Impact of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in the Orchestration of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Resistance to Plant Parasitic Nematodes: A Metabolomic Approach to Evaluate Defense Responses Under Field Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biocontrol Agents
2.2. Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Culture
2.3. Raising of Plants
2.4. Growth Attributes
2.5. Photosynthetic Pigments
2.5.1. Total Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Content
2.5.2. Total Xanthophyll Content
2.5.3. Gaseous Exchange Parameters
2.6. Oxidative Burst
2.6.1. Superoxide Anion Content
2.6.2. Hydrogen Peroxide Content
2.6.3. Malondialdehyde Content
2.7. Antioxidative Enzymes
2.7.1. Superoxide dismutase Activity (EC.1.15.1.1)
2.7.2. Guaiacol peroxidase Activity (EC. 1.11.1.7)
2.7.3. Catalase Activity (EC.1.11.1.6)
2.7.4. Glutathione Peroxidase Activity (EC. 1.11.1.9)
2.7.5. Ascorbate Peroxidase Activity (EC.1.11.1.11)
2.7.6. Dehydroascorbate Reductase Activity (EC. 1.8.5.1)
2.7.7. Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity (EC.2.5.1.18)
2.7.8. Glutathione Reductase Activity (EC.1.6.4.2)
2.7.9. Polyphenol oxidase Activity (EC. 1.14.18.1)
2.8. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.8.1. Glutathione Content
2.8.2. Ascorbic Acid Content
2.8.3. Tocopherol Content
2.9. Phenolic Compounds
2.9.1. Total Phenols
2.9.2. Total Flavonoids
2.9.3. Total Anthocyanins
2.10. Osmoprotectants
2.10.1. Total Osmolytes
2.10.2. Total Carbohydrates
2.10.3. Total Reducing Sugars
2.10.4. Trehalose Content
2.10.5. Glycine Betaine Content
2.10.6. Proline Content
2.10.7. Free Amino Acid Content
2.11. Organic Acid Profiling
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Growth Parameters of PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
3.2. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Photosynthetic Pigments of PPNPPN Infected L. esculentumPlants
3.3. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Gas Exchange Parameters of PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
3.4. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Oxidative Damage in PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
3.5. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Antioxidative Enzymes Activities of PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
3.6. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants of PPNInfected L. esculentum Plants
3.7. Phenolic Compounds
Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Total Phenols, Flavonoids and Anthocyanins in PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
3.8. Osmoprotectants
3.8.1. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Total Osmolytes, Carbohydrates, Reducing Sugars in PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
3.8.2. Effect of Biocontrol Agents on Trehalose, Glycine Betaine, Proline and Free Amino Acid in PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
3.8.3. Effect of biocontrol Agents on Organic Acid Profiling in PPN Infected L. esculentum Plants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Root Length (cm) (Mean ± SD) | Shoot Length (cm) (Mean ± SD) | Fresh Weight (g/plant) (Mean ± SD) | Dry Weight (g/plant) (Mean ± SD) | No. of Galls (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CN | 15.78 ± 0.2505 b | 22.13 ± 0.4635 d | 4.69 ± 0.2495 a | 1.96 ± 0.1334 b,c | 0 |
N | 8.96 ± 0.6502 d | 17.36 ± 0.6036 e | 3.04 ± 0.2502 c | 1.02 ± 0.1251 d | 27.33 ± 1.527 a |
M1 | 17.42 ± 0.3651 b | 24.54 ± 0.8015 c | 4.71 ± 0.1182 a | 1.93 ± 0.0695 b,c | 0 |
M1 + N | 15.53 ± 0.7946 b,c | 26.80 ± 1.1654 b | 4.05 ± 0.2501 b | 2.10 ± 0.1100 a,b | 19.66 ± 0.1.527 b |
M2 | 19.50 ± 0.7379 a | 22.38 ± 0.4178 c,d | 4.21 ± 0.1608 a,b | 2.02 ± 0.1481 b | 0 |
M2 + N | 13.59 ± 1.1119 c | 29.47 ± 1.0726 a | 4.55 ± 0.1574 a | 2.15 ± 0.099 a | 22 ± 1 b |
F-ratio(df 1,12) T | 210.9 ** | 15.85 ** | 45.38 ** | 15.39 ** | 2520.5 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) D | 68.13 ** | 110.6 ** | 12.27 ** | 46.41 ** | 27.54 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) T × D | 20.65 * | 80.30 ** | 31.75 ** | 43.17 ** | 24.52 ** |
HSD | 1.949 | 2.217 | 0.593 | 0.321 | 2.665 |
Treatments | Net Photosynthetic Rate (µmol m2 s−1) (Mean ± SD) | Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO2 m2 s−1) (Mean ± SD) | Intracellular CO2 Rate (µmol mol1) (Mean ± SD) | Transpiration Rate (mmol m2 s−1) (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN | 25.54 ± 0.9492 c | 0.474 ± 0.016 d | 436 ±8.426 b,c | 2.453 ± 0.115 b |
N | 16.87 ± 0.3952 e | 0.324 ± 0.0075 e | 386.3 ± 6.760 d | 1.463 ± 0.1150 d |
M1 | 28.33 ± 0.8304 b | 0.524 ± 0.0125 c | 455.6 ± 5.511 b | 2.75 ± 0.1178 a,b |
M1+N | 22.44 ± 0.6165 d | 0.584 ± 0.0117 b | 419.7 ± 8.891 c | 1.903 ± 0.1078 c |
M2 | 27.73 ± 0.535 b,c | 0.496 ± 0.0091 c,d | 442.3 ± 3.146 b | 2.97 ± 0.090 a |
M2 + N | 31.55 ± 1.2690 a | 0.611 ± 0.0123 a | 480.9 ± 8.603 a | 2.13 ± 0.1418 c |
F-ratio(df 1,12) T | 86.69 ** | 2.256 | 21.27 ** | 266.5 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) D | 159.09 ** | 336.04 ** | 74.02 ** | 40.46 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) T × D | 96.33 ** | 205.72 ** | 65.39 ** | 1.846 |
HSD | 2.245 | 0.0326 | 19.702 | 0.3171 |
Treatments | SOD (Mean ± SD) | POD (Mean ± SD) | CAT (Mean ± SD) | GPOX (Mean ± SD) | APOX (Mean ± SD) | DHAR (Mean ± SD) | GST (Mean ± SD) | GR (Mean ± SD) | PPO (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 53.44 ± 3.506 d | 256.4 ± 6.612 f | 54.08 ± 1.859 d | 23.58 ± 0.8076 e | 389.1 ± 9.030 d | 136.8 ± 1.718 d | 21.73 ± 1.672 e | 210.5 ± 5.574 e | 71.13 ± 2.373 f |
N | 71.97 ± 1.254 b | 402.8 ± 1.859 c | 70.94 ± 0.941 b | 33.65 ± 1.1611 c | 442.3 ± 11.220 c | 150.5 ± 6.151 c | 27.45 ± 1.831 c | 353.9 ± 3.156 b | 84.82 ± 3.642 e |
M1 | 61.0 ± 1.787 c | 349.8 ± 6.733 e | 58.77 ± 3.792 c,d | 27.35 ± 0.8783 d | 651.0 ± 16.274 a | 167.1 ± 3.257 b | 32.03 ± 2.427 c | 286.7 ± 9.087 c | 96.28 ± 3.006 d |
M1 + N | 84.45 ± 2.184 a | 524.2 ± 1.539 a | 78.62 ± 2.826 a | 36.0 ± 0.7885 b | 510.9 ± 3.854 b | 174.7 ± 2.368 a,b | 38.04 ± 1.908 b | 360.1 ± 4.650 a,b | 137.7 ± 4.165 a |
M2 | 59.33 ± 3.729 c,d | 370.3 ± 1.270 d | 63.14 ± 2.310 c | 25.94 ± 0.3994 d | 401.9 ± 2.382 d | 156.7 ± 3.503 c | 31.41 ± 1.5008 c,d | 246.8 ± 13.211 d | 111.8 ± 3.856 c |
M2 + N | 78.74 ± 1.727 ab | 454.6 ± 6.143 b | 76.50 ± 1.901 a,b | 40.1 ± 0.9736 a | 522.4 ± 8.446 b | 183.2 ± 2.587 a | 44.44 ± 2.130 a | 379.8 ± 3.659 a | 123.8 ± 5.584 b |
F-ratio(df 1,12) T | 291.8 ** | 3667.7 ** | 193.4 ** | 720.3 ** | 3.199 | 90.11 ** | 81.78 ** | 11730.7 ** | 148.3 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) D | 23.85 ** | 849.5 ** | 18.97 ** | 40.77 ** | 246.7 ** | 113.3 4** | 78.78 ** | 54.79 ** | 204.4 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) T × D | 1.599 | 142.6 ** | 4.795 ** | 16.29 ** | 155.47 ** | 11.09 ** | 6.881 * | 37.20 ** | 26.91 ** |
HSD | 6.967 | 12.972 | 6.686 | 2.375 | 36.445 | 9.758 | 5.308 | 19.95 | 10.69 |
Treatments | Fumaric Acid (mg g−1 FW) (Mean ± SD) | Citric Acid (mg g−1 FW) (Mean ± SD) | Succinic Acid (mg g−1 FW) (Mean ± SD) | Malic Acid (mg g−1 FW) (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN | 0.515 ± 0.0060 e | 4.337 ± 0.1838 e | 0.930 ± 0.0225 c | 3.409 ± 0.1758 f |
N | 0.565 ± 0.0111 d | 6.162 ± 0.1476 cd | 1.206 ± 0.0338 b | 5.379 ± 0.2266 e |
M1 | 0.649 ± 0.0225 c | 5.674 ± 0.1402 d | 0.985 ± 0.0121 c | 6.403 ± 0.1581 d |
M1 + N | 0.718 ± 0.0193 b | 8.878 ± 0.2081 b | 1.351 ± 0.0327 a | 11.778 ± 0.4950 b |
M2 | 0.611 ± 0.0106 c | 6.544 ± 0.1093 c | 0.953 ± 0.0106 c | 9.237 ± 0.1091 c |
M2 + N | 0.780 ± 0.0198 a | 10.020 ± 0.3984 a | 1.413 ± 0.0353 a | 12.94 ± 0.3555 a |
F-ratio(df 1,12) T | 160.7 ** | 750.6 ** | 859.22 ** | 746.3 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) D | 173.2 ** | 297.2 ** | 33.144 ** | 866.5 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) T × D | 23.83 ** | 24.24 ** | 17.907 ** | 53.17 ** |
HSD | 0.0440 | 0.6022 | 0.0729 | 0.7842 |
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Khanna, K.; Sharma, A.; Ohri, P.; Bhardwaj, R.; Abd_Allah, E.F.; Hashem, A.; Ahmad, P. Impact of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in the Orchestration of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Resistance to Plant Parasitic Nematodes: A Metabolomic Approach to Evaluate Defense Responses Under Field Conditions. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110676
Khanna K, Sharma A, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Abd_Allah EF, Hashem A, Ahmad P. Impact of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in the Orchestration of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Resistance to Plant Parasitic Nematodes: A Metabolomic Approach to Evaluate Defense Responses Under Field Conditions. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(11):676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110676
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhanna, Kanika, Anket Sharma, Puja Ohri, Renu Bhardwaj, Elsayed F. Abd_Allah, Abeer Hashem, and Parvaiz Ahmad. 2019. "Impact of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in the Orchestration of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Resistance to Plant Parasitic Nematodes: A Metabolomic Approach to Evaluate Defense Responses Under Field Conditions" Biomolecules 9, no. 11: 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110676