Responses of Soybean Genotypes to Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources: Impacts on Yield Components, Seed Yield, and Seed Protein
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Experiment 1: Effects of Soybean Genotypes to N Fertilizer Sources on Seed Yield and Its Components and Seed Protein
2.1.1. Shoot Growth Traits
2.1.2. Chlorophyll Index
2.1.3. Root and Nodulation Traits
2.1.4. Yield Traits, Harvest Index, and Seed Protein
2.1.5. Correlation Analyses among Yield and Yield Components
2.1.6. Path Analysis
2.2. Experiment 2: Effects of Soybean Genotypes to P Fertilizer Sources on Seed Yield and Its Components and Seed Protein
2.2.1. Shoot Growth Traits
2.2.2. Chlorophyll Index
2.2.3. Root Traits and Nodulation
2.2.4. Yield Traits, Harvest Index, and Seed Protein
2.2.5. Correlation Analyses among Yield and Yield Components
2.2.6. Path Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Experimental Design, Treatments and Management
4.3. Sampling and Measurements
4.3.1. Growth Traits and Chlorophyll Index
4.3.2. Root Traits and Nodulation
4.3.3. Yield Traits, Harvest Index, and Seed Protein
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Plant Height (cm) | Days to Flowering | Number of Branches (no. plant−1) | Stem Biomass (g plant−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 Days | 42 Days | 56 Days | ||||
Genotypes (G) | ||||||
Sbung | 42.84 bc | 82.67 b | 89.16 b | 36.09 b | 2.61 | 5.39 a |
Hongry | 42.07 bc | 83.19 b | 87.49 b | 35.18 b | 2.46 | 4.79 c |
98C81 | 45.93 ab | 84.98 b | 89.00 b | 35.18 b | 2.88 | 5.21 b |
ACS1 | 49.37 a | 91.94 a | 94.43 a | 41.03 a | 2.89 | 4.50 d |
Kaiabi | 38.85 c | 70.21 c | 77.21 c | 35.74 b | 2.79 | 4.87 c |
p-value | 0.0016 ** | 0.0018 ** | 0.0025 ** | 0.0012 ** | 0.1450 ns | 0.0022 ** |
N Fertilizers (N) | ||||||
Control | 44.63 ab | 83.81 | 87.94 | 36.57 b | 2.81 | 4.54 c |
Urea | 46.08 a | 81.14 | 87.49 | 36.20 b | 2.62 | 5.50 a |
Nano-N | 42.34 b | 81.89 | 88.00 | 37.34 a | 2.81 | 4.92 b |
Nitroplus | 42.19 b | 83.55 | 86.41 | 36.88 ab | 2.67 | 4.86 b |
p-value | 0.0041 ** | 0.1125 ns | 0.0981 ns | 0.012 * | 0.399 ns | 0.0017 ** |
Interaction (GxN) | ||||||
p-value | 0.0046 ** | 0.1330 ns | 0.0015 ** | 0.0146 * | 0.2257 ns | 0.0455 * |
CV (%) | 7.28 | 4.62 | 2.95 | 3.97 | 12.03 | 6.39 |
Factors | 28 Days | 42 Days | 56 Days | 70 Days |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotypes (G) | ||||
Sbung | 33.6 b | 40.3 a | 41.3 b | 43.1 b |
Hongry | 31.5 c | 38.7 c | 39.5 c | 41.7 c |
98C81 | 35.6 a | 40.4 a | 41.7 a | 43.5 a |
ACS1 | 32.9 b | 37.4 d | 38.8 c | 41.1 c |
Kaiabi | 33.2 b | 39.3 b | 41.1 b | 42.6 b |
p-value | 0.0019 ** | 0.0023 ** | 0.0046 ** | 0.0012 ** |
N Fertilizers (N) | ||||
Control | 31.7 b | 37.9 c | 38.9 c | 41.3 b |
Urea | 33.8 a | 40.2 a | 41.7 a | 42.8 a |
Nano-N | 33.7 a | 39.6 b | 40.9 ab | 43.5 a |
Nitroplus | 34.1 a | 39.1 b | 40.8 b | 42.7 a |
p-value | 0.0016 ** | 0.0013 ** | 0.0006 *** | 0.0025 ** |
Interaction (GxN) | ||||
p-value | 0.0821 ns | 0.4112 ns | 0.2413 ns | 0.6542 ns |
CV (%) | 3.52 | 2.48 | 1.92 | 1.47 |
Factors | Root Biomass (g plant−1) | Number of Nodules (no. plant−1) | Nodule Dry Weight (g plant−1) | Shoot-to-Root (Ratio) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotypes (G) | ||||
Sbung | 7.51 a | 34.25 a | 0.42 a | 2.51 a |
Hongry | 5.98 b | 26.63 b | 0.27 c | 2.54 a |
98C81 | 7.25 a | 27.75 b | 0.32 b | 2.27 ab |
ACS1 | 5.59 b | 27.72 b | 0.25 c | 2.43 a |
Kaiabi | 7.04 a | 23.50 c | 0.24 c | 2.13 b |
p-value | 0.001 *** | 0.0056 ** | 0.0017 ** | 0.0046 ** |
N Fertilizers (N) | ||||
Control | 5.12 d | 22.43 c | 0.24 b | 2.24 b |
Urea | 6.72 b | 30.70 b | 0.36 a | 2.48 a |
Nano-N | 6.06 c | 22.65 c | 0.26 b | 2.45 a |
Nitroplus | 8.78 a | 32.58 a | 0.35 a | 2.34 ab |
p-value | 0.0061 ** | 0.0032 ** | 0.0014 ** | 0.0021 ** |
Interaction (GxN) | ||||
p-value | 0.3213 ns | 0.0013 ** | 0.0016 ** | 0.0031 ** |
CV (%) | 14.44 | 13.25 | 20.03 | 8.02 |
Factors | Filled Pods (no. plant−1) | Seed Per Pod (no. pod−1) | Total Pods (no plant−1) | 100-Grain Weight (g) | Seed Yield (g plant−1) | Harvest Index (Ratio) | Seed Protein (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype (G) | |||||||
Sbung | 31.90 a | 2.63 a | 33.98 a | 13.93 a | 10.99 a | 0.33 a | 36.9 a |
Hongry | 27.61 b | 2.48 b | 31.16 b | 12.87 b | 9.60 b | 0.29 b | 35.5 c |
98C81 | 32.99 a | 2.66 a | 34.65 a | 13.69 a | 10.63 a | 0.32 a | 35.9 b |
ACS1 | 28.18 b | 2.65 a | 31.54 b | 12.43 b | 9.31 b | 0.28 b | 35.4 c |
Kaiabi | 29.02 b | 2.66 a | 31.91 b | 13.08 b | 9.77 b | 0.29 b | 35.7 bc |
p-value | 0.001 *** | 0.0034 ** | 0.0022 ** | 0.0013 ** | 0.0014 ** | 0.001 *** | 0.002 ** |
N Fertilizers (N) | |||||||
Control | 27.46 c | 2.51 b | 30.56 c | 12.73 b | 9.57 b | 0.29 c | 35.0 c |
Urea | 31.90 a | 2.65 a | 34.19 a | 13.47 a | 10.14 ab | 0.31 ab | 36.4 a |
Nano-N | 30.60 b | 2.65 a | 32.81 b | 13.40 a | 10.61 a | 0.32 a | 36.4 a |
Nitroplus | 30.88 b | 2.66 a | 33.02 b | 13.15 ab | 9.92 b | 0.30 bc | 35.9 b |
p-value | 0.0023 ** | 0.0015 ** | 0.0017 ** | 0.0047 ** | 0.0076 ** | 0.0051 ** | 0.0016 ** |
Interaction (GxN) | |||||||
p-value | 0.6411 ns | 0.1725 ns | 0.6141 ns | 0.3096 ns | 0.2265 ns | 0.2114 ns | 0.0436 * |
CV (%) | 3.82 | 5.29 | 3.67 | 7.43 | 7.21 | 5.54 | 2.03 |
Traits | SY | PH | NB | DF |
Seed yield, SY (g plant−1) | - | |||
Plant height, PH (cm) | 0.12 ns | 1.00 | ||
Number of branches, NB | 0.04 ns | −0.10 ns | 1.00 | |
Days to flowering, DF | −0.12 ns | 0.48 * | 0.27 * | 1.00 |
Traits | SY | NN | RB | SB |
Seed yield, SY (g plant−1) | - | |||
Number of nodules, NN | 0.26 * | 1.00 | ||
Root biomass, RB (g plant−1) | 0.22 * | 0.29 * | 1.00 | |
Shoot biomass, SB (g plant−1) | 0.04 ns | −0.01 ns | −0.07 ns | 1.00 |
Traits | SY | GW | NPP | SP |
Seed yield, SY (g plant−1) | - | |||
100-Grain weight, GW (g) | 0.53 * | 1.00 | ||
Number of pods, NPP (plant−1) | 0.39 * | 0.51 * | 1.00 | |
Seed protein, SP (%) | 0.50 * | 0.49 * | 0.59 * | 1.00 |
Traits | PH | NB | DF | NN | RB | SB | NPP | GW | SY |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant height, PH (cm) | 0.049 | −0.009 | −0.008 | 0.003 | −0.018 | 0.012 | −0.001 | −0.02 | 0.008 |
Number of branches, NB | −0.004 | 0.095 | −0.005 | 0.057 | −0.015 | −0.003 | −0.005 | −0.04 | 0.08 |
Days to flowering, DF | 0.019 | 0.026 | −0.019 | 0.076 | −0.026 | −0.007 | −0.012 | −0.11 | −0.05 |
Number of nodules, NN | 0.001 | −0.02 | 0.005 | −0.273 | 0.07 | 0.003 | 0.036 | 0.13 | −0.048 |
Root biomass, RB (g plant−1) | −0.010 | −0.013 | 0.004 | −0.177 | 0.108 | −0.004 | 0.035 | 0.104 | 0.047 |
Shoot biomass, SB (g plant−1) | 0.039 | −0.006 | 0.003 | −0.014 | −0.008 | 0.052 | −0.002 | 0.003 | 0.067 |
Number of pods, NPP (Plant−1) | 0.001 | −0.008 | 0.03 | −0.139 | 0.054 | −0.003 | 0.070 | 0.177 | 0.182 |
100-Grain weight, GW (g) | −0.002 | −0.001 | 0.006 | −0.104 | 0.032 | −0.001 | 0.036 | 0.34 | 0.306 |
Factors | Plant Height (cm) | Days to Flowering | Number of Branches (no. plant−1) | Stem Biomass (g plant−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 Days | 42 Days | 56 Days | ||||
Genotypes (G) | ||||||
Sbung | 41.74 b | 74.54 b | 78.41 b | 34.32 d | 2.40 | 4.86 a |
Hongry | 39.68 b | 75.82 b | 79.26 b | 35.19 c | 2.22 | 4.54 b |
98C81 | 41.30 b | 75.39 b | 77.70 b | 34.79 cd | 2.60 | 4.70 ab |
ACS1 | 46.07 a | 88.12 a | 90.61 a | 41.55 a | 2.69 | 4.23 b |
Kaiabi | 34.05 c | 65.72 c | 68.91 c | 36.77 b | 2.66 | 4.60 b |
p-value | 0.0014 ** | 0.0016 ** | 0.0024 ** | 0.0017 ** | 0.0630 ns | 0.0042 ** |
P Fertilizers (P) | ||||||
Mykovam | 38.89 bc | 75.81 a | 78.54 b | 36.43 b | 2.62 | 4.73 ab |
Inorganic-P | 45.32 a | 77.59 a | 80.91 a | 35.48 c | 2.40 | 4.87 a |
Nano-p | 40.53 b | 77.12 a | 79.42 b | 37.24 a | 2.57 | 4.50 bc |
Control | 37.55 c | 73.17 b | 77.04 c | 36.93 ab | 2.46 | 4.20 c |
p-value | 0.0042 ** | 0.0141 * | 0.0260 * | 0.0350 * | 0.2101 ns | 0.0013 ** |
Interaction (GxP) | ||||||
p-value | 0.0610 ns | 0.8420 ns | 0.0160 * | 0.6412 ns | 0.5240 ns | 0.5913 ns |
CV (%) | 7.28 | 4.62 | 2.95 | 3.97 | 13.85 | 9.58 |
Factors | 28 Days | 42 Days | 56 Days | 70 Days |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotypes (G) | ||||
Sbung | 33.5 b | 41.9 b | 42.7 b | 42.9 b |
Hongry | 32.0 d | 39.8 c | 40.8 d | 41.1 d |
98C81 | 35.2 a | 42.8 a | 43.6 a | 44.1 a |
ACS1 | 33.1 bc | 38.6 d | 39.9 e | 41.5 cd |
Kaiabi | 32.8 c | 40.5 c | 41.7 c | 42.3 bc |
p-value | 0.0171 * | 0.0013 ** | 0.0045 ** | 0.0012 ** |
P Fertilizers (P) | ||||
Mykovam | 33.7 ab | 40.9 a | 41.71 b | 42.4 a |
Inorganic-P | 34.4 a | 41.1 a | 41.89 ab | 42.7 a |
Nano-P | 33.5 b | 41.4 a | 42.27 a | 42.6 a |
Control | 31.8 c | 39.6 b | 41.08 c | 41.9 b |
p-value | 0.0027 ** | 0.0036 ** | 0.0241 * | 0.0045 ** |
Interaction (GxP) | ||||
p-value | 0.3910 ns | 0.5331 ns | 0.2702 ns | 0.3514 ns |
CV (%) | 3.52 | 2.48 | 1.92 | 1.47 |
Factors | Root Biomass (g plant−1) | Number of Nodules (no. plant−1) | Nodule Dry Weight (g plant−1) | Shoot-to-Root (Ratio) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotypes (G) | ||||
Sbung | 1.82 a | 15.45 a | 0.29 a | 3.04 a |
Hongry | 1.59 a | 12.72 c | 0.22 b | 2.71 b |
98C81 | 1.62 a | 14.94 a | 0.22 b | 2.80 ab |
ACS1 | 1.31 b | 13.47 b | 0.20 b | 2.63 b |
Kaiabi | 1.65 a | 13.71 b | 0.21 b | 2.71 b |
p-value | 0.0023 ** | 0.0022 ** | 0.0312 * | 0.0116 * |
P Fertilizers (P) | ||||
Mykovam | 1.76 a | 14.65 a | 0.23 b | 2.98 a |
Inorganic-P | 1.77 a | 14.81 a | 0.27 a | 2.70 b |
Nano-P | 1.55 a | 14.69 a | 0.21 b | 2.86 ab |
Control | 1.36 b | 12.03 b | 0.20 b | 2.58 c |
p-value | 0.0051 ** | 0.0220 * | 0.0132 * | 0.0225 * |
Interaction (GxP) | ||||
p-value | 0.3310 ns | 0.1148 ns | 0.0812 ns | 0.0512 ns |
CV (%) | 14.44 | 13.25 | 16.02 | 9.57 |
Factors | Filled Pods (no. plant−1) | Seed per Pod (no. pod−1) | Total Pods (no. plant−1) | 100-Grain Weight (g) | Seed Yield (g plant−1) | Harvest Index (Ratio) | Seed Protein (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype (G) | |||||||
Sbung | 30.29 a | 2.62 ab | 30.34 a | 13.51 | 9.15 a | 0.28 a | 36.7 a |
Hongry | 26.33 c | 2.56 b | 28.68 b | 12.8 | 8.42 b | 0.25 b | 35.5 b |
98C81 | 28.92 b | 2.63 a | 29.97 a | 13.26 | 8.88 a | 0.27 a | 35.8 b |
ACS1 | 26.15 c | 2.65 a | 29.36 ab | 12.56 | 8.24 b | 0.24 b | 35.4 b |
Kaiabi | 26.19 c | 2.63 a | 29.27 ab | 12.34 | 8.38 b | 0.25 b | 35.5 b |
p-value | 0.0241 * | 0.0316 * | 0.0044 ** | 0.1280 ns | 0.0010 *** | 0.0010 *** | 0.0051 ** |
P Fertilizers (P) | |||||||
Mykovam | 29.53 a | 2.65 | 30.13 a | 12.97 | 8.70 a | 0.26 b | 35.4 b |
Inorganic-P | 27.78 b | 2.63 | 29.62 a | 13.21 | 8.72 a | 0.27 a | 36.1 a |
Nano-P | 27.52 b | 2.59 | 29.70 a | 12.72 | 8.67 a | 0.27 a | 36.4 a |
Control | 25.47 c | 2.59 | 28.65 b | 12.68 | 8.26 b | 0.25 c | 34.9 c |
P-value | 0.0118 * | 0.3820 ns | 0.0081 ** | 0.2820 ns | 0.0412 * | 0.0015 ** | 0.0018 ** |
Interaction (GxP) | |||||||
p-value | 0.6450 ns | 0.1782 ns | 0.6826 ns | 0.3041 ns | 0.2260 ns | 0.214 ns | 0.0450 * |
CV (%) | 3.82 | 5.29 | 3.67 | 7.43 | 7.21 | 5.54 | 2.76 |
Traits | SY | PH | NB | DF |
Seed yield, SY (g plant−1) | 1.00 | |||
Plant height, PH (cm) | −0.07 ns | 1.00 | ||
Number of branches, NB | −0.03 ns | 0.04 ns | 1.00 | |
Days to flowering, DF | 0.13 ns | 0.53 * | 0.37 * | 1.00 |
Traits | SY | NN | RB | SB |
Seed yield, SY (g plant−1) | 1.00 | |||
Number of nodules, NN | 0.38 * | 1.00 | ||
Root biomass, RB (g plant−1) | 0.25 * | 0.43 * | 1.00 | |
Shoot biomass, SB (g plant−1) | 0.33 * | 0.60 * | 0.79 * | 1.00 |
Traits | SY | GW | NPP | SP |
Seed yield, SY (g plant−1) | 1.00 | |||
100-Grain weight, GW (g) | 0.49 * | 1.00 | ||
Number of pods, NPP (plant−1) | 0.67 * | 0.45 * | 1.00 | |
Seed protein, SP (%) | 0.49 * | 0.22 ns | 0.38 * | 1.00 |
Traits | PH | NB | DF | NN | RB | SB | NPP | GW | SY |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant height, PH (cm) | −0.26 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.003 | 0.01 | −0.17 |
Number of branches, NB | −0.01 | −0.19 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.08 | −0.03 | −0.03 |
Days to flowering, DF | −0.14 | −0.07 | 0.15 | −0.03 | 0.14 | −0.11 | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.17 |
Number of nodules, NN | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
Root biomass, RB (g plant−1) | 0.07 | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.04 | −0.23 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.28 |
Shoot biomass, SB (g plant−1) | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.05 | −0.18 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
Number of pods, NPP (Plant−1) | 0.002 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.47 |
100-Grain weight, GW (g) | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.41 |
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Nget, R.; Aguilar, E.A.; Cruz, P.C.S.; Reaño, C.E.; Sanchez, P.B.; Reyes, M.R.; Prasad, P.V.V. Responses of Soybean Genotypes to Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources: Impacts on Yield Components, Seed Yield, and Seed Protein. Plants 2022, 11, 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030298
Nget R, Aguilar EA, Cruz PCS, Reaño CE, Sanchez PB, Reyes MR, Prasad PVV. Responses of Soybean Genotypes to Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources: Impacts on Yield Components, Seed Yield, and Seed Protein. Plants. 2022; 11(3):298. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030298
Chicago/Turabian StyleNget, Raby, Edna A. Aguilar, Pompe C. Sta. Cruz, Consorcia E. Reaño, Pearl B. Sanchez, Manuel R. Reyes, and P. V. Vara Prasad. 2022. "Responses of Soybean Genotypes to Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources: Impacts on Yield Components, Seed Yield, and Seed Protein" Plants 11, no. 3: 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030298