0.32 efg | 10.66 ± 0.27 ij | 9.49 ± 1.07 ab | 9.26 ± 0.21 de | 0.47 ± 0.04 ghi | 0.92 ± 0.02 b |
27 | S26 | 10.43 ± 0.45 ghij | 10.29 ± 0.31 ij | 9.21 ± 0.07 ab | 9.00 ± 0.15 def | 0.51 ± 0.01 fgh | 0.23 ± 0.01 k |
NO. | Cultivars | Peels | Pulps | Juices | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABTS | DPPH | FRAP | APC | Rank | ABTS | DPPH | FRAP | APC | Rank | ABTS | DPPH | FRAP | APC | Rank | ||
1 | JJSC | 60.51 ± 1.96 gfh | 38.58 ± 0.69 hi | 19.20 ± 0.17 fg | 24.92 | 13 | 18.88 ± 1.30 hijk | 12.60 ± 0.11 b | 30.72 ± 1.55 a | 82.18 | 6 | 3.24 ± 0.13 ijkl | 2.88 ± 0.06 lm | 1.80 ± 0.03 ghi | 37.56 | 19 |
2 | RAJD | 46.48 ± 0.50 h | 26.39 ± 0.76 i | 6.90 ± 0.37 l | 11.91 | 25 | 19.33 ± 1.79 hij | 7.89 ± 0.12 hi | 19.81 ± 0.26 gh | 59.63 | 20 | 2.53 ± 0.16 lm | 3.48 ± 0.04 hij | 1.54 ± 0.18 i | 36.01 | 24 |
3 | DJBY | 53.25 ± 1.74 gh | 29.86 ± 2.07 hi | 9.96 ± 0.44 kl | 15.43 | 22 | 31.14 ± 1.49 a | 10.68 ± 0.35 cde | 17.97 ± 1.28 hij | 76.11 | 10 | 9.61 ± 0.43 a | 5.30 ± 0.04 c | 3.17 ± 0.21 c | 80.16 | 2 |
4 | GXY | 68.54 ± 2.24 gf | 29.57 ± 1.52 hi | 8.45 ± 0.15 l | 15.17 | 23 | 16.15 ± 0.34 jk | 8.25 ± 0.17 ghi | 14.60 ± 0.69 klm | 51.63 | 25 | 3.24 ± 0.20 ijkl | 4.06 ± 0.05 e | 2.22 ± 0.20 defgh | 46.15 | 12 |
5 | LPY | 39.77 ± 1.12 hi | 24.00 ± 0.75 i | 10.67 ± 0.30 kl | 14.53 | 24 | 15.59 ± 0.90 k | 9.39 ± 0.31 fg | 18.59 ± 0.59 hi | 58.10 | 21 | 5.02 ± 0.17 de | 5.77 ± 0.09 b | 3.27 ± 0.30 c | 67.84 | 4 |
6 | GLQ | 47.22 ± 2.18 h | 20.90 ± 0.71 i | 7.13 ± 0.27 l | 11.66 | 26 | 25.18 ± 0.73 bcde | 9.12 ± 0.86 fgh | 12.64 ± 0.35 n | 60.64 | 18 | 10.04 ± 0.50 a | 7.24 ± 0.28 a | 4.43 ± 0.54 a | 100.00 | 1 |
7 | LM | 52.66 ± 3.59 gh | 33.75 ± 2.97 hi | 16.47 ± 2.81 ghij | 21.49 | 17 | 26.34 ± 0.58 bc | 14.06 ± 0.18 a | 24.98 ± 0.41 def | 86.91 | 2 | 2.89 ± 0.17 jklm | 2.31 ± 0.09 n | 2.24 ± 0.13 defgh | 37.09 | 20 |
8 | TNM | 50.93 ± 1.78 gh | 30.06 ± 0.53 hi | 14.68 ± 0.42 hij | 19.44 | 21 | 21.34 ± 1.63 fghi | 10.55 ± 0.14 de | 21.04 ± 1.65 gh | 69.29 | 13 | 2.01 ± 0.54 m | 2.38 ± 0.15 n | 1.87 ± 0.15 fghi | 31.70 | 25 |
9 | MLXY | 142.83 ± 4.12 c | 87.94 ± 5.27 d | 6.68 ± 0.28 l | 24.42 | 14 | 26.88 ± 1.74 bc | 12.66 ± 0.34 b | 26.31 ± 1.75 cde | 85.57 | 3 | 3.34 ± 0.01 hijkl | 2.79 ± 0.08 m | 1.72 ± 0.02 hi | 36.88 | 21 |
10 | JY | 25.07 ± 1.72 i | 21.8 ± 2.08 i | 7.04 ± 0.47 l | 10.06 | 27 | 20.98 ± 1.58 ghi | 8.65 ± 0.41 hi | 15.05 ± 1.14 jkl | 57.92 | 22 | - | - | - | - | - |
11 | YCC | 156.76 ± 5.14 bc | 42.12 ± 3.23 hi | 24.65 ± 1.12 d | 35.91 | 7 | 11.62 ± 0.37l | 9.30 ± 0.31 fg | 16.68 ± 0.25 ijk | 51.82 | 24 | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | SYJ | 186.46 ± 14.49 b | 357.18 ± 21.76 a | 37.75 ± 0.10 ab | 80.13 | 1 | 21.58 ± 0.81 efgh | 7.50 ± 0.28 i | 10.46 ± 0.32 ef | 50.82 | 27 | 4.06 ± 0.14 efghi | 3.55 ± 0.05 ghi | 2.50 ± 0.16 de | 48.63 | 10 |
13 | NJ | 461.72 ± 21.34 a | 200.37 ± 14.21 b | 12.74 ± 1.05 jk | 63.28 | 2 | 23.49 ± 0.67 cdefg | 9.24 ± 0.33 fg | 22.60 ± 0.69 fg | 70.03 | 12 | 2.23 ± 0.20 m | 3.10 ± 0.03 kl | 1.92 ± 0.10 efghi | 36.12 | 23 |
14 | NF | 131.64 ± 13.14 c | 128.65 ± 7.02 c | 35.45 ± 0.92 bc | 52.81 | 3 | 20.92 ± 0.37 ghi | 8.95 ± 0.80 fgh | 10.58 ± 0.16 n | 53.72 | 23 | 4.64 ± 0.36 defg | 2.92 ± 0.05 lm | 1.58 ± 0.22 i | 40.74 | 17 |
15 | BJ | 94.15 ± 7.09 de | 69.75 ± 1.86 ef | 37.15 ± 3.64 abc | 46.11 | 4 | 24.98 ± 0.63 bcdef | 8.92 ± 0.24 gh | 15.44 ± 0.42 jkl | 63.00 | 16 | 4.13 ± 0.31 efghi | 3.60 ± 0.08 gh | 1.77 ± 0.03 ghi | 43.60 | 15 |
16 | JG | 110.74 ± 2.04 d | 66.04 ± 3.58 ef | 33.96 ± 1.46 c | 44.14 | 5 | 22.52 ± 1.03 defgh | 8.26 ± 0.19 ghi | 16.39 ± 0.62 ijk | 60.00 | 19 | 3.64 ± 0.09 ghijk | 4.69 ± 0.11 d | 3.14 ± 0.13 c | 57.30 | 5 |
17 | YXWL | 59.16 ± 2.20 gh | 48.42 ± 0.94 gh | 39.77 ± 1.03 a | 43.91 | 6 | 24.52 ± 1.80 bcdefg | 11.84 ± 0.23 bc | 29.49 ± 1.56 ab | 84.71 | 5 | 3.93 ± 0.50 fghi | 3.30 ± 0.08 ijk | 1.93 ± 0.18 efghi | 42.76 | 16 |
18 | AJHJ | 78.96 ± 6.03 ef | 79.42 ± 10.51 de | 23.37 ± 1.14 de | 33.75 | 8 | 26.75 ± 1.68 bc | 10.19 ± 0.35 ef | 20.70 ± 0.90 gh | 73.50 | 11 | 4.30 ± 0.19 efgh | 3.91 ± 0.08 ef | 2.77 ± 0.16 cd | 53.12 | 9 |
19 | GSG | 43.52 ± 1.99 hi | 36.81 ± 1.19 hi | 26.83 ± 1.37 d | 30.27 | 9 | 16.53 ± 0.69 jk | 10.80 ± 0.10 cde | 24.00 ± 0.12 lmn | 68.30 | 14 | 6.24 ± 0.45 c | 3.24 ± 0.01 jk | 2.75 ± 0.12 cd | 56.33 | 7 |
20 | ZPG | 44.45 ± 3.25 h | 38.48 ± 0.90 hi | 25.16 ± 0.84 de | 29.02 | 10 | 25.27 ± 1.93 bcde | 11.01 ± 0.61 cde | 27.63 ± 1.31 bcd | 81.48 | 7 | 2.70 ± 0.13 klm | 3.14 ± 0.10 kl | 1.76 ± 0.05 hi | 36.66 | 22 |
21 | BDZ | 47.01 ± 2.72 h | 39.28 ± 2.09 hi | 21.93 ± 1.06 ef | 26.42 | 12 | 17.65 ± 0.27 ijk | 8.57 ± 0.60 ghi | 11.87 ± 0.56 mn | 50.93 | 26 | 4.82 ± 0.65 def | 3.29 ± 0.03 ijk | 1.82 ± 0.09 ghi | 44.84 | 14 |
22 | DHP | 51.16 ± 2.33 gh | 32.55 ± 0.56 hi | 19.41 ± 0.69 fg | 23.87 | 15 | 17.71 ± 0.95 ijk | 9.01 ± 0.21 fgh | 20.12 ± 0.72 gh | 60.99 | 17 | 3.27 ± 0.07 hijkl | 3.30 ± 0.09 ijk | 1.76 ± 0.23 hi | 39.29 | 18 |
23 | GLC | 98.82 ± 2.81 d | 58.69 ± 4.02 fg | 18.53 ± 0.76 fgh | 28.97 | 11 | 31.72 ± 0.88 a | 9.02 ± 0.36 fgh | 24.22 ± 0.59 ef | 79.54 | 9 | 5.40 ± 0.16 cd | 4.15 ± 0.04 e | 2.45 ± 0.17 def | 55.47 | 8 |
24 | BTC | 60.17 ± 1.14 gf | 34.17 ± 2.39 hi | 17.29 ± 0.60 ghi | 22.80 | 16 | 33.17 ± 0.86 a | 10.83 ± 0.33 cde | 28.00 ± 1.10 abcd | 89.39 | 1 | 3.99 ± 0.31 fghi | 3.77 ± 0.04 fg | 2.37 ± 0.05 defg | 48.44 | 11 |
25 | MHQC | 55.30 ± 2.36 gh | 30.33 ± 0.69 hi | 16.37 ± 1.00 ghij | 21.28 | 18 | 22.31 ± 0.29 defgh | 9.13 ± 0.21 fgh | 18.83 ± 0.58 hi | 64.50 | 15 | 2.53 ± 0.23 lm | 4.03 ± 0.02 ef | 2.42 ± 0.05 def | 45.16 | 13 |
26 | S26 | 46.88 ± 6.84 h | 29.67 ± 2.19 hi | 15.76 ± 1.28 ghj | 20.07 | 19 | 25.96 ± 0.43 bcd | 11.54 ± 0.34 bcd | 29.25 ± 0.89 abc | 85.19 | 4 | 3.85 ± 0.34 fghij | 4.51 ± 0.07 d | 3.09 ± 0.09 c | 56.80 | 6 |
27 | TC | 46.31 ± 2.09 h | 36.71 ± 0.91 hi | 14.49 ± 1.28 ij | 19.56 | 20 | 27.36 ± 1.41 b | 10.65 ± 0.32 cde | 26.04 ± 1.93 de | 81.00 | 8 | 7.62 ± 0.21 b | 5.32 ± 0.09 c | 3.87 ± 0.02 b | 78.91 | 3 |
No. | Cultivar Denomination | Classification | Locality (China) | Repository Number | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jiangjinsuancheng | C. aurantium L. | Jiangjin District, Chongqing City | LA0002 | JJSC |
2 | Ronganjindan | F. crassifolia Swing. | Rongan County, Guangxi Province | LF0006 | RAJD |
3 | Gulaoqianshatianyou | C. grandis Osbeck | Changshou District, Chongqing City | LG0004 | GLQ |
4 | Liangpingyou1hao | C. grandis Osbeck | Liangping County, Chongqing City | LG0006 | LPY |
5 | Dianjiangbaiyou | C. grandis Osbeck | Dianjiang District, Chongqing City | LG0007 | DJBY |
6 | Guanximiyou | C. grandis Osbeck | Pinghe County, Fujian Province | LG0038 | GXY |
7 | Pingxiangtuningmeng | C. limonia Osbeck | Pingxiang City, Guangxi Province | LM0032 | TNM |
8 | Limeng | C. limonia Osbeck | Junan County, Shandong Province | LM0030 | LM |
9 | Mulixiangyuan | C. medica L. | Muli County, Sichuan Province | LM0097 | MLXY |
10 | Juyuan | C. medica L. | Yunnan Province | LM0091 | JY |
11 | Huaihuayichangcheng | C. ichangensis | Huaihua City, Hunan Province | LP0017 | YCC |
12 | Bendizao | C. reticulata Blanco | Huangyan District, Zhejiang Province | LR0001 | BDZ |
13 | Guihuadinanfeng | C. reticulata Blanco | Nanfeng County, Jiangxi Province | LR0010 | NF |
14 | Cupigoushigan | C. reticulata Blanco | Hechuan District, Chongqing City | LR0018 | GSG |
15 | Shantoujiaogan | C. reticulata Blanco | Puning City, Guangdong Province | LR0022 | JG |
16 | Baiju | C. reticulata Blanco | Jianshui County, Yunnan Province | LR0027 | BJ |
17 | Anjianghongju | C. reticulata Blanco | Qianyang County, Hunan Province | LR0036 | AJHJ |
18 | Wangcangzhoupigan | C. reticulata Blanco | Wangcang County, Sichuan Province | LR0072 | ZPG |
19 | Nianju | C. reticulata Blanco | Dafeng District, Jiangsu Province | LR0093 | NJ |
20 | Shiyueju | C. reticulata Blanco | Longmen County, Guangdong Province | LR0310 | SYJ |
21 | Yanxiwanlu | C. reticulata Blanco | Xinhui District, Guangdong Province | LR0361 | YXWL |
22 | Dahongpao | C. reticulata Blanco | Meishan City, Sichuan Province | LR0094 | DHP |
23 | Gailiangcheng | C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Fujian Province | LS0019 | GLC |
24 | S26Jincheng | C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Youxi County, Fujian Province | LS0040 | S26 |
25 | Lixingtiancheng | C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Jiangjin District, Chongqing City | LS0055 | TC |
26 | Bingtangcheng | C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Jiangjin District, Chongqing City | LS0101 | BTC |
27 | Meihongqicheng | C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck. | Fengjie County, Chongqing City | LS0033 | MHQC |
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Chen, Q.; Wang, D.; Tan, C.; Hu, Y.; Sundararajan, B.; Zhou, Z. Profiling of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Tissues from 27 Chinese Local Citrus Cultivars. Plants 2020, 9, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020196
Chen Q, Wang D, Tan C, Hu Y, Sundararajan B, Zhou Z. Profiling of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Tissues from 27 Chinese Local Citrus Cultivars. Plants. 2020; 9(2):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020196
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Qiyang, Dan Wang, Chun Tan, Yan Hu, Balasubramani Sundararajan, and Zhiqin Zhou. 2020. "Profiling of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Tissues from 27 Chinese Local Citrus Cultivars" Plants 9, no. 2: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020196
APA StyleChen, Q., Wang, D., Tan, C., Hu, Y., Sundararajan, B., & Zhou, Z. (2020). Profiling of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Tissues from 27 Chinese Local Citrus Cultivars. Plants, 9(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020196