Extraction of Digital Cardiotocographic Signals from Digital Cardiotocographic Images: Robustness of eCTG Procedure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. The eCTG Software Application
2.3. Statistical Signal Quality Evaluation
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Agostinelli, A.; Marcantoni, I.; Moretti, E.; Sbrollini, A.; Fioretti, S.; Di Nardo, F.; Burattini, L. Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography Part I: Pan-Tompkins’ Algorithm Adaptation to Fetal R-peak Identification. Open Biomed. Eng. J. 2017, 11, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agostinelli, A.; Sbrollini, A.; Burattini, L.; Fioretti, S.; Di Nardo, F.; Burattini, L. Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography Part II: Segmented-Beat Modulation Method for Signal Denoising. Open Biomed. Eng. J. 2017, 11, 25–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sbrollini, A.; Strazza, A.; Caragiuli, M.; Mozzoni, C.; Tomassini, S.; Agostinelli, A.; Morettini, M.; Fioretti, S.; Di Nardo, F.; Burattini, L. Fetal Phonocardiogram Denoising by Wavelet Transformation: Robustness to Noise. In Proceedings of the 2017 Computing in Cardiology (CinC), Rennes, France, 24–27 September 2017; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Alfirevic, Z.; Gyte, G.M.L.; Cuthbert, A.; Devane, D. Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017, 2, CD006066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ayres-De-Campos, D.; Nogueira-Reis, Z.; Information, P.E.K.F.C. Technical characteristics of current cardiotocographic monitors. Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2016, 30, 22–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Todros, T.; Preve, C.; Plazzotta, C.; Biolcati, M.; Lombardo, P. Fetal heart rate tracings: Observers versus computer assessment. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Boil. 1996, 68, 83–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ovhed, I.; Johansson, E.; Odeberg, H.; Råstam, L. A Comparison of Two Different Team Models for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care. Scand. J. Caring Sci. 2000, 14, 253–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sbrollini, A.; Agostinelli, A.; Burattini, L.; Morettini, M.; Di Nardo, F.; Fioretti, S.; Burattini, L. CTG Analyzer: A graphical user interface for cardiotocography. In Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Seogwipo, South Korea, 11–15 July 2017; pp. 2606–2609. [Google Scholar]
- Sbrollini, A.; Agostinelli, A.; Marcantoni, I.; Morettini, M.; Burattini, L.; Di Nardo, F.; Fioretti, S.; Burattini, L. eCTG: An automatic procedure to extract digital cardiotocographic signals from digital images. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 2018, 156, 133–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gonzalez, R.; Woods, R. Digital image processing and computer vision. Comput. Vision, Graph. Image Process. 1990, 49, 122. [Google Scholar]
- Chudáček, V.; Spilka, J.; Burša, M.; Janků, P.; Hruban, L.; Huptych, M.; Lhotská, L. Open access intrapartum CTG database. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014, 14, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goldberger, A.L.; Amaral, L.A.N.; Glass, L.; Hausdorff, J.M.; Ivanov, P.C.; Mark, R.G.; Mietus, J.E.; Moody, G.B.; Peng, C.C.-K.C.-K.; Stanley, H.E. PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet: Components of a New Research Resource for Complex Physiologic Signals. Circulation 2000, 101, e215–e220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cömert, Z.; Şengür, A.; Akbulut, Y.; Budak, Ü.; Kocamaz, A.F.; Bajaj, V. Efficient approach for digitization of the cardiotocography signals. Phys. A Stat. Mech. its Appl. 2020, 537, 122725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayres-De-Campos, D.; Spong, C.Y.; Chandraharan, E.; Panel, F.I.F.M.E.C. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2015, 131, 13–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shields, L.E.; Goffman, D.; Caughey, A. ACOG practice bulletin: Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet. Gynecol. 2017, 130, e168–e186. [Google Scholar]
- National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). Intrapartum Care: Care of Healthy Women and Their Babies During Childbirth. BMJ (Online) Published online 03 December 2014. Available online: www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6886 (accessed on 1 September 2019).
- Zhao, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, Y. A Comprehensive Feature Analysis of the Fetal Heart Rate Signal for the Intelligent Assessment of Fetal State. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sbrollini, A.; Carnicelli, A.; Massacci, A.; Tomaiuolo, L.; Zara, T.; Marcantoni, I.; Burattini, L.; Morettini, M.; Fioretti, S.; Burattini, L. Automatic Identification and Classification of Fetal Heart-Rate Decelerations from Cardiotocographic Recordings. In Proceedings of the 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Honolulu, HI, USA, 18–21 July 2018; pp. 474–477. [Google Scholar]
- Agostinelli, A.; Palmieri, F.; Biagini, A.; Sbrollini, A.; Burattini, L.; Di Nardo, F.; Fioretti, S.; Burattini, L. Relationship between Deceleration Areas in the Second Stage of Labor and Neonatal Acidemia. In Proceedings of the 2016 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 11–14 September 2016. [Google Scholar]
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Format | .TIFF | .PNG | .JPEG | .TIFF | .TIFF | .TIFF | .TIFF |
Resolution (dpi) | 300 | 300 | 300 | 96 | 600 | 300 | 300 |
Screw (°) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 |
S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FHR | ρ | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
[0.77;0.9] | [0.76;0.9] | [0.76;0.9] | [0.69;0.9] | [0.76;93] | [0.78;0.9] | [0.78;0.9] | ||
MSE% | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
[1;2] | [0;2] | [0;2] | [1;3] | [0;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | ||
UC | ρ | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.94 |
[0.95;0.9] | [0.87;0.9] | [0.93;0.9] | [0.86;0.9] | [0.94;0.9] | [0.89;0.9] | [0.89;0.9] | ||
MSE% | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 ** | 2 ** | |
[0;0] | [0;1] | [0;0] | [0;1] | [0;0] | [1;3] | [1;3] |
Original Signals | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL (bpm) | 132 | 132 | 131 | 132 | 131 | 132 | 134 * | 134 * |
[123;141] | [123;141] | [122;140] | [122;140] | [122;140] | [123;141] | [126;141] | [126;141] | |
BLV (bpm) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 * | 15 ** | 16 | 15 ** | 15 ** |
[12;20] | [12;19] | [12;19] | [12;19] | [11;18] | [12;19] | [11;19] | [11;19] | |
#TC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | |
ATC (bpm) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | |
DTC (min) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | [0;0] | |
#BC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[0;1] | [0;1] | [0;1] | [0;1] | [0;1] | [0;1] | [0;1] | [0;1] | |
ABC (bpm) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[0;77] | [0;79] | [0;79] | [0;78] | [0;81] | [0;79] | [0;94] | [0;93] | |
DBC (min) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[0;10] | [0;10] | [0;10] | [0;10] | [0;10] | [0;10] | [0;10] | [0;10] | |
#AC | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
[3;9] | [3;9] | [3;9] | [3;9] | [3;9] | [3;9] | [3;9] | [3;9] | |
AAC (bpm) | 149 | 148 | 148 | 148 | 147 * | 148 | 149 | 148 |
[141;158] | [141;157] | [140;157] | [140;158] | [139;156] | [141;158] | [140;157] | [140;157] | |
DAC (min) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 ** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
[1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | |
#DC | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
[3;10] | [3;10] | [3;10] | [3;10] | [3;10] | [3;10] | [3;10] | [3;10] | |
ADC (bpm) | 102 | 102 | 102 | 101 | 101 | 102 | 106 ** | 106 ** |
[93;110] | [93;111] | [93;111] | [93;111] | [93;111] | [93;111] | [97;113] | [97;113] | |
DDC (min) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 ** | 1 | 1 | 1 ** |
[1;1] | [1;1] | [1;1] | [1;1] | [1;1] | [1;1] | [1;1] | [0;1] | |
#UC | 18 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 17 |
[12;23] | [12;23] | [12;23] | [12;23] | [11;23] | [13;23] | [12;23] | [12;23] | |
AUC (mmHg) | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 33 ** | 33 ** |
[28;45] | [28;45] | [28;44] | [28;45] | [28;44] | [28;45] | [26;42] | [26;42] | |
DUC (min) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
[1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | [1;2] | |
PUC (min) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
[3;4] | [3;4] | [3;4] | [3;4] | [3;4] | [3;4] | [3;4] | [3;4] |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sbrollini, A.; Brini, L.; Tillo, M.D.; Marcantoni, I.; Morettini, M.; Burattini, L. Extraction of Digital Cardiotocographic Signals from Digital Cardiotocographic Images: Robustness of eCTG Procedure. Electronics 2019, 8, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101122
Sbrollini A, Brini L, Tillo MD, Marcantoni I, Morettini M, Burattini L. Extraction of Digital Cardiotocographic Signals from Digital Cardiotocographic Images: Robustness of eCTG Procedure. Electronics. 2019; 8(10):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101122
Chicago/Turabian StyleSbrollini, Agnese, Lucia Brini, Maria Di Tillo, Ilaria Marcantoni, Micaela Morettini, and Laura Burattini. 2019. "Extraction of Digital Cardiotocographic Signals from Digital Cardiotocographic Images: Robustness of eCTG Procedure" Electronics 8, no. 10: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101122
APA StyleSbrollini, A., Brini, L., Tillo, M. D., Marcantoni, I., Morettini, M., & Burattini, L. (2019). Extraction of Digital Cardiotocographic Signals from Digital Cardiotocographic Images: Robustness of eCTG Procedure. Electronics, 8(10), 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101122