Antidiabetic Properties of the Root Extracts of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Burdock (Arctium lappa)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Extract Analysis
2.1.1. Identification of Inulin
2.1.2. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.1.3. Determination of Tannin Level
2.1.4. Determination of Total Polysaccharide Content (TP)
2.2. Determination of Antioxidant Activities of Extracts by Using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) Assay
2.3. Hypoglycemic Properties of the Extracts Based on α-Amylase Activity
2.4. Qualitative Analysis of Extracts by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Plant Material
4.3. Preparation of Ethyl Alcohol and Lyophilizate Extracts
4.4. Extract Analysis
4.4.1. Identification of Inulin
4.4.2. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
4.4.3. Determination of Tannin Level
4.4.4. Determination of Total Polysaccharide Content (TP)
4.4.5. Determination of Antioxidant Activities of Extracts by Using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) Assay
4.4.6. Hypoglycemic Properties of the Extracts Based on α-Amylase Activity
4.5. Qualitative Analysis of Extracts by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Sample | TPC (mg GSE/g of EA Extract), ± SE | TPC (mg GSE/g of LE Extract), ± SE |
---|---|---|
Burdock from “Viļani” (BV) | 21.23 ± 0.07 a | 100.97 ± 0.49 b |
Burdock from “Būdiņas” (BB) | 14.36 ± 0.04 a | 69.73 ± 0.39 b |
Dandelion from “Kaļķis” (DK) | 4.61 ± 0.03 a | 27.72 ± 0.57 b |
Dandelion from “Vecpiebalga” (DV) | 4.51 ± 0.03 a | 26.35 ± 0.25 b |
Plant Sample | DPPH IC50 (mg/L) for AE | DPPH IC50 (mg/L) for LE | DPPH IC50 (mg/L) for Trolox |
---|---|---|---|
Burdock from “Viļani” (BV) | 27.95 a | 1.33 b | 4.62 |
Burdock from “Būdiņas” (BB) | 25.89 a | 0.77 b | |
Dandelion from “Kaļķis” (DK) | 236.32 a | 9.52 b | |
Dandelion from “Vecpiebalga” (DV) | 150.54 a | 7.00 b |
Plant Sample | IC50 (mg/mL) for AE | IC50 (mg/mL) for LE | IC50 (mg/mL) for Acarbose |
---|---|---|---|
Burdock from “Viļani” (BV) | 135.09 a | 79.18 b | 18.86 |
Burdock from “Būdiņas” (BB) | 106.67 a | 57.94 b | |
Dandelion from “Kaļķis” (DK) | 205.35 a | 142.07 b | |
Dandelion from “Vecpiebalga” (DV) | 450.11 a | 186.43 b |
No. | tR (min) | Tentative Compound | Class/Type | Proposed Formula | Ion Mode | Measured m/z | Error (ppm) | MS/MS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.52 | L-Histidine | Amino acid | C6H9N3O2 | [M+H]+ | 156.08 | 0.21 | 138.05; 110.02; 84.04; 73.03 |
2 | 0.52 | L-Lysine | Amino acid | C6H14N2O2 | [M+H]+ | 147.11 | 0.26 | 130.05; 101.07; 84.05 |
3 | 0.53 | Arginine | Amino acid | C6H14N4O2 | [M+H]+ | 175.12 | −0.65 | 158.09; 130.09; 116.07; 70.07 |
4 | 0.71 | (+)-Valine | Amino acid | C5H11NO2 | [M+H]+ | 118.09 | −0.08 | 72.08 |
5 | 0.94 | L-Tyrosine | Amino acid | C9H11NO3 | [M+H]+ | 182.08 | −0.13 | 165.05; 147.04; 136.08; 123.04 |
6 | 0.99 | L-Leucine/Isoleucine | Amino acid | C6H13NO2 | [M+H]+ | 132.10 | −0.09 | 116.03; 86.09; 69.07 |
7 | 1.59 | (±)-Phenylalanine | Amino acid | C9H11NO2 | [M+H]+ | 166.09 | −0.20 | 120.09 |
8 | 3.63 | L-Tryptophan | Amino acid | C11H12N2O2 | [M+H]+ | 205.10 | −0.21 | 188.07; 87.04 |
9 | 1.94 | Pantothenic acid | Amino acid and derivatives | C9H17NO5 | [M+H]+ | 220.12 | 0.00 | 202.11; 184.10; 90.06 |
10 | 0.62 | Caffeic acid | Phenylic acid | C9H8O4 | [M+H]+ | 181.05 | 0.20 | 163.04 |
11 | 5.28 | Neochlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | C16H18O9 | [M+H]+ | 355.10 | −0.44 | 163.04 |
12 | 5.63 | Chlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | C16H18O9 | [M+H]+ | 355.10 | −0.44 | 163.04 |
13 | 11.20 | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | C25H24O12 | [M+H]+ | 517.13 | −0.39 | 163.04 |
14 | 11.54 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | C25H24O12 | [M+H]+ | 517.13 | −0.39 | 163.04 |
15 | 12.37 | 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | C25H24O12 | [M+H]+ | 517.13 | −0.15 | 163.04 |
16 | 0.62 | Trigonelline | Alkaloids | C7H7NO2 | [M+H]+ | 138.05 | 0.24 | 128.11 |
17 | 11.90 | Eremanthin | Guaianolides | C15H18O2 | [M+H]+ | 231.14 | −0.22 | 213.13; 185.13; 175.07 |
18 | 19.62 | Campholenic aldehyde | Monocyclic monoterpenoids | C10H16O | [M+H]+ | 153.13 | −0.06 | 135.12; 109.10; 107.09; 97.06 |
19 | 21.50 | Arctinone A | Oligothiophenes | C13H10O2S2 | [M+H]+ | 263.02 | −0.11 | 263.02; 245.01; 217.02; 205.02 |
No. | tR (min) | Tentative Compound | Class/Type | Proposed Formula | Ion Mode | Measured m/z | Error (ppm) | MS/MS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.59 | Disaccharide | Carbohydrates | C12H22O11 | [M-H]− | 341.11 | −0.81 | 179.05; 89.02; 59.01 |
2 | 0.68 | Malic acid | Hydroxy acid | C4H6O5 | [M-H]− | 133.01 | −0.33 | 133.01; 115.00; 71.01 |
3 | 1.51 | Galloyl glucose | Tannins | C13H16O10 | [M-H]− | 331.07 | 0.48 | 313.06; 168.01; 125.02 |
4 | 2.08 | Protocatechuic acid 4-glucoside | Phenolic glycosides | C13H16O9 | [M-H]− | 315.07 | 0.14 | 315.07; 153.02; 152.01; 109.03. 108.02 |
5 | 3.27 | 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol glucuronide | Phenolic glycosides | C15H20O10 | [M-H]− | 359.10 | −0.97 | 197.05; 182.02; 153.06; 138.03 |
6 | 5.28 | Neochlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | C16H18O9 | [M-H]− | 353.09 | −0.98 | 191.05 |
7 | 5.40 | n-Caffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | C16H18O9 | [M-H]− | 353.09 | −1.07 | 191.05 |
8 | 5.76 | Chlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | C16H18O9 | [M-H]− | 353.09 | −0.98 | 191.05 |
9 | 8.38 | p-coumaric acid | Phenylic acid | C9H8O3 | [M-H]− | 163.04 | 0.00 | 119.05 |
10 | 11.25 | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | C25H24O12 | [M-H]− | 515.12 | −0.46 | 353.09; 191.06 |
11 | 11.57 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | C25H24O12 | [M-H]− | 515.12 | −0.70 | 353.09; 191.06 |
12 | 12.42 | 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | C25H24O12 | [M-H]− | 515.12 | −0.70 | 353.09; 191.06 |
13 | 15.16 | Caffeic acid ethyl ester | Coumaric acids and derivatives | C11H12O4 | [M-H]− | 207.07 | −0.79 | 208.07; 179.03; 161.02 |
14 | 6.46 | Protocatechuic acid | Benzoic acid and derivatives | C7H6O4 | [M-H]− | 153.02 | 0.12 | 153.02; 135.01; 109.03 |
15 | 4.28 | Salicylic acid | Benzoic acid and derivatives | C7H6O3 | [M-H]− | 137.02 | −0.04 | 93.03 |
16 | 4.76 | Salicylic acid glucoside | Benzoic acid and derivatives | C13H16O8 | [M-H]− | 299.08 | 0.00 | 137.02; 93.03 |
17 | 27.85 | Oleanolic acid | Pentacyclic triterpene | C30H48O3 | [M-H]− | 455.35 | −0.43 | 455.35 |
No. | Tentative Compound | Class/Type | Plant Sample | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LE of BB | AE of BB | LE of BV | AE of BV | LE of DK | AE of DK | LE of DV | AE of DV | |||
1 | L-histidine | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. |
2 | L-lysine | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X |
3 | Arginine | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
4 | Caffeic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
5 | Trigonelline | Alkaloids | X | X | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
6 | (+)-Valine | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
7 | L-tyrosine | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. |
8 | L-leucine/isoleucine | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | X | X |
9 | (±)-Phenylalanine | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
10 | Pantothenic acid | Amino acid and derivatives | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X |
11 | L-tryptophan | Amino acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | X | X |
12 | Neochlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | X | X |
13 | Chlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | X | X |
14 | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | X | n.d. | X | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
15 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | X |
16 | Eremanthin | Guaianolides | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X |
17 | 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. |
18 | Campholenic aldehyde | Monocyclic monoterpenoids | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X |
19 | Arctinone A | Oligothiophenes | n.d. | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
No. | Tentative Compound | Class/Type | Plant Sample | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LE of BB | AE of BB | LE of BV | AE of BV | LE of DK | AE of DK | LE of DV | AE of DV | |||
1 | Disaccharide | Carbohydrates | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
2 | Malic acid | Hydroxy acid | n.d. | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
3 | Galloyl glucose | Tannins | n.d. | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | X |
4 | Protocatechuic acid 4-glucoside | Phenolic glycosides | n.d. | X | n.d. | X | X | X | X | X |
5 | 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol glucuronide | Phenolic glycosides | n.d. | X | X | X | X | X | n.d. | X |
6 | Salicylic acid | Benzoic acid and derivatives | n.d. | X | n.d. | X | X | X | X | X |
7 | Salicylic acid glucoside | Benzoic acid and derivatives | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X | n.d. | X |
8 | Neochlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
9 | n-Caffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
10 | Chlorogenic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
11 | Protocatechuic acid | Benzoic acid and derivatives | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. |
12 | p-coumaric acid | Phenylic acid | n.d. | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
13 | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | n.d. | n.d. | X | X |
14 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
15 | 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Phenylic acid | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
16 | Caffeic acid ethyl ester | Coumaric acids and derivatives | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
17 | Oleanolic acid | Pentacyclic triterpene | X | X | n.d. | X | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
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Zolotova, D.; Teterovska, R.; Bandere, D.; Lauberte, L.; Niedra, S. Antidiabetic Properties of the Root Extracts of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Burdock (Arctium lappa). Plants 2024, 13, 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071021
Zolotova D, Teterovska R, Bandere D, Lauberte L, Niedra S. Antidiabetic Properties of the Root Extracts of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Burdock (Arctium lappa). Plants. 2024; 13(7):1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071021
Chicago/Turabian StyleZolotova, Daria, Renāte Teterovska, Dace Bandere, Liga Lauberte, and Santa Niedra. 2024. "Antidiabetic Properties of the Root Extracts of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Burdock (Arctium lappa)" Plants 13, no. 7: 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071021